Multimodality Radiological Pictorial Review of Testicular Carcinoma: From Initial Staging to Restaging

References

• Bray F, Richiardi L, Ekbom A, Pukkala E, Cuninkova M, Moller H. Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:3099–3111. doi:10.1002/ijc.2174716395710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keegan TH, Ries LA, Barr RD, et al. Comparison of cancer survival trends in the United States of adolescents and young adults with those in children and older adults. Cancer. 2016;122:1009–1016. doi:10.1002/cncr.2986926848927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Board PDQATE. Testicular cancer treatment (PDQ(R)): health Professional version In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich Y, Margel D, Lubin MA, Baniel J. Advances in the treatment of testicular cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2015;4:381–390. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.06.0226816836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richiardi L, Pettersson A, Akre O. Genetic and environmental risk factors for testicular cancer. Int J Androl. 2007;30:230–240; discussion 240–231. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00760.x
   Google Scholar
• Cook MB, Akre O, Forman D, Madigan MP, Richiardi L, McGlynn KA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of perinatal variables in relation to the risk of testicular cancer–experiences of the mother. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38:1532–1542. doi:10.1093/ije/dyp28719776243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien FL, Schwartz SM, Johnson RH. Increase in testicular germ cell tumor incidence among Hispanic adolescents and young adults in the United States. Cancer. 2014;120:2728–2734. doi:10.1002/cncr.2868425044313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson SR, Delahunt B, Magi-Galluzzi C, et al. The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumors: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology Testis Consultation Panel. Histopathology. 2017;70:335–346. doi:10.1111/his.1310227747907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohaib SA, Koh DM, Husband JE. The role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and management of testicular cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:387–395. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.275818647907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller HT, Oliff MC, Doubilet PM, O’Leary MP, Benson CB. Testicular microlithiasis: prevalence and association with primary testicular neoplasm. J Clin Ultrasound. 2014;42:423–426. doi:10.1002/jcu.2214424585495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cast JE, Nelson WM, Early AS, et al. Testicular microlithiasis: prevalence and tumor risk in a population referred for scrotal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1703–1706. doi:10.2214/ajr.175.6.175170311090407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muglia V, Tucci S, Elias J, Trad CS, Bilbey J, Cooperberg PL. Magnetic resonance imaging of scrotal diseases: when it makes the difference. Urology. 2002;59:419–423. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01579-511880084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Astrakas LG, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MRI for characterizing intratesticular mass lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:578–585. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.906423436847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KL, Jeong D, Montilla-Soler J, Feuerlein S. The role of diagnostic imaging in the primary testicular cancer: initial staging, response assessment and surveillance. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9:S3–s13. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.07.0132055480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moul JW. Timely diagnosis of testicular cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34:109–117. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.02.00317484916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, et al. Guidelines on testicular cancer. Eur Urol. 2005;48:885–894. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.01916126333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmoll HJ, Souchon R, Krege S, et al. European consensus on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG). Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1377–1399. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh30115319245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R, et al. European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I. Eur Urol. 2008;53:478–496. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.02418191324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin M, Edge S, Greene F, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer International Publishing: American Joint Commission on Cancer;2017.
   Google Scholar
• International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. International germ cell consensus classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:594–603. doi:10.1200/JCO.1997.15.2.5949053482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aigner F, De Zordo T, Pallwein-Prettner L, et al. Real-time sonoelastography for the evaluation of testicular lesions. Radiology. 2012;263:584–589. doi:10.1148/radiol.1211173222396607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung EK, Setty BN, Castro-Aragon I. Sonography of the pediatric scrotum: emphasis on the Ts–torsion, trauma, and tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:996–1003. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.803422528888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, O’Donoghue MJ, Green DE. From the archives of the AFIP: tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2002;22:189–216. doi:10.1148/radiographics.22.1.g02ja1418911796908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwerk WB, Schwerk WN, Rodeck G. Testicular tumors: prospective analysis of real-time US patterns and abdominal staging. Radiology. 1987;164:369–374. doi:10.1148/radiology.164.2.32994873299487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasdev N, Moon A, Thorpe AC. Classification, epidemiology and therapies for testicular germ cell tumors. Int J Dev Biol. 2013;57:133–139. doi:10.1387/ijdb.130031nv23784823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luker GD, Siegel MJ. Pediatric testicular tumors: evaluation with gray-scale and color Doppler US. Radiology. 1994;191:561–564. doi:10.1148/radiology.191.2.81533418153341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove D, Piscaglia F, Bamber J, et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 2: clinical applications. Ultraschall Med. 2013;34:238–253. doi:10.1055/s-0033-133537523605169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Giannakis D, Sofikitis N, Tsampoulas K. MRI in the characterization and local staging of testicular neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:682–689. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.325620173145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aganovic L, Cassidy F. Imaging of the scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50:1145–1165. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2012.08.00323122043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheinfeld J, McKiernan J, GJ Bosl. Surgery for Testicular Tumors. 2002:2920–2944.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg CN. The management of stage I testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 1998;25:435–449. doi:10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70033-19728213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez EB, Moul JW, Foley JP, Colon E, McLeod DG. Retroperitoneal imaging with third and fourth generation computed axial tomography in clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Urology. 1994;44:548–552. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(94)80056-17941194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod DG, Weiss RB, Stablein DM, et al. Staging relationships and outcome in early stage testicular cancer: a report from the Testicular Cancer Intergroup Study. J Urol. 1991;145:1178–1183; discussion 1182–1173. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38567-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon CJ, Rofsky NM, Pedrosa I. Lymphatic metastases from pelvic tumors: anatomic classification, characterization, and staging. Radiology. 2010;254:31–46. doi:10.1148/radiol.254109036120032141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnick NR, Javadpour N. Value of CT and lymphography: distinguishing retroperitoneal metastases from nonseminomatous testicular tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136:1093–1099. doi:10.2214/ajr.136.6.10936786019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton S, Herr HW, Teitcher JB, Begg CB, Castellino RA. CT detection of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in patients with clinical stage I testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer: assessment of size and distribution criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:521–525. doi:10.2214/ajr.169.2.92427689242768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husband JE, Barrett A, Peckham MJ. Evaluation of computed tomography in the management of testicular teratoma. Br J Urol. 1981;53:179–183. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1981.tb03162.x7237052
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao JY, Ma XL, Li YY, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in patients with testicular cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:3525–3531. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.8.352524870751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huddart RA, O’Doherty MJ, Padhani A, et al. 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the prediction of relapse in patients with high-risk, clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: preliminary report of MRC Trial TE22–the NCRI Testis Tumor Clinical Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3090–3095. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.383117634488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becherer A. PET in testicular cancer. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;727:225–241.21331937
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterbis JR, Rice KR, Javitt MC, Schenkman NS, Brassell SA. Fusion imaging: a novel staging modality in testis cancer. J Cancer. 2010;1:223–229. doi:10.7150/jca.1.22321103077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunereau L, Bruyere F, Linassier C, Baulieu JL. The role of imaging in staging and monitoring testicular cancer. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2012;93:310–318. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2012.01.01422464993
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White PM, Adamson DJ, Howard GC, Wright AR. Imaging of the thorax in the management of germ cell testicular tumors. Clin Radiol. 1999;54:207–211. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(99)91152-210210337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson AJ, Sheinfeld J. The role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in the management of testicular cancer. Urol Oncol. 2004;22:225–233; discussion 234–225. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2004.04.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo JB, Im JG, Goo JM, Chung MJ, Kim MY. Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings. Radiographics. 2001;21:403–417. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr1740311259704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulbright TM, Hattab EM, Zhang S, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors in patients with testicular germ cell tumors usually resemble pediatric-type central nervous system embryonal neoplasms and lack chromosome 22 rearrangements. Mod Pathol. 2010;23:972–980. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2010.7020348883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen J, Jurik AG. Diagnostic value of multislice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal spread of testicular cancer: a literature review. Acta Radiol. 2009;50:1064–1070. doi:10.3109/0284185090322037119863418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Harisinghani MG, et al. Diagnostic performance of nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of lymph node metastases in patients with endometrial and cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2813–2821. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.07.16615837995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanderas EH, Fossa SD, Tretli S. Risk of a second germ cell cancer after treatment of a primary germ cell cancer in 2201 Norwegian male patients. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33:244–252. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00459-59135496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Stenman UH, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines for use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers. Clin Chem. 2008;54:e11–e79.19042984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eyben FE, Liu FJ, Amato RJ, Fritsche HA. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 is the most important LD isoenzyme in patients with testicular germ cell tumor. Acta Oncol. 2000;39:509–517. doi:10.1080/02841860075001343811041114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looijenga LH, Stoop H, Biermann K. Testicular cancer: biology and biomarkers. Virchows Arch. 2014;464:301–313. doi:10.1007/s00428-013-1522-124487784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leman ES, Gonzalgo ML. Prognostic features and markers for testicular cancer management. Indian J Urol. 2010;26:76–81. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.6045020535291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall C, Enzerra M, Rahnemai-Azar AA, Ramaiya NH. Serum tumor markers and testicular germ cell tumors: a primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol. 2019;44:1083–1090. doi:10.1007/s00261-018-1846-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung P, Parker C, Panzarella T, et al. Surveillance in stage I testicular seminoma - risk of late relapse. Can J Urol. 2002;9:1637–1640.12431325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams SD, Stablein DM, Einhorn LH, et al. Immediate adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation with treatment at relapse in pathological stage II testicular cancer. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1433–1438. doi:10.1056/NEJM1987120331723032446132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson H, Norman AR, Mitra SS, et al. Combination carboplatin and radiotherapy in the management of stage II testicular seminoma: comparison with radiotherapy treatment alone. Radiother Oncol. 2001;59:5–11. doi:10.1016/S0167-8140(00)00240-111295200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, et al. EAU guidelines on testicular cancer: 2011 update. Actas Urol Esp. 2012;36:127–145. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2011.06.01722188753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R, et al. European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG): part II. Eur Urol. 2008;53(3):497–513. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.02518191015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentini JF, Love MB, Ritchie WG, Sedlacek TV. Computed tomography in retroconversion of hepatic metastases from immature ovarian teratoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1986;10:1060–1062. doi:10.1097/00004728-198611000-000373782549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskovic E, Jobling T, Fisher C, Wiltshaw E, Parsons C. Retroconversion of immature teratoma of the ovary: CT appearances. Clin Radiol. 1991;43:402–408. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(05)80570-72070582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor S, Guest P. Conversion of multiple solid testicular teratoma metastases to fatty and cystic liver masses following chemotherapy: CT evidence of “maturation”. Br J Radiol. 1999;72:1114–1116. doi:10.1259/bjr.72.863.1070083110700831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MP, Naik G, Heron CW, Husband JE. Computed tomography of the abdomen in advanced seminoma: response to treatment. Clin Radiol. 1987;38:629–633. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(87)80345-83690966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charig MJ, Williams MP. Pulmonary lacunae: sequelae of metastases following chemotherapy. Clin Radiol. 1990;42:93–96. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(05)82075-62168303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalal PU, Sohaib SA, Huddart R. Imaging of testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Imaging. 2006;6:124–134. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2006.002016966068
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aparicio J. Spanish Germ Cell Cancer G. Positron emission tomography (PET) is not indicated in the postchemotherapy evaluation of advanced non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors. Clin Transl Oncol. 2014;16:509–510. doi:10.1007/s12094-014-1161-224532306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugawara Y, Zasadny KR, Grossman HB, Francis IR, Clarke MF, Wahl RL. Germ cell tumor: differentiation of viable tumor, mature teratoma, and necrotic tissue with FDG PET and kinetic modeling. Radiology. 1999;211:249–256. doi:10.1148/radiology.211.1.r99ap1624910189480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis DA, Tann M, Kesler K, McCool A, Foster RS, Einhorn LH. Positron emission tomography scans in postchemotherapy seminoma patients with residual masses: a retrospective review from Indiana University Hospital. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:e54–55. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.173717135635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santis M, Becherer A, Bokemeyer C, et al. 2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1034–1039. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.07.18815020605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman DR, Bosl GJ, Sheinfeld J, Motzer RJ. Medical treatment of advanced testicular cancer. JAMA. 2008;299:672–684. doi:10.1001/jama.299.6.67218270356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton S, Catalano PJ, Einhorn LH, et al. Cisplatin, etoposide and either bleomycin or ifosfamide in the treatment of disseminated germ cell tumors: final analysis of an intergroup trial. Cancer. 2003;97:1869–1875. doi:10.1002/cncr.1127112673712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood MJ, Thomas R, Howard SA, Braschi-Amirfarzan M. Imaging of metastatic germ cell tumors in male patients from initial diagnosis to treatment-related toxicities: a primer for radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214:24–33. doi:10.2214/AJR.19.2162331573853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan JM, Huddart RA, Norman AR, Nicholls J, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A. Predicting the risk of bleomycin lung toxicity in patients with germ-cell tumors. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:91–96. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdg02012488299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva CI, Müller NL. Drug-induced lung diseases: most common reaction patterns and corresponding high-resolution CT manifestations In: Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI. Vol. 27 WB Saunders; 2006:111–116.
   Google Scholar
• Torrisi JM, Schwartz LH, Gollub MJ, Ginsberg MS, Bosl GJ, Hricak H. CT findings of chemotherapy-induced toxicity: what radiologists need to know about the clinical and radiologic manifestations of chemotherapy toxicity. Radiology. 2011;258:41–56. doi:10.1148/radiol.1009212921183492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng S, Liu Z, Chiu SK, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer treated with Cisplatin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4416–4426. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.42.435823150697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar