Reduced exercise capacity in persons with Down syndrome: cause, effect, and management

References

• ParkerSEMaiCTCanfieldMAUpdated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004–2006Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol201010.1002/bdra.20735
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DolkHLoaneMGarneETrends and geographic inequalities in the prevalence of Down syndrome in Europe, 1980–1999Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique200553Spec 2:2S872S95
   Google Scholar
• CanfieldMARamadhaniTAYuskivNImproved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects – United States 1999–2001MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep200654511301130516397457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IrvingCBasuARichmondSBurnJWrenCTwenty-year trends in the prevalence of survival in Down syndromeEur J Hum Genet200816111336134018596694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorrisJAlbermanETrends in Down’s syndrome live births and antenatal diagnoses in England and Wales from 1989 to 2008: analysis of data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic RegisterBMJ2009339b379410.1136/bmj.b379419858532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De WalleHCornelMSurvival rates of children with Down syndrome in the northern Netherlands, 1981–1991Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd1995634044
   Google Scholar
• LeonardSBowerCPettersonBLeonardHSurvival of infants born with Down’s syndrome, 1980–1996Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol200014216317110791661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoizenNJPattersonDDown’s syndromeLancet200336193651281128912699967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangQRasmussenSAFriedmanJMMortality associated with Down’s syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based studyLancet200235993111019102511937181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaySMStraussDJShavelleRMReynoldsRJMortality and causes of death in persons with Down syndrome in CaliforniaDev Med Child Neurol200547317117615739721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KortenhorstMSHazekampMGRammelooLASchoofPHOttenkampJComplete atrioventricular septal defect in children with Down’s syndrome: good results of surgical correction at younger and younger agesNed Tijdschr Geneeskd20051491158959315799643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GlassonEJSullivanSGHussainRPettersonBAMontgomeryPDBittlesAHThe changing survival profile of people with Down’s syndrome: implications for genetic counsellingClin Genet200262539039312431254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChicoineBMcGuireDLongevity of a woman with Down syndrome: a case studyMent Retard19973564774799425879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BrownRDown syndrome: the changing sceneJ Dev Disabil200612Suppl 1XIXVI
   Google Scholar
• EymanRKCallTLLife expectancy of persons with Down syndromeAm J Ment Retard19919566036121829373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FernhallBTymesonGMillarLBurkettNCardiovascular fitness testing and fitness levels of adolescents and adults with mental retardation including Down syndromeEduc Train Ment Retard198924133138
   Google Scholar
• PitettiKHClimsteinMCampbellKDBarrettPJJacksonJAThe cardiovascular capacities of adults with Down syndrome: a comparative studyMed Sci Sports Exerc199224113191532223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBPitettiKHRimmerJHCardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndromeMed Sci Sports Exerc19962833663718776225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBPitettiKLimitations to physical work in individuals with mental retardationClin Exerc Physiol20013176185
   Google Scholar
• BaynardTPitettiKHGuerraMUnnithanVBFernhallBAge-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardation: a 20-yr reviewMed Sci Sports Exerc200840111984198918845971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MendoncaGVPereiraFDMoratoPPFernhallBWalking economy of adults with Down syndromeInt J Sports Med2010311101520029734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuerraMGine-GarrigaMFernhallBReliability of Wingate testing in adolescents with Down syndromePediatr Exerc Sci2009211475419411710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesAThe physiology of the world record holder for the women’s marathonInt J Sports Sci Coach200611101116
   Google Scholar
• JoynerMJCoyleEFEndurance exercise performance: the physiology of championsJ Physiol20085861354417901124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeloreyDSPatersonDHKowalchuckJMEffects of ageing on muscle O2 utilization and muscle oxygenation during the transition to moderate-intensity exerciseAppl Physiol Nutr Metab20073261251126218059603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WassermanKHansenJSueDStringerWWhippBPrinciples of Exercise Testing and Interpretation – Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications4th edPhiladelphia (PA)Lippincott Williams & Wilkins2005
   Google Scholar
• JoynerMJModeling: optimal marathon performance on the basis of physiological factorsJ Appl Physiol19917026836872022559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoynerMJPhysiologic limiting factors and distance running: influence of gender and age on record performancesExerc Sport Sci Rev1993211031338504840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CoyleEFIntegration of the physiological factors determining endurance performance abilityExerc Sport Sci Rev19952325637556353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BassetDJJrHowleyETLimiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc2000321708410647532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MitchellJSprouleBChapmanCThe physiological meaning of the maximum oxygen intake testJ Clin Invest195837453854713539193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KanstrupILEckbloomBBlood volume and hemoglobin concentration as determinants of maximal aerobic powerMed Sci Sports Exerc19841632562626748923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RowelLBHuman Circulation: Regulation During Physical StressNew YorkOxford University Press1986
   Google Scholar
• DempseyJAJ. B. Wolffe memorial lecture. Is the lung built for exercise?Med Sci Sports Exerc19861821431553517547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaltinBStrangeSMaximal oxygen uptake: “old” and “new” arguments for a cardiovascular limitationMed Sci Sports Exerc199224130371548993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBTymesonGGraded exercise testing of mentally retarded adults: a study of feasibilityArch Phys Med Rehabil19876863633653592950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PitettiKFernandezJStaffordJStubbsNAghazadehFEvaluating the cardiovascular fitness of Down syndrome individualsTrends in Ergonomics/Human FactorsNorth Holland, The NetherlandsElsevier Science Publishers1988941947
   Google Scholar
• RolandTArmstrongNKirbyBWelsmanJThe development of aerobic fitness in childrenChildren and Exercise XIX. Promoting Health and Well-being1st edLondon, UKChapman & Hall1997179190
   Google Scholar
• SeidlCReidGMontgomeryDLA critique of cardiovascular fitness testing with mentally retarded personsAdapt Phys Activ Q198742106116
   Google Scholar
• LavayBReidGCressler-ChavizMMeasuring the cardiovascular endurance of persons with mental retardation: a critical reviewExerc Sport Sci Rev1990182632902192896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FernhallBPhysical fitness and exercise training of individuals with mental retardationMed Sci Sports Exerc19932544424508479298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBMillarALTymesonGTBurkettLNMaximal exercise testing of mentally retarded adolescents and adults: reliability studyArch Phys Med Rehabil19907113106510682256807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EberhardYEterradossiJTherminariasABiochemical changes and catecholamine responses in Down’s syndrome adolescents in relation to incremental maximal exerciseJ Ment Defic Res199135Pt 21401461830109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RubinSSRimmerJHChicoineBBraddockDMcGuireDEOverweight prevalence in persons with Down syndromeMent Retard19983631751819638037
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FernhallBTymesonGValidation of a cardiovascular fitness field test for adults with mental retardationAdapt Phys Activ Q198854959
   Google Scholar
• PitettiKHRimmerJHFernhallBPhysical fitness and adults with mental retardation. An overview of current research and future directionsSports Med199316123568356375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PitettiKHTanDMCardiorespiratory responses of mentally retarded adults to air-brake ergometry and treadmill exerciseArch Phys Med Rehabil19907153183212327884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBMcCubbinJAPitettiKHPrediction of maximal heart rate in individuals with mental retardationMed Sci Sports Exerc200133101655166011581548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuerraMLlorensNFernhallBChronotropic incompetence in individuals with Down syndromeArch Phys Med Rehabil200384111604160814639558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LauerMSOkinPMLarsonMGEvansJCLevyDImpaired heart rate response to graded exercise. Prognostic implications of chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart StudyCirculation1996938152015268608620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkoffBLMillerREExercise testing for chronotropic assessmentCardiol Clin19921047057171423382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HinkleLEJrCarverSTPlakunASlow heart rates and increased risk of cardiac death in middle-age menArch Intern Med197212957327485025896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EllestadMHWanMKPredictive implications of stress testing. Follow-up of 2700 subjects after maximum treadmill stress testingCirculation19755123633691112017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeteyianSJBrawnerCASchairerJREffects of exercise training on chronotropic incompetence in patients with heart failureAm Heart J19991382 Pt 123324010426833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaynardTUnnithanVBPitettiKHFernhallBDetermination of ventilatory threshold in adolescents with mental retardation with and without Down syndromePediatr Exerc Sci2004162126137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MendoncaGVPereiraFDFernhallBOxygen uptake kinetics during exercise in adults with Down syndromeEur J Appl Physiol2010110357558320559651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BricoutVAGuinotMFaurePAre hormonal responses to exercise in young men with Down’s syndrome related to reduced endurance performance?J Neuroendocrinol200820555856518363810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBBaynardTCollierSRCatecholamine response to maximal exercise in persons with Down syndromeAm J Cardiol2009103572472619231341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBOtterstetterMAttenuated responses to sympathoexcitation in individuals with Down syndromeJ Appl Physiol20039462158216512576412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaynardTPitettiKHGuerraMFernhallBHeart rate variability at rest and during exercise in persons with Down syndromeArch Phys Med Rehabil20048581285129015295754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MendoncaGVPereiraFDFernhallBWalking economy in male adults with Down syndromeEur J Appl Physiol2009105115315718850109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MendoncaGVPereiraFDFernhallBEffects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndromeArch Phys Med Rehabil201010.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FigueroaACollierSBaynardTGiannopoulouIGoulopoulouSFernhallBImpaired vagal modulation of heart rate in individuals with Down syndromeClin Auton Res2005151455015768202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeffernanKSBaynardTGoulopoulouSBaroreflex sensitivity during static exercise in individuals with Down syndromeMed Sci Sports Exerc200537122026203116331125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IellamoFGalanteALegramanteJMAltered autonomic cardiac regulation in individuals with Down syndromeAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol20052896H2387239116024564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgiovlasitisSCollierSRBaynardTAutonomic response to upright tilt in people with and without Down syndromeRes Dev Disabil201031385786320307953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KjaerMAdrenal medulla and exercise trainingEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol19987731951999535578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBPitettiKGuerraMImpact of obesity and Down syndrome on maximal heart rate and work capacity in youth with mental retardationPortuguese J Sport Sci200338991
   Google Scholar
• SjödinBSvedenhagJApplied physiology of marathon runningSports Med19852283993890068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScrimgeourAGNoaksTDAdamsBMyburghKThe influence of weekly training distance on fractional utilization of maximum aerobic capacity in marathon and ultramarathon runnersEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol19865522022093699009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CostillDLThomasonHRobertsEFractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance runningMed Sci Sports Exerc197354248252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaughanRJLeiperJBAerobic capacity and fractional utilisation of aerobic capacity in elite and non-elite male and female marathon runnersEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol198352180876686134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesAMCarterHThe effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitnessSports Med200029637338610870864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MahonACheathamCVentilatory threshold in children: a reviewPediatr Exerc Sci2002141629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdleWDKatchFIKatchVLExercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance5th edBaltimore, MDLippincott Williams & Wilkins2001
   Google Scholar
• HebestreitHStaschenBHebestreitAVentilatory threshold: a useful method to determine aerobic fitness in children?Med Sci Sports Exerc200032111964196911079529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OhuchiHNakajimaTKawadeMMatsudaMKamiyaTMeasurement and validity of the ventilatory threshold in patients with congenital heart diseasePediatr Cardiol19961717148778709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReybrouckTEyskensBMertensLDefoorJDaenenWGewilligMCardiorespiratory exercise function after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteriesEur Heart J200122121052102911428840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WashingtonRVanGundyJCohenCSondheimerHWolfeRNormal aerobic and anaerobic exercise data for North American school-aged childrenJ Pediatr198811222232333339503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClimsteinMPitettiKHBarrettPJCampbellKDThe accuracy of predicting treadmill VO2max for adults with mental retardation, with and without Down’s syndrome, using ACSM gender- and activity-specific regression equationsJ Intellect Disabil Res199337Pt 65215318123998
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RhodesJGeggelRLMarxGRBevilacquaLDambachYBHijaziZMExcessive anaerobic metabolism during exercise after repair of aortic coarctationJ Pediatr199713122102149290605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuboMUlrichBCoordination of pelvis-HAT (head, arms and trunk) in anterior–posterior and medio-lateral directions during treadmill gait in preadolescents with/without Down syndromeGait Posture200623451251816039857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithBAUlrichBDEarly onset of stabilizing strategies for gait and obstacles: older adults with Down syndromeGait Posture200828344845518359229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgiovlasitisSMcCubbinJAYunJPavolMJWidrickJJEconomy and preferred speed of walking in adults with and without Down syndromeAdapt Phys Activ Q200926211813019478345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackDPSmithBAWuJUlrichBDUncontrolled manifold analysis of segmental angle variability during walking: preadolescents with and without Down syndromeExp Brain Res2007183451152117717659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UlrichBDHaehlVBuzziUHKuboMHoltKGModeling dynamic resource utilization in populations with unique constraints: preadolescents with and without Down syndromeHum Mov Sci200423213315615474174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CowleyPPloutz-SnyderLBaynardTPhysical fitness predicts functional tasks in individuals with Down syndromeMed Sci Sports Exerc201042238839319927019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CroceRVPitettiKHHorvatMMillerJPeak torque, average power, and hamstrings/quadriceps ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardationArch Phys Med Rehabil19967743693728607761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PitettiKHBonehSCardiovascular fitness as related to leg strength in adults with mental retardationMed Sci Sports Exerc19952734234287752871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AngelopoulouNTsimarasVChristoulasKKokaridasDMandroukasKIsokinetic knee muscle strength of individuals with mental retardation, a comparative studyPercept Mot Skills1999883 Pt 184985510407892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PitettiKHClimsteinMMaysMJBarrettPJIsokinetic arm and leg strength of adults with Down syndrome: a comparative studyArch Phys Med Rehabil19927398478501387522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarmeliEAyalonMBarchadSSheklowSLReiznickAZIsokinetic leg strength of institutionalized older adults with mental retardation with and without Down’s syndromeJ Strength Cond Res200216231632011991788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarmeliEBarchadSLengerRColemanRMuscle power, locomotor performance and flexibility in aging mentally-retarded adults with and without Down’s syndromeJ Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact20022545746215758414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CarmeliEKesselSBar-ChadSMerrickJA comparison between older persons with Down syndrome and a control group: clinical characteristics, functional status and sensoriomotor functionDowns Syndr Res Pract200491172415332436
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BeasleyCREffects of a jogging program on cardiovascular fitness and work performance of mentally retarded adultsAm J Ment Defic19828666096137102735
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CroceRHorvatMEffects of reinforcement based exercise on fitness and work productivity in adults with mental retardationAdapt Phys Activ Q199292148178
   Google Scholar
• HorvatMCroceRPhysical rehabilitation of individuals with mental retardation; physical fitness and information processingCrit Rev Phys Rehabil Med19957233252
   Google Scholar
• KoberREggletonIRThe effect of different types of employment on quality of lifeJ Intellect Disabil Res200549Pt 1075676016162122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StephensDLCollinsMDDooderRAA longitudinal study of employment and skill acquisition among individuals with developmental disabilitiesRes Dev Disabil200526546948616168884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlexanderNBDengelDROlsonRJKrajewskiKMOxygen-uptake (VO2) kinetics and functional mobility performance in impaired older adultsJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci200358873473912902532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArnettSWLaityJHAgrawalSKCressMEAerobic reserve and physical functional performance in older adultsAge Ageing200837438438918287178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NakamuraETanakaSBiological ages of adult men and women with Down’s syndrome and its changes with agingMech Ageing Dev199810512891039922115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitt-GloverMCO’NeillKLStettlerNPhysical activity patterns in children with and without Down syndromePediatr Rehabil20069215816416449075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StanishHIDraheimCCWalking habits of adults with mental retardationMent Retard200543542142716266210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StarlingRDTothMJCarpenterWHMatthewsDEPoehlmanETEnergy requirements and physical activity in free-living older women and men: a doubly labeled water studyJ Appl Physiol1998853106310699729584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShieldsNTaylorNFDoddKJEffects of a community-based progressive resistance training program on muscle performance and physical function in adults with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trialArch Phys Med Rehabil20088971215122018586124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillarALFernhallBBurkettLNEffects of aerobic training in adolescents with Down syndromeMed Sci Sports Exerc19932522702748450732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VarelaAMSardinhaLBPitettiKHEffects of an aerobic rowing training regimen in young adults with Down syndromeAm J Ment Retard2001106213514411321604
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TsimarasVGiagazoglouPFotiadouEChristoulasKAngelopoulouNJog-walk training in cardiorespiratory fitness of adults with Down syndromePercept Mot Skills2003963 Pt 21239125112929778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RimmerJHHellerTWangEValerioIImprovements in physical fitness in adults with Down syndromeAm J Ment Retard2004109216517415000673
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MendoncaGVPereiraFDInfluence of long-term exercise training on submaximal and peak aerobic capacity and locomotor economy in adult males with Down’s syndromeMed Sci Monit2009152CR333919179964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DoddKJShieldsNA systematic review of the outcomes of cardiovascular exercise programs for people with Down syndromeArch Phys Med Rehabil200586102051205816213253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavisWMuscle stiffness in Down syndrome and other mentally handicapped subjects: a research noteJ Mot Behav198719130144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeberRFrenchRDown’s syndrome adolescents and strength trainingClin Kinesiol1988421321
   Google Scholar
• American College of Sports MedicineACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription8th ed Baltimore, MDLippincott Williams & Wilkins2009
   Google Scholar