The Impact of Stigma on People with Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid Treatment, and Policy

References

• Degenhardt L, Grebely J, Stone J, et al. Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: harms to populations, interventions, and future action. Lancet. 2019;394(10208):1560–1579. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32229-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescosolido BA, Martin JK, Long JS, Medina TR, Phelan JC, Link BG. “A disease like any other”? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(11):1321–1330. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan PW, Kuwabara SA, O’Shaughnessy J. The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: findings from a stratified random sample. J Soc Work. 2009;9(2):139–147. doi:10.1177/1468017308101818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janulis P, Ferrari JR, Fowler P. Understanding public stigma toward substance dependence. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2013;43(5):1065–1072. doi:10.1111/jasp.12070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette CE, Syvertsen JL, Pollini RA. Stigma at every turn: health services experiences among people who inject drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;57:104–110. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCradden MD, Vasileva D, Orchanian-Cheff A, Buchman DZ. Ambiguous identities of drugs and people: a scoping review of opioid-related stigma. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;74:205–215. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SA. Stigma towards marijuana users and heroin users. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(3):213–220. doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1056891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd C. Sinning and Sinned Against: The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. London: UK Drug Policy Commission; 2010:28.
   Google Scholar
• Webster F, Rice K, Sud A. A critical content analysis of media reporting on opioids: the social construction of an epidemic. Soc Sci Med. 2020;244:112642. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taxel S. Fentanyl facts and fiction: a safety guide for first responders. J Emerg Med Services. 2019;5(7). https://www.jems.com/operations/fentanyl-facts-and-fiction-a-safety-guide-for-first-responders/
   Google Scholar
• Del Pozo B, Sightes E, Kang S, Goulka J, Ray B, Beletsky LA. Can touch this: training to correct police officer beliefs about overdose from incidental contact with fentanyl. Health Justice. 2021;9(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/s40352-021-00163-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Netherland J, Hansen HB. The war on drugs that wasn’t: wasted whiteness,“dirty doctors,” and race in media coverage of prescription opioid misuse. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2016;40(4):664–686. doi:10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinty EE, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Baller J, Niederdeppe J, Gollust S, Barry CL. Criminal activity or treatable health condition? News media framing of opioid analgesic abuse in the United States, 1998–2012. Psychiatr Services. 2016;67(4):405–411. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry BL, Pescosolido BA, Krendl AC. The unique nature of public stigma toward non‐medical prescription opioid use and dependence: a national study. Addiction. 2020;115(12):2317–2326. doi:10.1111/add.15069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassieu L, Heino A, Develay É, et al. Conversations about opioids: impact of the opioid overdose epidemic on social interactions for people who live with chronic pain. Qual Health Res. 2021;31:10497323211003063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou T, Ala-Leppilampi K, Shearer D, Parsons JA, Tadrous M, Gomes T. “Like being put on an ice floe and shoved away”: a qualitative study of the impacts of opioid-related policy changes on people who take opioids. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;66:15–22. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulesza M, Larimer ME, Rao D. Substance use related stigma: what we know and the way forward. J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil. 2013;2(2):782. doi:10.4172/2324-9005.1000106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newman BN, Crowell KA. The intersectionality of criminality and substance use self-stigmas. Stigma Health. 2021. doi:10.1037/sah0000293
   Google Scholar
• El-Bassel N, Shoptaw S. Addressing long overdue social and structural determinants of the opioid epidemic. Elsevier. 2021;222(1):108679.
   Google Scholar
• Sander G, Scandurra A, Kamenska A, et al. Overview of harm reduction in prisons in seven European countries. Harm Reduct J. 2016;13(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/s12954-016-0118-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komalasari R, Wilson S, Haw S. A systematic review of qualitative evidence on barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) programmes in prisons. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;87:102978. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner KO, Rosen D. “You’re nothing but a junkie”: multiple experiences of stigma in an aging methadone maintenance population. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2008;8(2):244–264. doi:10.1080/15332560802157065
   Google Scholar
• Turan JM, Elafros MA, Logie CH, et al. Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):1–15. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1246-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The World Health Report: 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. World Health Organization; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice Hall; 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A, Sartorius N. Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination? Br J Psychiatr. 2007;190(3):192–193. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan PW, Larson JE, Rüsch N. Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatr. 2009;8(2):75–81. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston JD. Structural Stigma in Health-Care Contexts for People with Mental Health and Substance Use Issues. Ottowa, Canada: Mental Health Commission of Canada; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Nyblade L, Stockton MA, Giger K, et al. Stigma in health facilities: why it matters and how we can change it. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):25. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1256-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescosolido BA, Martin JK, Lang A, Olafsdottir S. Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: a Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS). Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(3):431–440. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston JD. A Framework for Assessing Structural Stigma in Health-Care Contexts for People with Mental Health and Substance Use Issues. Ottawa, Canada: Mental Health Commission of Canada; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Priest KC, McCarty D. The role of the hospital in the 21st century opioid overdose epidemic: the addiction medicine consult service. J Addict Med. 2019;13(2):104. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels EA, McDonald JV, McCormick M, Koziol J, Friedman C, Alexander-Scott N. Emergency department and hospital care for opioid use disorder: implementation of statewide standards in Rhode Island, 2017–2018. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(2):263–266. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIHW. National Opioid Pharmacotherapy Statistics Annual Data Collection. Vol. Cat. no: PHE 266. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Haffajee RL, Lin LA, Bohnert AS, Goldstick JE. Characteristics of US counties with high opioid overdose mortality and low capacity to deliver medications for opioid use disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(6):e196373–e196373. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber EM. Failure of physicians to prescribe pharmacotherapies for addiction: regulatory restrictions and physician resistance. J Health Care L Poly. 2010;13:49.
   Google Scholar
• Anstice S, Strike CJ, Brands B. Supervised methadone consumption: client issues and stigma. Subst Use Misuse. 2009;44(6):794–808. doi:10.1080/10826080802483936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser S, Valentine K. Substance and Substitution: Methadone Subjects in Liberal Societies. Springer; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Harris J, McElrath K. Methadone as social control: institutionalized stigma and the prospect of recovery. Qual Health Res. 2012;22(6):810–824. doi:10.1177/1049732311432718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CB. A users’ guide to ‘Juice Bars’ and ‘Liquid Handcuffs’ fluid negotiations of subjectivity, space and the substance of methadone treatment. Space Culture. 2011;14(3):291–309. doi:10.1177/1206331211412238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang J, Groshkova T, Metrebian N; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. New Heroin-Assisted Treatment: Recent Evidence and Current Practices of Supervised Injectable Heroin Treatment in Europe and Beyond. Vol. 170. Publications Office of the European Union Luxembourg; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ferri M, Davoli M, Perucci CA. Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin‐dependent individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(8). doi10.1002/14651858.CD003410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oviedo-Joekes E, Nosyk B, Marsh DC, et al. Scientific and political challenges in North America’s first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment for severe heroin addiction: rationale and design of the NAOMI Study. Clin Trials. 2009;6(3):261–271. doi:10.1177/1740774509105222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartry CC, Oviedo-Joekes E, Laliberté N, Schechter MT. NAOMI: the trials and tribulations of implementing a heroin assisted treatment study in North America. Harm Reduct J. 2009;6(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaboré J-L, Pagé MG, Martel MO, et al. Impact of the opioid epidemic and associated prescribing restrictions on people who live with chronic noncancer pain in Canada. Clin J Pain. 2021;37(8):607–615. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picco L, Lam T, Haines S, Nielsen S. How prescription drug monitoring programs influence clinical decision-making: a mixed methods systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;228:109090. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall J, Caine V, Phillips JC. The patients have a story to tell: informed consent for people who use illicit opiates in a qualitative research project. Crosstown Clin. 2019;91. doi:10.1177/0969733020901814
