302
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Emerging Treatment Options for Myelofibrosis: Focus on Anemia

& ORCID Icon
Pages 535-547 | Received 08 May 2023, Accepted 25 Jun 2023, Published online: 28 Jun 2023

References

  • Abdel-Wahab OI, Levine RL. Primary myelofibrosis: update on definition, pathogenesis, and treatment. Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:233–245. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.041707.160528
  • Reilly JT, McMullin MF, Beer PA, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of myelofibrosis. Br J Haematol. 2012;158(4):453–471. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09179.x
  • Tefferi A, Lasho TL, Jimma T, et al. One Thousand Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis: The Mayo Clinic Experience. Elsevier; 2012.
  • Cervantes F, Dupriez B, Pereira A, et al. New prognostic scoring system for primary myelofibrosis based on a study of the international working group for myelofibrosis research and treatment. Blood. 2009;113(13):2895–2901. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-170449
  • Tefferi A, Hudgens S, Mesa R, et al. Use of the functional assessment of cancer therapy− anemia in persons with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis and anemia. Clin Ther. 2014;36(4):560–566. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.02.016
  • Guglielmelli P, Rotunno G, Pacilli A, et al. Prognostic impact of bone marrow fibrosis in primary myelofibrosis. A study of the AGIMM group on 490 patients. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(9):918–922. doi:10.1002/ajh.24442
  • Wang X, Cho SY, Hu CS, Chen D, Roboz J, Hoffman R. CXC motif chemokine 12 influences the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleens of myelofibrosis patients. Exp Hematol. 2015;43(2):100–109. e1. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2014.10.013
  • Pardanani A, Finke C, Abdelrahman RA, Lasho TL, Tefferi A. Associations and prognostic interactions between circulating levels of hepcidin, ferritin and inflammatory cytokines in primary myelofibrosis. Am J Hematol. 2013;88(4):312–316. doi:10.1002/ajh.23406
  • Rampal R, Al-Shahrour F, Abdel-Wahab O, et al. Integrated genomic analysis illustrates the central role of JAK-STAT pathway activation in myeloproliferative neoplasm pathogenesis. Blood. 2014;123(22):e123–e133. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-02-554634
  • Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(9):799–807. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110557
  • Pardanani A, Harrison C, Cortes JE, et al. Safety and efficacy of fedratinib in patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):643–651. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1590
  • Oh ST, Mesa R, Harrison C, et al. Pacritinib is a potent ACVR1 inhibitor with significant anemia benefit in patients with myelofibrosis. Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):1518–1521. doi:10.1182/blood-2022-156936
  • Oh ST, Talpaz M, Gerds AT, et al. ACVR1/JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor momelotinib reverses transfusion dependency and suppresses hepcidin in myelofibrosis phase 2 trial. Blood Adv. 2020;4(18):4282–4291. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002662
  • Verstovsek S, Mesa R, Talpaz M, et al. Retrospective analysis of pacritinib in patients with myelofibrosis and severe thrombocytopenia. Haematologica. 2022;107(7):1599. doi:10.3324/haematol.2021.279415
  • Kiladjian JJ, Platzbecker U, Mayer J, et al. Momelotinib’s spleen, symptom and anemia efficacy is maintained in intermediate/high risk myelofibrosis patients with thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2020;136:43–44. doi:10.1182/blood-2020-135880
  • Harrison C, Kiladjian -J-J, Al-Ali HK, et al. JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(9):787–798. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110556
  • Gupta V, Harrison C, Hexner EO, et al. The impact of anemia on overall survival in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib in the COMFORT studies. Haematologica. 2016;101(12):e482. doi:10.3324/haematol.2016.151449
  • Cervantes F, Ross DM, Radinoff A, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dosing strategy for ruxolitinib in the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis and anemia: the REALISE phase 2 study. Leukemia. 2021;35(12):3455–3465. doi:10.1038/s41375-021-01261-x
  • Harrison CN, Vannucchi AM, Kiladjian -J-J, et al. Long-term findings from COMFORT-II, a phase 3 study of ruxolitinib vs best available therapy for myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2016;30(8):1701–1707. doi:10.1038/leu.2016.148
  • Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, et al. Long-term treatment with ruxolitinib for patients with myelofibrosis: 5-year update from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 COMFORT-I trial. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0417-z
  • Mullally A, Hood J, Harrison C, Mesa R. Fedratinib in myelofibrosis. Blood Adv. 2020;4(8):1792–1800. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000954
  • Harrison CN, Schaap N, Vannucchi AM, et al. Janus kinase-2 inhibitor fedratinib in patients with myelofibrosis previously treated with ruxolitinib (Jakarta-2): a single-arm, open-label, non-randomised, phase 2, multicentre study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(7):e317–e324. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30088-1
  • Harrison CN, Schaap N, Vannucchi AM, et al. Fedratinib in patients with myelofibrosis previously treated with ruxolitinib: an updated analysis of the JAKARTA2 study using stringent criteria for ruxolitinib failure. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(6):594–603. doi:10.1002/ajh.25777
  • Waksal JA, Tremblay D, Mascarenhas J. Clinical utility of fedratinib in myelofibrosis. Onco Targets Ther. 2021;14:4509. doi:10.2147/OTT.S267001
  • Gupta V, Yacoub A, Verstovsek S, et al. Safety and efficacy of fedratinib in patients with Primary (P), Post-Polycythemia Vera (Post-PV), and Post-Essential Thrombocythemia (Post-ET) Myelofibrosis (MF) previously treated with ruxolitinib: primary analysis of the FREEDOM trial. Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):3935–3937. doi:10.1182/blood-2022-156669
  • Mascarenhas J, Hoffman R, Talpaz M, et al. Pacritinib vs best available therapy, including ruxolitinib, in patients with myelofibrosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(5):652–659. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5818
  • Mascarenhas J, Gerds AT, Kiladjian -J-J, et al. PACIFICA: a randomized, controlled phase 3 study of pacritinib versus physician’s choice in patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis and severe thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):9592–9594. doi:10.1182/blood-2022-163456
  • Yacoub A, Mesa RA, Oh ST. Long-term hematologic improvement in a patient with cytopenic myelofibrosis treated with pacritinib; 2023.
  • Wrighting DM, Andrews NC. Interleukin-6 induces hepcidin expression through STAT3. Blood. 2006;108(9):3204–3209. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-06-027631
  • Pardanani A, Laborde R, Lasho T, et al. Safety and efficacy of CYT387, a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2013;27(6):1322–1327. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.71
  • Pardanani A, Gotlib J, Roberts A, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of momelotinib, a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, for the treatment of myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2018;32(4):1034–1037. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.330
  • Gupta V, Mesa RA, Deininger MW, et al. A phase 1/2, open-label study evaluating twice-daily administration of momelotinib in myelofibrosis. Haematologica. 2017;102(1):94. doi:10.3324/haematol.2016.148924
  • Mesa RA, Kiladjian -J-J, Catalano JV, et al. SIMPLIFY-1: a phase III randomized trial of momelotinib versus ruxolitinib in janus kinase inhibitor-naive patients with myelofibrosis. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(34):3844–3850. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.73.4418
  • Harrison CN, Vannucchi AM, Platzbecker U, et al. Momelotinib versus best available therapy in patients with myelofibrosis previously treated with ruxolitinib (SIMPLIFY 2): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5(2):e73–e81. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30237-5
  • Mesa RA, Jamieson C, Bhatia R, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: myeloproliferative neoplasms, version 2.2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(10):1193–1207. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2017.0157
  • Gwaltney C, Paty J, Kwitkowski VE, et al. Development of a harmonized patient-reported outcome questionnaire to assess myelofibrosis symptoms in clinical trials. Leuk Res. 2017;59:26–31. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2017.05.012
  • Verstovsek S, Gerds AT, Vannucchi AM, et al. Momelotinib versus danazol in symptomatic patients with anaemia and myelofibrosis (MOMENTUM): results from an international, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2023;401(10373):269–280. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02036-0
  • Verstovsek S, Gotlib J, Mesa RA, et al. Long-term survival in patients treated with ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis: COMFORT-I and-II pooled analyses. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10:1–6. doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0527-7
  • Martí‐Carvajal AJ, Anand V, Sola I. Janus kinase‐1 and Janus kinase‐2 inhibitors for treating myelofibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010298.pub2
  • Guglielmelli P, Ghirardi A, Carobbio A, et al. Impact of ruxolitinib on survival of patients with myelofibrosis in the real world: update of the ERNEST Study. Blood Adv. 2022;6(2):373–375. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006006
  • Verstovsek S, Parasuraman S, Yu J, et al. Real-world survival of US patients with intermediate-to high-risk myelofibrosis: impact of ruxolitinib approval. Ann Hematol. 2022;2022:1–7.
  • Harrison C, Kiladjian -J-J, Verstovsek S, et al. MPN-164: overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with fedratinib as first-line myelofibrosis (MF) therapy and after prior ruxolitinib (RUX): results from the Jakarta and JAKARTA2 trials. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021;21:S356. doi:10.1016/S2152-2650(21)01822-X
  • Mesa RA, Vannucchi AM, Mead A, et al. Pacritinib versus best available therapy for the treatment of myelofibrosis irrespective of baseline cytopenias (PERSIST-1): an international, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(5):e225–e236. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30027-3
  • Mesa R, Harrison C, Oh ST, et al. Overall survival in the SIMPLIFY-1 and SIMPLIFY-2 phase 3 trials of momelotinib in patients with myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2022;36(9):2261–2268. doi:10.1038/s41375-022-01637-7
  • Vachhani P, Verstovsek S, Bose P. Disease modification in myelofibrosis: an elusive goal? J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(11):1147–1154. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.02246
  • Pemmaraju N, Verstovsek S, Mesa R, et al. Defining disease modification in myelofibrosis in the era of targeted therapy. Cancer. 2022;128(13):2420–2432. doi:10.1002/cncr.34205
  • Kleppe M, Koche R, Zou L, et al. Dual targeting of oncogenic activation and inflammatory signaling increases therapeutic efficacy in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(1):29–43. e7. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.009
  • Mascarenhas J, Kremyanskaya M, Patriarca A, et al. MANIFEST: pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib for janus kinase inhibitor treatment-naïve myelofibrosis. J Clin Oncol;2023. JCO. 22.01972. doi:10.1200/JCO.22.01972
  • Harrison CN, Gupta VK, Gerds AT, et al. Phase III MANIFEST-2: pelabresib+ ruxolitinib vs placebo+ ruxolitinib in JAK inhibitor treatment-naive myelofibrosis. Future Oncol. 2022;18(27):2987–2997. doi:10.2217/fon-2022-0484
  • Tremblay D, Mesa R, Paiva CE. New treatments for myelofibrosis. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2023;24:1–15. doi:10.1007/s11864-022-01044-1
  • Waibel M, Solomon VS, Knight DA, et al. Combined targeting of JAK2 and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL to cure mutant JAK2-driven malignancies and overcome acquired resistance to JAK2 inhibitors. Cell Rep. 2013;5(4):1047–1059. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.038
  • Lu M, Wang J, Li Y, et al. Treatment with the Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-737 in combination with interferon α specifically targets JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood. 2010;116(20):4284–4287. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-04-279125
  • Pemmaraju N, Garcia JS, Potluri J, et al. Addition of navitoclax to ongoing ruxolitinib treatment in patients with myelofibrosis (REFINE): a post-hoc analysis of molecular biomarkers in a phase 2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(6):e434–e444. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00116-8
  • Pullarkat V, Cruz-Chacon A, Gangatharan S, et al. P1070: navitoclax monotherapy in patients with myelofibrosis previously treated with JAK-2 inhibitors: safety and tolerability. HemaSphere. 2022;6:960–961. doi:10.1097/01.HS9.0000847148.78233.c8
  • Passamonti F, Foran JM, Tandra A, et al. The combination of navitoclax and ruxolitinib in JAK inhibitor-naïve patients with myelofibrosis mediates responses suggestive of disease modification. Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):583–585. doi:10.1182/blood-2022-157949
  • Suragani RN, Cadena SM, Cawley SM, et al. Transforming growth factor-β superfamily ligand trap ACE-536 corrects anemia by promoting late-stage erythropoiesis. Nat Med. 2014;20(4):408–414. doi:10.1038/nm.3512
  • Gerds AT, Vannucchi AM, Passamonti F, et al. A phase 2 study of luspatercept in patients with myelofibrosis-associated anemia. Blood. 2019;134:557. doi:10.1182/blood-2019-122546
  • Chen Y, Stubbs MC, Pusey M, et al. Characterization of INCB00928, a potent and selective ALK2 inhibitor for the treatment of anemia. Blood. 2020;136:52. doi:10.1182/blood-2020-136138
  • Mohan SR, Oh ST, Ali H, et al. A phase 1/2 study of INCB000928 as monotherapy or combined with Ruxolitinib (RUX) in Patients (Pts) with anemia due to Myelofibrosis (MF). Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):3943–3944. doi:10.1182/blood-2022-169210
  • Verstovsek S, Al-Ali HK, Mascarenhas J, et al. BOREAS: a global, phase III study of the MDM2 inhibitor navtemadlin (KRT-232) in relapsed/refractory myelofibrosis. Future Oncol. 2022;18:4059–4069. doi:10.2217/fon-2022-0901
  • Mascarenhas J, Harrison CN, Kiladjian -J-J, et al. Imetelstat in intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis refractory to JAK inhibitor: iMpactMF phase III study design. Future Oncol. 2022;18(22):2393–2402. doi:10.2217/fon-2022-0235