New and emerging treatments for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: focus on everolimus

References

• SiegelRNaishadhamDAhmedin JemalACancer Statistics, 2012CA Cancer J Clin201262102922237781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer InstituteSEER statistic fact sheet: breast cancer Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.htmlAccessed August 6, 2012
   Google Scholar
• HarveyJMClarkGMOsborneCKAlfredDCEstrogen receptor status by immunohistochemistry is superior to ligand-binding assay for predicting response to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancerJ Clin Oncol1999171474148110334533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ColleoniMGelberSCoatesASInfluence of endocrine-related factors on response to perioperative chemotherapy for patients with node-negative breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2001194141414911689582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WinerEPOptimizing endocrine therapy for breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2005231609161015755964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JaiyesimiIABuzedarAUDeckerDAHortobagyiGNUse of tamoxifen for breast cancer: twenty-eight years laterJ Clin Oncol1995135135297844613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CardosoFBischoffJBrainEA review of the treatment of endocrine responsive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal womenCancer Treat Rev7252012 [Epub ahead of print.]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NabholtzJMBonneterreJBuzdarARobertsonJFThurlimannBAnastrozole (Arimidex) versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: survival analysis and updated safety resultsEur J Cancer2003391684168912888362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BonneterreJBuzdarANabholtzJMAnastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy in hormone receptor positive advanced breast carcinomaCancer2001922247225811745278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MouridsenHGershanovichMSunYSuperior efficacy of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a Phase III study of the International Letrozole Breast Cancer GroupJ Clin Oncol2001192596260611352951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MouridsenHGershanovichMSunYPhase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival and update of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer GroupJ Clin Oncol2003212101210912775735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MouridsenHGiobbie-HurderAGoldhirschALetrozole therapy alone or in sequence with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. BIG 1-98 Collaborative GroupN Engl J Med200936176677619692688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParidaensRDirixLLohrischCMature results of a randomized phase II multicenter study of exemestane versus tamoxifen as first-line hormone therapy for postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancerAnn Oncol2003141391139812954578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForbesJFCuzickJBuzdarAHowellATobiasJSBaumMEffect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trialLancet Oncol20089455318083636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoatesASKeshaviahAThurlimannBFive years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1-98J Clin Oncol20072548649217200148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertsonJFOsborneCKHowellAFulvestrant versus anastrozole for the treatment of advanced breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women: a prospective combined analysis of two multicenter trialsCancer20039822923812872340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HowellARobertsonJFAbramPComparison of fulvestrant versus tamoxifen for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women previously untreated with endocrine therapy: a multinational, double-blind, randomized trialJ Clin Oncol2004221605161315117982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di LeoAJerusalemGPetruzelkaLResults of the CONFIRM phase III trial comparing fulvestrant 250 mg with fulvestrant 500 mg in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancerJ Clin Oncol201028304594460020855825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MehtaRSBarlowWEAlbainKSCombination anastrozole and fulvestrant in metastatic breast cancerN Engl J Med201236743544422853014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BerghJJönssonPELidbrinkEKFACT: an open-label randomized phase III study of fulvestrant and anastrozole in combination compared with anastrozole alone as first-line therapy for patients with receptor-positive postmenopausal breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2012301919192522370325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShangYHuXDiRenzoJLazarMABrownMCofactor dynamics and sufficiency in estrogen receptor-regulated transcriptionCell2000103684385211136970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsborneCKSchiffRFuquaSAShouJEstrogen receptor: current understanding of its activation and modulationClin Cancer Res200174338s4342s11916222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MassarwehSSchiffRUnraveling the mechanism of endocrine resistance in breast cancer: new therapeutic opportunitiesClin Cancer Res2007131950195417404074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PietrasRJArboledaJReeseDMHER-2 tyrosine kinase pathway targets estrogen receptor and promotes hormone-independent growth in human breast cancer cellsOncogene199510243524467784095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsborneCKSchiffRMechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancerAnnu Rev Med20116223324720887199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenzCCScottGKSarupJCEstrogen-dependent, tamoxifen-resistant tumorigenic growth of MCF-7 cells transfected with HER2/neuBreast Cancer Res Treat19922485958095168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MackeyJRKaufmanBClemensMTrastuzumab prolongs progression free survival in hormone-dependent and HER2-positive metastatic breast cancerBreast Cancer Res Treat2006100Suppl 1 Abstract 3
   Google Scholar
• SchaferJMBentremDJTakeiHA mechanism of drug resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancerJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol200283758312650703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaklamaniVGCicconiJGradisharWIncreased HER2 expression in women with recurrent ER-positive breast cancerProc Am Soc Clin Oncol200725569s
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De LaurentiisMArpinoGMassarelliEA meta-analysis on the interaction between HER2 expression and response to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancerClin Cancer Res2005114741474816000569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShouJMassarwehSOsborneCMechanisms of tamoxifen resistance: increased estrogen receptor- HER2/neu cross-talk in ER/HER2-positive breast cancerJ Natl Cancer Inst20049692693515199112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LearyAFDrurySDetreSLapatinib restores hormone sensitivity with differential effects on ER signaling in cell models of HER2-negative breast cancer with acquired endocrine resistanceClin Cancer Res2010161486149720179226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnstonSPippenJJrPivotXLapatinib combined with letrozole versus letrozole and placebo as first-line therapy for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2009275538554619786658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FinnRSPressMDeringJProgression-free survival (PFS) of patients with HER2-negative, estrogen receptor (ER)-low metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with the addition of lapatinib to letrozole: biomarker results of EGF30008Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol20092745s
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NicholsonRIMcClellandRAFinlayPRelationship between EGF-R, c-erb B-2 protein expression and Ki67 immunostaining in breast cancer and hormone sensitivityEur J Cancer19937101810238098946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeeJMHarperMEHutchesonIRThe antiepidermal growth factor receptor agent gefitinib (ZD1839/Iressa) improves antihormone response and prevents development of resistance in breast cancer in vitroEndocrinology20031445105511712960029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MassarwehSShouJDiPietroMTargeting the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway improves the anti-tumor effect of tamoxifen and delays acquired resistance in a xenograft model of breast cancerBreast Cancer Res Treat200276S33 Abstract 18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellandRABarrowDMaddenTAEnhanced epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in MCF7 breast cancer cells after long-term culture in the presence of the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (Faslodex)Endocrinology20011422776278811415996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CristofanilliMValeroVMangalikAPhase II, randomized trial to compare anastrozole combined with gefitinib or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancerClin Cancer Res2010161904191420215537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsborneCKNevenPDirixLYGefitinib or placebo in combination with tamoxifen in patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: a randomized phase II studyClin Cancer Res2011171147115921220480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StoicaASacedaMFakhroAJoynerMMartinMBRole of insulin-like growth factor-I in regulating estrogen receptor-a gene expressionJ Cell Biochem20007660561410653980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HouXHuangFMacedoLFDual IGF-1R/InsR inhibitor BMS-754807 synergizes with hormonal agents in treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancerCancer Res2011717597760722042792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FoxEMMillerTWBalkoJMA kinome-wide screen identifies the insulin/IGF-I receptor pathway as a mechanism of escape from hormone dependence in breast cancerCancer Res2011716773678421908557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangYMoerkensMRamaiahgariSElevated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling induces antiestrogen resistance through the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling routesBreast Cancer Res201113R5221595894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaufmanPAFerreroJMBourgeoisHA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study of AMG 479 with exemestane (E) or fulvestrant (F) in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor positive (HR+) metastatic (M) or locally advanced (LA) breast cancer (BC)Cancer Res201070Suppl 2 Abstract S1–S4
   Google Scholar
• FrameMCSrc in cancer: deregulation and consequences for cell behaviorBiochim Biophys Acta2002160211413012020799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorganLGeeJPumfordSElevated Src kinase activity attenuates tamoxifen response in vitro and is associated with poor prognosis clinicallyCancer Biol Ther200981550155819830888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBryanJTheissenSMByrneCMetastatic progression with resistance to aromatase inhibitors is driven by steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1Cancer Res20127254855922108824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YueWFanPWangJMechanisms of acquired resistance to endocrine therapy in hormone-dependent breast cancer cellsJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol200710610211017616457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MayerELBaurainJFSparanoJA phase 2 trial of dasatinib in patients with advanced HER2-positive and/or hormone receptor-positive breast cancerClin Cancer Res2011176897690421903773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FedelePCalvaniNMarinoATargeted agents to reverse resistance to endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer: where are we now and where are we going?Crit Rev Oncol Hematol20128424325122494933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarrawayHHidalgoMNew targets for therapy in breast cancer: mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) antagonistsBreast Cancer Res2004621922415318929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SunMPacigaJFeldmanRPhosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT2, activated in breast cancer, regulates and is induced by estrogen receptor α (ERα) via interaction between ERα and PI3KCancer Res2001615985599111507039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-AyaLFGonzalez-AnguloAMTargeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway in breast cancerOncologist20111640441421406469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaselgaJTargeting the phosphoinositide-3 (PI3) kinase pathway in breast cancerOncologist201116Suppl 1121921278436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CampbellRABhat-NakshatriPPatelNMPhosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for antiestrogen resistanceJ Biol Chem20012769817982411139588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SheriAMartinLAJohnstonSTargeting endocrine resistance: is there a role for mTOR inhibition?Clin Breast Cancer201010Suppl 3S79S8521115426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimonciniTHafezi-MoghadamABrazilDPInteraction of oestrogen receptor with the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinaseNature200028:40753854111029009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BachmanKEArganiPSamuelsYThe PIK3CA gene is mutated with high frequency in human breast cancersCancer Biol Ther2004377277515254419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShomanNKlassenSMcFaddenABickisMGTorlakovicEChibbarRReduced PTEN expression predicts relapse in patients with breast carcinoma treated by tamoxifenMod Pathol20051825025915475931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerTWBalkoJMFoxEMERα-dependent E2F transcription can mediate resistance to estrogen deprivation in human breast cancerCancer Discov2011133835122049316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KenersonHLAicherLDTrueLDActivated mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex renal tumorsCancer Res2002625645565012384518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WanderSAHennessyBTSlingerlandJMNext-generation mTOR inhibitors in clinical oncology: how pathway complexity informs therapeutic strategyJ Clin Invest20111211231124121490404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DowlingRJTopisirovicIFonsecaBDDissecting the role of mTOR: lessons from mTOR inhibitorsBiochim Biophys Acta201018044349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoltzMKThe role of S6K1 in ER-positive breast cancerCell Cycle2012113159316522895181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarbassovDDAliSMSenguptaSProlonged rapamycin treatment inhibits mTORC2 assembly and Akt/PKBMol Cell20062215916816603397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiHLinJWangXTargeting of mTORC2 prevents cell migration and promotes apoptosis in breast cancerBreast Cancer Res Treat20121341057106622476852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChangSMironPMironARapamycin inhibits proliferation of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cellsJ Surg Res2007138374417109887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhayadSEBiecheIVendrellJAmTOR inhibition reverses acquired endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer cells at the cell proliferation and gene-expression levelsCancer Sci2008991992200319016759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeeramMTanQTekmalRRAkt-induced endocrine therapy resistance is reversed by inhibition of mTOR signalingAnn Oncol2007181323132817693645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoulayARudloffJYeJDual inhibition of mTOR and estrogen receptor signaling in vitro induces cell death in models of breast cancerClin Cancer Res2005115319532816033851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaselgaJFumoleauPGilMPhase II, 3 arm study of CCI-779 in combination with letrozole in postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Preliminary resultsJ Clin Oncol200422Suppl 14544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarpenterJTRochéHCamponeMRandomized 3-arm, phase 2 study of temsirolimus (CCI-779) in combination with letrozole in postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancerJ Clin Oncol200523:16S564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChowLWCSunYJassemJPhase 3 study of temsirolimus with letrozole or letrozole alone in postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancerBreast Cancer Res Treat2006100Suppl 1 Abstract 6091
   Google Scholar
• RugoHSKeckSReversing hormone resistance: have we found the golden key?J Clin Oncol2012302707270922753913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaselgaJCamponeMPiccartMEverolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancerN Engl J Med201236652052922149876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BachelotTBourgierCCropetCRandomized phase II trial of everolimus in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone in patients with hormone-receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer with prior exposure to aromatase inhibitors: a GINECO studyJ Clin Oncol2012302718272422565002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaselgaJSemiglazovVvan DamPPhase II randomized study of neoadjuvant everolimus plus letrozole compared with placebo plus letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2009272630263719380449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BhattacharyyaGSBiswasJSinghJKReversal of tamoxifen resistance (hormone resistance) by addition of sirolimus (mTOR inhibitor) in metastatic breast cancer2011 European Multidisciplinary Cancer CongressEdition Stockholm, Sweden2011
   Google Scholar
• Villarreal-GarzaCCortesJAndreFVermaSmTOR inhibitors in the management of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: the latest evidence and future directionsAnn Oncol2012232526253522553196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarewJSKellyKRNawrockiSTMechanisms of mTOR inhibitor resistance in cancer therapyTarget Oncol20116172721547705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’ReillyKERojoFSheQBmTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates AktCancer Res2006661500150816452206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MargaritiNFoxSBBottiniAGeneraliDOvercoming breast cancer drug resistance with mTOR inhibitors. Could it be a myth or a real possibility in the short-term future?Breast Cancer Res Treat201112859960620945086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NahtaRO’ReganRMTherapeutic implications of estrogen receptor signaling in HER2-positive breast cancersBreast Cancer Res Treat2012135394822527112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SorlieTPerouCMTibshiraniRGene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implicationsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200198108691087411553815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harichand-HerdtSZelnakAO’ReganREndocrine therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancerExpert Rev Anticancer Ther2009918719819192957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar