Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1: Current Challenges And Future Prospects

References

• Tujios SR, Hynan LS, Vazquez MA, et al. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:352–359. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.01125019700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1426–1437. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.04223474284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo V, Gines P, Gerbes AL, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1996;23:164–176. doi:10.1002/hep.v23:18550036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salerno F, Gerbes A, Gines P, et al. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis a consensus workshop of the International Ascites Club. Gut. 2007;56:1310–1318. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.10778917389705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the ICA. J Hepatol. 2015;62:968–974. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.02925638527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau R, Lebrec D. Acute renal failure in patients with cirrhosis: perspectives in the age of MELD. Hepatology. 2003;37:233–243. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.5008412540770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, Nadim MK, Parikh CR. News in pathophysiology, definition and classification of hepatorenal syndrome: a step beyond the International Club of Ascites (ICA) consensus document. J Hepatol. 2019;S0168-8278(19)30410–6 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Nacchiero MC, Rosania R, et al. The use of human albumin for the treatment of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis: item of safety, facts, controversies and perspectives. Curr Drug Saf. 2011;6(4):267–274. doi:10.2174/15748861179828090622129322
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davenport A, Sheikh MF, Lamb E, Agarwal B, Jalan R. Acute kidney injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure: where does hepatorenal syndrome fit? Kidney Int. 2017;92(5):1058–1070. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.04828844314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Predictors of response to terlipressin plus albumin in hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1: relationship of serum creatinine to hemodynamics. J Hepatol. 2011;55:315–321. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.02021167235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez E, Elia C, Solà E, et al. Terlipressin and albumin for type-1 hepatorenal syndrome associated with sepsis. J Hepatol. 2014;60:955–961. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.03224447876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trawalé JM, Paradis V, Rautou PE, et al. The spectrum of renal lesions in patients with cirrhosis: a clinicopathological study. Liver Int. 2010;30:725–732. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02182.x20040048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwakiri Y. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis. 2014;18(2):281–291. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2013.12.00124679494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas A, Ginès P. Portal hypertension. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25(3):195–201. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e328329e15419396956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Del Prete V, Crucinio N, et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers improve survival outcomes after radiofrequency ablation in hepatocarcinoma patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30(11):1643–1650. doi:10.1111/jgh.2015.30.issue-1125974743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Amoruso A, Neve V, Antonino M, Prete VD, Barone M. Role of vaptans in the management of hydroelectrolytic imbalance in liver cirrhosis. World J Hepatol. 2014;6(11):793–799. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i11.79325429317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginès P, Berl T, Bernardi M, et al. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Hepatology. 1998;28:851–864. doi:10.1002/hep.5102803379731583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginès A, Escorsell A, Ginès P, et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:229–236. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90031-78514039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithead JA, Hayes PC, Ferguson JW. Review article: advances in the management of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension-related renal dysfunction. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(7):699–711. doi:10.1111/apt.2014.39.issue-724528130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagundes C, Pepin MN, Guevara M, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as biomarker in the differential diagnosis of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2012;57:267–273. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.01522521351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcher JM, Sanyal AJ, Peixoto AJ, et al. Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Hepatology. 2014;60:622–632. doi:10.1002/hep.v60.224375576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindikoglu AL, Opekun AR, Coarfa C, et al. Robust metabolomic signature is associated with altered renal hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):S1044. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(17)33534-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindikoglu AL, Dowling TC, Magder LS, et al. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in patients with cirrhosis by using new and conventional filtration markers and dimethylarginines. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:624–632 e2. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.02126133903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens LA, Coresh J, Schmid CH, et al. Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:395–406. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.01818295055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholongitas E, Ioannidou M, Goulis I, et al. Comparison of creatinine and cystatin formulae with 51 chromiumethylenediaminetetraacetic acid glomerular filtration rate in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:191–198. doi:10.1111/jgh.2017.32.issue-127177318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza V, Hadj-Aissa A, Dolomanova O, et al. Creatinine versus cystatine C-based equations in assessing the renal function of candidates for liver transplantation with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2014;59:1522–1531. doi:10.1002/hep.2688624123197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindikoglu AL, Pappas SC. New developments in hepatorenal syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(2):162–177. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.05.04128602971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crager S. Critically ill patients with end-stage liver disease. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2019;37(3):511–527. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2019.03.00831262418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsien CD, Rabie R, Wong F. Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis. Gut. 2013;62:131–137. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-30125522637695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domenicali M, Baldassarre M, Giannone FA, et al. Posttranscriptional changes of serum albumin: clinical and prognostic significance in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2014;60:1851–1860. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.06.02425048618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraceni P, Riggio O, Angeli P, et al. Long-term albumin administration in decompensated cirrhosis (ANSWER): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10138):2417–2429. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30840-729861076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Antonino M, Orsitto E, Sacco R. Primary and secondary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: current state of the art. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13(8):751–759. doi:10.1080/17474124.2019.164416731304804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merli M, Lucidi C, Di Gregorio V, et al. The chronic use of beta-blockers and proton pump inhibitors may affect the rate of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2015;35(2):362–369. doi:10.1111/liv.2015.35.issue-224836902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiberger T, Ferlitsch A, Payer BA, et al. Non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6 in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2013;58:911–921. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.01123262249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mookerjee RP, Pavesi M, Thomsen KL, et al. Treatment with non-selective beta blockers is associated with reduced severity of systemic inflammation and improved survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 2016;64(3):574–582. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.01826519600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sersté T, Francoz C, Durand F, et al. Beta-blockers cause paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a cross-over study. J Hepatol. 2011;55:794–799. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.01.03421354230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandorfer M, Bota S, Schwabl P, et al. Nonselective b blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:1680–1690.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.00524631577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossen L, Krag A, Vilstrup H, et al. Non-selective β-blockers do not affect mortality in cirrhosis patients with ascites: post hoc analysis of three RCTs with 1198 patients. Hepatology. 2015. doi:10.1002/hep.28352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhutta AQ, Garcia-Tsao G, Reddy KR, et al. Beta-blockers in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis and ascites: mortality and factors determining discontinuation and reinitiation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(1):78–85. doi:10.1111/apt.1436628994122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirapongsathorn S, Valentin N, Alahdab F, et al. Nonselective β-blockers and survival in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(8):1096–1104. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.01.01226829026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Roy S, Livadas S, et al. Nonselective beta-blockers do not affect survival in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(7):1737–1746. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5092-629725793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krag A, Wiest R, Albillos A, Gluud LL. The window hypothesis: haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of betablockers improve survival of patients with cirrhosis during a window in the disease. Gut. 2012;61:967–969. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-30134822234982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge PS, Runyon BA. The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2014;60(3):643–653. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.01624076364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge PS, Runyon BA. When should the β-blocker window in cirrhosis close? Gastroenterology. 2014;146(7):1597–1599. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.02824768679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397–417. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.00420633946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Papagiouvanni I, Cela M, Buccino VR, Sacco R. Comparative efficacy of long-term antibiotic treatments in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int. 2019;39(8):1448–1458. doi:10.1111/liv.1410930920712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginés P, Rimola A, Planas R, et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 1990;12(4 Pt 1):716–724. doi:10.1002/hep.18401204162210673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Garcia Perdomo HA, Muscatiello N, Buccino RV, Wong VW, Singh S. Systematic review with meta-analysis: change in liver stiffness during anti-viral therapy in patients with hepatitis B. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50(8):787–794. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2018.05.00529807871
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh S, Facciorusso A, Loomba R, Falck-Ytter YT. Magnitude and kinetics of decrease in liver stiffness after antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(1):27–38. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.03828479504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanki P, Chawla A, Garg R, Gupta R, Jain M, Sarin SK. Beneficial effects of terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:152–156. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02934.x12542598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri S, Pulvirenti D, Malaguarnera M, et al. Terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type I hepatorenal syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:830–835. doi:10.1007/s10620-007-9919-917939047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1360–1368. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.01418471513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Wong F, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin is more effective than albumin alone in improving renal function in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome type 1. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1579–1589. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.02626896734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallin M, Piano S, Romano A, et al. Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Hepatology. 2016;63:983–992. doi:10.1002/hep.2839626659927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallin M, Kamath PS, Merli M, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin versus midodrine and octreotide plus albumin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2015;62:567–574. doi:10.1002/hep.v62.225644760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indrabi RA, Javid G, Zargar SA, et al. Noradrenaline is equally effective as terlipressin in reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized prospective study. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;1:S97. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2013.02.242
   Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Kumar A, Shrama BC, Sarin SK. An open label, pilot, randomized controlled trial of noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome and predictors of response. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1689–1697. doi:10.1111/ajg.2008.103.issue-718557715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh V, Ghosh S, Singh B, et al. Noradrenaline vs. terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study. J Hepatol. 2012;56:1293–1298. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.01222322237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessandria C, Ottobrelli A, Debernardi-Venon W, et al. Noradrenalin vs terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized, unblinded, pilot study. J Hepatol. 2007;47:499–505. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.01017560680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora V, Maiwall R, Rajan V, et al. Terlipressin is superior to noradrenaline in the management of acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatology. 2018 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1002/hep.30208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava SShalimar Vishnubhatla S. Randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of terlipressin and albumin with a combination of concurrent dopamine, furosemide, and albumin in hepatorenal syndrome. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015;5(4):276–285.26900268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tavakkoli H, Yazdanpanah KMansourian M. Noradrenalin versus the combination of midodrine and octreotide in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(11):764–769.23189227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, Krag A. Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology. 2010;51:576–584. doi:10.1002/hep.2328619885875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobre M, Demirjian S, Sehgal AR, et al. Terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011;43:175–184. doi:10.1007/s11255-010-9725-820306131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrizi F, Dixit V, Messa P, et al. Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Artif Organs. 2009;32:133–140. doi:10.1177/03913988090320030319440988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciorusso A, Chandar AK, Murad MH, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacological strategies for management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:94–102. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30157-128403995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford FJ, Morling JR, Fallowfield JA. Systematic review with meta-analysis: vasoactive drugs for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:593–603. doi:10.1111/apt.1391228052382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, et al. Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD005162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattos AZ, Mattos AA, Ribeiro RA. Terlipressin versus noradrenaline in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: systematic review with meta-analysis and full economic evaluation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28:345–351. doi:10.1097/MEG.000000000000053726649801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagi SV, Mittal S, Kasturi KS, et al. Terlipressin therapy for reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:880–885. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06132.x20074149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gines P. Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome: ready for prime time. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(2):75–76. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30211-428403987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capling RK, Bastani B. The clinical course of patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome maintained on hemodialysis. Ren Fail. 2004;26:563–568. doi:10.1081/JDI-20003598815526916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller F, Heinze H, Jochimsen F, et al. Risk factors and outcome of 107 patients with decompensated liver disease and acute renal failure (including 26 patients with hepatorenal syndrome): the role of hemodialysis. Ren Fail. 1995;17:135–146. doi:10.3109/088602295090262507644764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzke O, Baumann M, Patschan D, et al. Which patients benefit from hemodialysis therapy in hepatorenal syndrome? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:1369–1373. doi:10.1111/jgh.2004.19.issue-1215610310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology. 2013;57:1153–1162. doi:10.1002/hep.2618523213075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, et al. Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl. 2000;6:277–286. doi:10.1053/lv.2000.635510827226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song T, Rössle M, He F, Liu F, Guo X, Qi X. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50(4):323–330. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2018.01.12329422242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Impact of liver transplantation on the survival of patients treated for hepatorenal syndrome type 1. Liver Transpl. 2011;17:1328–1332. doi:10.1002/lt.v17.1121837734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong F, Leung W, Al Beshir M, Marquez M, Renner EL. Outcomes of patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome type 1 treated with liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:300–307. doi:10.1002/lt.2404925422261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formica RN, Aeder M, Boyle G, et al. Simultaneous liver-kidney allocation policy: a proposal to optimize appropriate utilization of scarce resources. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:758–766. doi:10.1111/ajt.1363126603142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz R, Barri YM, Jennings LW, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome: a proposal for kidney after liver transplantation (KALT). Liver Transpl. 2007;13:838–843. doi:10.1002/lt.2114917539003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Llahi M, Pepin M-N, Guevara M, et al. Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(5):1352–1359.18471512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar S, Haque I, Tayyab GU, Khan G, Chaudry N. Role of terlipressin and albumin combination versus albumin alone in hepatorenal syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;107:S175–S176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar