Current status of venous thromboembolism development during the perioperative period for colorectal cancer, its prevention with enoxaparin, and monitoring methods

References

• Sakon M, Maehara Y, Yoshikawa H, Akaza H. Incidence of venous thromboembolism following major abdominal surgery: a multi-center, prospective epidemiological study in Japan. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(3):581–586. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02117.x16460440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura K, Fujita H, Watanabe T, Fushida Y, Fujimura T, Ota T. Incidence and risk factors of deep vein thrombosis during perioperative period of colorectal cancer surgery. J Abdom Emerg Med. 2013;33:1145–1152.
   Google Scholar
• Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett GP, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2001;119(1 Suppl):132S–175S.11157647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee to Create Preventive Guidelines for Pulmonary Thromboembolism/Deep Vein Thrombosis (Venous Thromboembolism). Japanese Guideline for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism. Tokyo: Medical Front International Ltd.; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer G, Roy PM, Sors H, Sanchez O. Laboratory tests in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Respiration. 2003;70(2):125–132. doi:10.1159/00007005612740506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura H, Wada H, Mizuno T, et al. Negative predictive value of D-dimer for diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Int J Hematol. 2008;87(3):250–255. doi:10.1007/s12185-008-0047-x18283526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisco D, Grifoni E. The role of D-dimer testing in patients with suspected venous thromboembolism. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2009;35(1):50–59. doi:10.1055/s-0029-121414819308893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Righini M, Perrier A, De Moerloose P, Bounameaux H. D-dimer for venous thromboembolism diagnosis: 20 years later. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(7):1059–1071. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02981.x18419743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makino S, Sugimura H, Suga N, et al. Establishment of a dosing monitoring method for preventive anticoagulatory therapy using low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin). Heart. 2011;43:1021–1024.
   Google Scholar
• Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, et al. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg. 2009;250(2):187–196. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b13ca219638912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Union for international cancer control. TNM classification of malignant tumours 8th ed. In: Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C editors. Union for International Cancer Control　New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Alikhan R, Peters F, Wilmott R, Cohen AT. Fatal pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients: a necropsy review. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(12):1254–1257. doi:10.1136/jcp.2003.01358115563663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima A. Deep vein thrombosis with central progression discovered by preoperative screening echo. Ann Vasc Dis. 2008;21:249–256.
   Google Scholar
• Gainsbury ML, Erdrich J, Taubman D, et al. Prevalence and predictors of preoperative venous thromboembolism in asymptomatic patients undergoing major oncologic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(6):1640–1645. doi:10.1245/s10434-018-6461-229626305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Bolis G, Capussotti L, et al. A clinical outcome-based prospective study on venous thromboembolism after cancer surgery: the @RISTOS Project. Ann Surg. 2006;243(1):89–95. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000193959.44677.4816371741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos S, Vargas HD, Davenport DL. Association of blood transfusion and venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer resection. Thromb Res. 2012;129(5):568–572. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.04721872295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed.: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e152S–e184S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-229522315259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease. Chest. 2016;149(2):315–352. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.02626867832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaitkus PT, Leizorovicz A, Cohen AT, et al. Mortality rates and risk factors for asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in medical patients. Thromb Haemost. 2005;93(1):76–79. doi:10.1160/TH04-09-063215630494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalayci A, Gibson CM, Chi G, et al. Asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis is associated with an increased risk of death: insights from the APEX Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2018;118(12):2046–2052. doi:10.1055/s-0038-163774530419597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada H, Matsumoto T, Yamashita Y. Diagnosis of fibrin related markers and thrombosis. J Clin Lab Med. 2014;58:955–960.
   Google Scholar
• Linkins LA, Bates SM, Ginsberg JS, Kearon C. Use of different D-dimer levels to exclude venous thromboembolism depending on clinical pretest probability. Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(8):1256–1260. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00824.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai Y. Surgical invasion and coagulation system. Kessen to Junkan. 2008;16:176–181.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Li J, Liu Y, Li YC, Zhang WG. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis after orthopedic surgery and the diagnostic value of D-dimer. Ann Vasc Surg. 2015;29(4):675–681. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2014.12.02225728333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamidi S, Riazi M. Cutoff values of plasma D-dimer level in patients with diagnosis of the venous thromboembolism after elective spinal surgery. Asian Spine J. 2015;9(2):232–238. doi:10.4184/asj.2015.9.2.23225901235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maruhashi Y, Okamoto S, Mori Y, Nakase S. Significance of D-dimer measurements for venous thromboembolism in the lower limb in the perioperative period. J Japan Soc Fracture Rep. 2008;30:558–561.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Ito H, Minami K, et al. A study of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by venography and its relationship with D-dimer levels. J Musculoskeletal Syst. 2004;17:897–903.
   Google Scholar
• Chi G, Goldhaber SZ, Hull RD, et al. Thrombus burden of deep vein thrombosis and its association with thromboprophylaxis and D-dimer measurement: insights from the APEX Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(12):2389–2395. doi:10.1160/TH17-08-053829212126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakon M, Kobayashi T, Shimizu T. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin in Japanese patients undergoing curative abdominal or pelvic cancer surgery: results from a multicenter, randomized, open-label study. Thromb Res. 2010;125(3):65–70. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2009.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Malick R, et al. Apixaban to P prevent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(8):711–719. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa181446830511879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imoto K, Makita S. Pharmacological properties and clinical trial results of the anticoagulant enoxaparin sodium (Clexane® Subcutaneous Injection Kit 2000 IU). J Pharmacol Sci. 2009;133:91–98.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki A, Kaneko M, Kanno N, Yatomi Y. Evaluation of anti-Xa activity of various heparins by synthetic substrate method and thrombin generation test. Japan J Clin Pathol. 2013;61:567–575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, et al. Full study report of Andexanet Alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1326–1335. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa181405130730782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabe A, Kimura Y, Okamoto K, Higashi Y, Suzuki K, Shimoda H. Re-surgery/prevention/indication/surgical technique. Gastrointestinal anastomotic bleeding. J Surg. 2005;59:1429–1433.
   Google Scholar
• Masuzawa T, Tominaga S, Miyagaki H, Fukuzaki T. A case in which Argon plasma coagulation method was effective for postoperative bleeding after functional end-to-end anastomosis. J Japan Soc Coloproctol. 2008;61:329–332. doi:10.3862/jcoloproctology.61.329
   Google Scholar
• Niwa K, Sakamoto K, Ro H, et al. The usefulness of measuring anti-Xa activity for the prediction of bleeding adverse events during postsurgical fondaparinux anticoagulant therapy. Juntendo Med J. 2016;62:399–405. doi:10.14789/jmj.62.399
   Google Scholar