   Google Scholar
• Suárez AL, Clua-García R. Public policies for people who use drugs: strategies for the elimination of stigma and the promotion of human rights. Salud Colect. 2021;17:e3041. doi:10.18294/sc.2021.3041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaak SM, Christie R, Stuart H. Stigma and the Opioid Crisis: Final Report. Ottawa, Canada: Mental Health Commission of Canada; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• McGinty EE, Stone EM, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL. Stigmatizing language in news media coverage of the opioid epidemic: implications for public health. Prev Med. 2019;124:110–114. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell ND. Discovering Addiction: The Science and Politics of Substance Abuse Research. University of Michigan Press; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Leshner AI. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. (Cover story). Article. Science. 1997;278(5335):45–47. doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND. Editorial: what do we know about drug addiction? Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(8):1401–1402. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Government Printing Office. Senate hearing 105-573. Drug addiction and recovery. Available from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-105shrg49670/html/CHRG-105shrg49670.htm. Accessed December 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Hall W, Carter A, Forlini C. The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises? Lancet Psychiatr. 2015;2(1):105–110. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00126-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT, Longo DL. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(4):363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer R, Dingel M, Ostergren J, Partridge B, McCormick J, Koenig BA. Addiction: current criticism of the brain disease paradigm. Article. AJOB Neurosci. 2013;4(3):27–32. doi:10.1080/21507740.2013.796328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kvaale EP, Gottdiener WH, Haslam N. Biogenetic explanations and stigma: a meta-analytic review of associations among laypeople. Soc Sci Med. 2013;96:95–103. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JF, Greene MC, Abry A. A US national randomized study to guide how best to reduce stigma when describing drug-related impairment in practice and policy. Addiction. 2021;116(7):1757–1767. doi:10.1111/add.15333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broyles LM, Binswanger IA, Jenkins JA, et al. Confronting Inadvertent Stigma and Pejorative Language in Addiction Scholarship: A Recognition and Response. Taylor & Francis; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wild TC, Koziel J, Anderson-Baron J, et al. Public support for harm reduction: a population survey of Canadian adults. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251860. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL, Gollust SE, Ensminger ME, Chisolm MS, McGinty EE. Social stigma toward persons with prescription opioid use disorder: associations with public support for punitive and public health–oriented policies. Psychiatr Services. 2017;68(5):462–469. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone EM, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL, Bachhuber MA, McGinty EE. The role of stigma in US primary care physicians’ treatment of opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108627. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie DL, Assefa MT, McGovern MP. Attitudes of primary care physicians toward prescribing buprenorphine: a narrative review. BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12875-019-1047-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy-Hendricks A, Busch SH, McGinty EE, et al. Primary care physicians’ perspectives on the prescription opioid epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:61–70. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prathivadi P, Sturgiss EA. When will opioid agonist therapy become a normal part of comprehensive health care? Med J Aust. 2021;214(11):504–505. e1. doi:10.5694/mja2.51095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe P, Stevens A. Are drug treatment services only for ‘thieving junkie scumbags’? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(7):1065–1073. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea T, Sheridan J, Winstock A. Consumer satisfaction with opioid treatment services at community pharmacies in Australia. Pharm World Sci. 2008;30(6):940–946. doi:10.1007/s11096-008-9257-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patil Vishwanath T, Cash P, Cant R, Mummery J, Penney W. The lived experience of Australian opioid replacement therapy recipients in a community‐based program in regional Victoria. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2019;38(6):656–663. doi:10.1111/dar.12979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fomiatti R, Farrugia A, Fraser S, Dwyer R, Neale J, Strang J. Addiction stigma and the production of impediments to take-home naloxone uptake. Health. 2020;1363459320925863. doi:10.1177/1363459320925863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen A, Lawton B, Dwyer R, et al. Why aren’t Australian pharmacists supplying naloxone? Findings from a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;69:46–52. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.03.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen S, Olsen A. Using the behaviour change wheel to understand and address barriers to pharmacy naloxone supply in Australia. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;90:103061. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledford V, Lim JR, Namkoong K, Chen J, Qin Y. The influence of stigmatizing messages on danger appraisal: examining the model of stigma communication for opioid-related stigma, policy support, and related outcomes. Health Commun. 2021;1–13. doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1920710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinty EE, Barry CL, Stone EM, et al. Public support for safe consumption sites and syringe services programs to combat the opioid epidemic. Prev Med. 2018;111:73–77. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry CL, Sherman SG, Stone E, et al. Arguments supporting and opposing legalization of safe consumption sites in the US. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;63:18–22. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry CL, Sherman SG, McGinty EE. Language matters in combatting the opioid epidemic: safe consumption sites versus overdose prevention sites. Am Public Health Assoc. 2018;108(9):1157–1159. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachhuber MA, McGinty EE, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Niederdeppe J, Barry CL. Messaging to increase public support for naloxone distribution policies in the United States: results from a randomized survey experiment. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0130050. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrugia A, Pienaar K, Fraser S, Edwards M, Madden A. Basic care as exceptional care: addiction stigma and consumer accounts of quality healthcare in Australia. Health Sociol Rev. 2020;1–16. doi:10.1080/14461242.2020.1850317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett AS, Freeman R, Des Jarlais DC, Aronson ID. Reasons people who use opioids do not accept or carry no-cost naloxone: qualitative interview study. JMIR Form Res. 2020;4(12):e22411–e22411. doi:10.2196/22411
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunn A, Guarino H. “Not human, dead already”: perceptions and experiences of drug-related stigma among opioid-using young adults from the former Soviet Union living in the US. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;38:63–72. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen S, Lintzeris N, Murnion B, et al. Understanding an emerging treatment population: protocol for and baseline characteristics of a prospective cohort of people receiving treatment for pharmaceutical opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37(7):887–896. doi:10.1111/dar.12859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper S, Nielsen S. Stigma and social support in pharmaceutical opioid treatment populations: a scoping review. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2017;15(2):452–469. doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9719-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinty E, Pescosolido B, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL. Communication strategies to counter stigma and improve mental illness and substance use disorder policy. Psychiatr Services. 2018;69(2):136–146. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinty EE, Goldman HH, Pescosolido B, Barry CL. Portraying mental illness and drug addiction as treatable health conditions: effects of a randomized experiment on stigma and discrimination. Soc Sci Med. 2015;126:73–85. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCamp M, Brewer SE, Dukhanin V. Patient, public, consumer, and community engagement: from consucrat to representative; comment on “the rise of the consucrat”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;10(8):503–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson S, Weaver T, Agath K, et al. ‘They can’t solve the problem without us’: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on user involvement in drug treatment services in England. Health Soc Care Community. 2009;17(1):54–62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00797.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saloner B, Stoller KB, Alexander GC. Moving addiction care to the mainstream—improving the quality of buprenorphine treatment. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):4–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1804059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AR. Health professionals’ attitudes toward medications for opioid use disorder. Substance Abuse. 2021;1–17. doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1975872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raisch DW, Fudala PJ, Saxon AJ, et al. Pharmacists’ and technicians’ perceptions and attitudes toward dispensing buprenorphine/naloxone to patients with opioid dependence. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2005;45(1):23–32. doi:10.1331/1544345052843200
   Google Scholar
• Fox L, Nelson LS. Emergency department initiation of buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: current status, and future potential. CNS Drugs. 2019;33(12):1147–1154. doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00667-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen S, Lubman DI. Time to address addiction treatment inequality in hospital settings. Lancet Public Health. 2021;7:e6–e7. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00260-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcaterra SL, Binswanger IA, Edelman EJ, McNair BK, Wakeman SE, O’Connor PG. The impact of access to addiction specialist on attitudes, beliefs and hospital-based opioid use disorder related care: a survey of hospitalist physicians. Substance Abuse. 2020;1–9. doi:10.1080/08897077.2020.1748169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcaterra S, Bach P, Chadi A, et al. Methadone matters: what the United States can learn from the global effort to treat opioid addiction. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(6):1039–1042. doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4801-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach P, Hartung D. Leveraging the role of community pharmacists in the prevention, surveillance, and treatment of opioid use disorders. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019;14(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s13722-019-0158-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andraka-Christou B, Capone MJ. A qualitative study comparing physician-reported barriers to treating addiction using buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in US office-based practices. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;54:9–17. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Zhao M. Maintaining treatment and prevention programs for opioid use disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(4):369. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peckham AM, Ball J, Colvard MD, et al. Leveraging pharmacists to maintain and extend buprenorphine supply for opioid use disorder amid COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(7):613–618. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch M, O’Leary AC. COVID-19 related regulatory change for pharmacists–The case for its retention post the pandemic. Res Soc Administr Pharm. 2021;17(1):1913–1919. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston JD, Milne T, Fang ML, Amari E. The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: a systematic review. Addiction. 2012;107(1):39–50. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silins E, Conigrave KM, Rakvin C, Dobbins T, Curry K. The influence of structured education and clinical experience on the attitudes of medical students towards substance misusers. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007;26(2):191–200. doi:10.1080/09595230601184661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki J, Connery HS, Ellison TV, Renner JA. Preliminary survey of office‐based opioid treatment practices and attitudes among psychiatrists never receiving buprenorphine training to those who received training during residency. Am J Addict. 2014;23(6):618–622. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12143.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayu AP, van der Ven M, Suryani E, et al. Improving medical students’ attitude toward patients with substance use problems through addiction medicine education. Substance Abuse. 2020;1–9. doi:10.1080/08897077.2020.1732512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haight BR, Learned SM, Laffont CM, et al. Efficacy and safety of a monthly buprenorphine depot injection for opioid use disorder: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10173):778–790. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32259-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofwall MR, Walsh SL, Nunes EV, et al. Weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot formulations vs daily sublingual buprenorphine with naloxone for treatment of opioid use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(6):764–773. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokell M, Zaller N, Green T, Rich J. Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone diversion, misuse, and illicit use: an international review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4(1):28–41. doi:10.2174/1874473711104010028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett A, Savic M, Lintzeris N, et al. Tracing the affordances of long-acting injectable depot buprenorphine: a qualitative study of patients’ experiences in Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;227:108959. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop AJ, White B, Roberts J, et al. Treatment of opioid dependence with depot buprenorphine (CAM2038) in custodial settings is safe, effective and cost-effective. Addiction. 2018. doi:10.1111/add.15627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko J, Chan E, Doroudgar S. Patient perspectives of barriers to naloxone obtainment and use in a primary care, underserved setting: a qualitative study. Substance Abuse. 2021;1–10. doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1915915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green TC, Case P, Fiske H, et al. Perpetuating stigma or reducing risk? Perspectives from naloxone consumers and pharmacists on pharmacy-based naloxone in 2 states. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(2s):S19–S27.e4.d. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2017.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strike C, Watson TM, Kolla G, Penn R, Bayoumi AM. Ambivalence about supervised injection facilities among community stakeholders. Harm Reduct J. 2015;12(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0060-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupree T, Wood CI, Brace AM. Understanding the stigma and feasibility of opening a safe injection facility in Baltimore City: a qualitative case study. Qual Rep. 2021;26(6):1911–1931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd C. The stigmatization of problem drug users: a narrative literature review. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2013;20(2):85–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan PW, Shapiro JR. Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(8):907–922. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Ending Discrimination Against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma Change. National Academies Press; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Bonneviea E, Kaynakb Ö, Whippleb CR, et al. The life unites us campaign: a novel approach to addressing stigma against opioid use disorder; 2021. Preprint. Available from: https://advance.sagepub.com/articles/preprint/The_Life_Unites_Us_Campaign_A_Novel_Approach_to_Addressing_Stigma_against_Opioid_Use_Disorder_pdf/14390504. Accessed December 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar