Update and critical appraisal of sevelamer in the management of chronic renal failure

References

• Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA. Metabolic bone disease in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:875–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009;(113):S1-S130.
   Google Scholar
• Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2006;69:1945–1953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floege J, Ketteler M. Vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19 Suppl 5:V59–V66.
   Google Scholar
• London GM, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, Cuche JL. Cardiac hypertrophy, aortic compliance, peripheral resistance, and wave reflection in end-stage renal disease. Comparative effects of ACE inhibition and calcium channel blockade. Circulation. 1994;90:2786–2796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London GM, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP. Arterial stiffness and function in end-stage renal disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2004;11:202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Cardiovascular disease in the dialysis population: prognostic significance of arterial disorders. Curr Opin NephrolHypertens. 2006;15:105–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danisi G, van Os CH, Straub RW Phosphate transport across brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles of small intestine. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984;168:229–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchison AJ. Oral phosphate binders. Kidney Int. 2009;75:906–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrard DJ, Andress DL. Aluminum-related osteodystrophy. Adv Intern Med. 1989;34:307–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchison AJ, Gokal R. Towards tailored dialysis fluids in CAPD – the role of reduced calcium and magnesium in dialysis fluids. Perit Dial Int. 1992;12:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison AJ, Freemont AJ, Boulton HF, Gokal R. Low-calcium dialysis fluid and oral calcium carbonate in CAPD. A method of controlling hyperphosphatemia whilst minimizing aluminium exposure and hypercalcaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7:1219–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1478–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes BM, Reiner D, Kern M, Burke S. Simultaneous lowering of serum phosphate and LDL-cholesterol by sevelamer hydrochloride (RenaGel) in dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 1998;50:381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barna MM, Kapoian T, O’Mara NB. Sevelamer carbonate. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(1):127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith DR, Scott LJ, Cvetkovic RS, Plosker GL. Sevelamer hydrochloride: a review of its use for hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis. Drugs. 2008;68:85–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke S, Amin N, Incerti C, Plone M, Watson N. Sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel), a nonabsorbed phosphate-binding polymer, does not interfere with digoxin or warfarin pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41:193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke SK, Slatopolsky EA, Goldberg DI. RenaGel, a novel calcium- and aluminium-free phosphate binder, inhibits phosphate absorption in normal volunteers. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:1640–1644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrong O, Harland C. Sevelamer and other anion-exchange resins in the prevention and treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure. Nephron Physiol. 2007;107:17–33.
   Google Scholar
• Plone MA, Petersen JS, Rosenbaum DP, Burke SK. Sevelamer, a phosphate-binding polymer, is a non-absorbed compound. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41:517–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum DP, Holmes-Farley SR, Mandeville WH, Pitruzzello M, Goldberg DI. Effect of RenaGel, a non-absorbable, cross-linked, polymeric phosphate binder, on urinary phosphorus excretion in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:961–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genzyme Corporation. Renagel tablets (sevelamer hydrochloride) 400 and 800 mg. Highlights of prescribing information 2007. http://www.renagel.com/docs/renagel_pi.pdf Accessed 8th July 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Burke SK, Amin NS, Incerti C, Plone MA, Lee JW. Sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel), a phosphate-binding polymer, does not alter the pharmacokinetics of two commonly used antihypertensives in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kays MB, Overholser BR, Mueller BA, Moe SM, Sowinski KM. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:1253–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieper AK, Buhle F, Bauer S, et al. The effect of sevelamer on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2630–2633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkle M, Wornle M, Rupprecht HD. The effect of sevelamer on tacrolimus target levels. Transplantation. 2005;80:707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;62:245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen FA, Akeel NM, Badawi LS, Souqiyyeh MZ. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer. Comparison with calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Saudi Med J. 2004;25:785–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmus HG, Braun J, Krause R, et al. Two year comparison of sevelamer and calcium carbonate effects on cardiovascular calcification and bone density. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:1653–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galassi A, Spiegel DM, Bellasi A, Block GA, Raggi P. Accelerated vascular calcification and relative hypoparathyroidism in incident haemodialysis diabetic patients receiving calcium binders. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:3215–3222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira A, Frazao JM, Monier-Faugere MC, et al. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on renal osteodystrophy in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:405–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokuho T, Toya Y, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride improves hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients with low bone turnover rate and low intact parathyroid hormone levels. Ther Apher Dial. 2007;11:442–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takei T, Otsubo S, Uchida K, et al. Effects of sevelamer on the progression of vascular calcification in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;108:c278–c283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barreto DV Barreto FC, de Carvalho AB, et al. Phosphate binder impact on bone remodeling and coronary calcification – results from the BRiC study. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;110:c273–c283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster UC, Ciampi MA, Abu-Alfa AK, Reilly RF. Long-term comparison of sevelamer hydrochloride to calcium-containing phosphate binders. Nephrology (Carlton). 2006;11:142–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qunibi WY, Hootkins RE, McDowell LL, et al. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: the Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study). Kidney Int. 2004;65:1914–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier A, Benyahia M, Claudia CP, Sadek T. Calcium on trial: beyond a reasonable doubt? Kidney Int. 2003;63:382–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russo D, Miranda I, Ruocco C, et al. The progression of coronary artery calcification in predialysis patients on calcium carbonate or sevelamer. Kidney Int. 2007;72:1255–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketteler M, Rix M, Fan S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic patients who have chronic kidney disease and are not on dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:1125–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrotra R. Disordered mineral metabolism and vascular calcification in non-dialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16:100–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglar K, Yilmaz MI, Saglam M, et al. Short-term treatment with sevelamer increases serum fetuin-a concentration and improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease stage 4 patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Othmane TH, Bakonyi G, Egresits J, et al. Effect of sevelamer on aortic pulse wave velocity in patients on hemodialysis: a prospective observational study. HemodialInt. 2007;11 Suppl 3:S13–S21.
   Google Scholar
• Sun PP, Perianayagam MC, Jaber BL. Sevelamer hydrochloride use and circulating endotoxin in hemodialysis patients: a pilot cross-sectional study. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19:432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe SM, Chertow GM. The case against calcium-based phosphate binders. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:697–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block GA, Spiegel DM, Ehrlich J, et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium on coronary artery calcification in patients new to hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2005;68:1815–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman EA. Calcium-based phosphate binders are appropriate in chronic renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:704–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun J, Asmus HG, Holzer H, et al. Long-term comparison of a calciumfree phosphate binder and calcium carbonate – phosphorus metabolism and cardiovascular calcification. Clin Nephrol. 2004;62:104–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qunibi W, Muenz LR. Progression of calcification in the Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation-2 (CARE-2) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:1022–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg JP, Chasan-Taber S, Blair A, et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on uric acid concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:290–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno I, Yamaguchi Y, Saikawa H, et al. Sevelamer decreases serum uric acid concentration through adsorption of uric acid in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Intern Med. 2009;48:415–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallieni M, Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D. Transient decrease of serum bicarbonate levels with sevelamer hydrochloride as the phosphate binder. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1776–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezina B, Qunibi WY, Nolan CR. Acid loading during treatment with sevelamer hydrochloride: mechanisms and clinical implications. Kidney Int Suppl. 2004;(90):S39-S45.
   Google Scholar
• Chertow GM, Burke SK, Dillon MA, Slatopolsky E. Long-term effects of sevelamer hydrochloride on the calcium x phosphate product and lipid profile of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:2907–2914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco MP, Muray S, Betriu A, Craver L, Belart M, Fernandez E. Treatment with sevelamer decreases bicarbonate levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 2002;92:499–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonikian MA, Pani IT, Iliopoulos AN, Koutala KG, Marioli SI, Vlassopoulos DA. Metabolic acidosis aggravation and hyperkaliemia in hemodialysis patients treated by sevelamer hydrochloride. Ren Fail. 2005;27:143–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahakos DV, Retsa K, Kalogeropoulou S, Katsoudas S, Bacharaki D, Agroyannis B. Chronic acid-base perturbations in hemodialysis patients treated with sevelamer hydrochloride: a two-year follow-up study. Artif Organs. 2007;31:892–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrong OM, Harland CE. Sevelamer-induced acidosis. Kidney Int. 2005;67:776–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harland C, W rong O. Sevelamer ‘ carbonate’ : what’s in a name? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1354–1355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevelamer: constipation and occlusion. Complications, sometimes fatal. Prescrire Int. 2008;17:111.
   Google Scholar
• Madan P, Bhayana S, Chandra P, Hughes JI. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: association with sevelamer use. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:2615–2616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan S, Ross C, Mitra S, et al. A randomized, crossover design study of sevelamer carbonate powder and sevelamer hydrochloride tablets in chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3794–3799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MJ, Elgazzar HA, Chaplin S, Goldsmith D, Molony DA. An economic evaluation of sevelamer in patients new to dialysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:601–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suki WN. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Ren Nutr. 2008;18:91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block GA, Raggi P, Bellasi A, Kooienga L, Spiegel DM. Mortality effect of coronary calcification and phosphate binder choice in incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;71:438–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison AJ, Laville M. Switching to lanthanum carbonate monotherapy provides effective phosphate control with a low tablet burden. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3677–3684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Systematic review of the clinical efficacy and safety of sevelamer in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2856–2866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Chang Y, et al. Phosphorus binders and survival on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:388–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Kidney Foundation (NKF) K/DOQI Guidelines. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:S7–S201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar