Rituximab: An emerging therapeutic agent for kidney transplantation

References

• Evans RW Manninen DL, Garrison LP Jr, et al. The quality of life of patients with end-stage renal di sease. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(9):553–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell JD, Beecroft ML, Ludwin D, Churchill DN. The quality of life in renal transplantation – a prospective study. Transplantation. 1992;54(4):656–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Port FK, Wolfe RA, Mauger EA, Berling DP, Jiang K. Comparison of survival probabilities for dialysis patients vs cadaveric renal transplant recipients. JAMA. 1993;270(11):1339–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Available from: http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/. Accessed April 13, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnenday CJ, Warren DS, Cooper M, et al. Plasmapheresis, CMV hyperimmune globulin, and anti-CD20 allow ABO-incompatible renal transplantation without splenectomy. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(8): 1315–1322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SC, Tyan D, Stablein D, et al. Evaluation of intravenous immunoglobulin as an agent to lower allosensitization and improve transplantation in highly sensitized adult patients with end-stage renal disease: report of the NIH IG02 trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(12):3256–3262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo AA, Lukovsky M, Toyoda M, et al. Rituximab and intravenous immune globulin for desensitization during renal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):242–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Pirsch J, Samaniego M. Antibody-mediated rejection: treatment alternatives and outcomes. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2009;23(1):34–46.
   Google Scholar
• Pescovitz MD. B cells: a rational target in alloantibody-mediated solid organ transplantation rejection. Clin Transplant. 2006;20(1):48–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glotz D, Antoine C, Julia P, et al. Desensitization and subsequent kidney transplantation of patients using intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). Am J Transplant. 2002;2(8):758–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glotz D, Antoine C, Julia P, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins and transplantation for patients with anti-HLA antibodies. Transpl Int. 2004;17(1):1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarkhin V Li L, Kambham N, Sigdel T, Salvatierra O, Sarwal MM. A randomized, prospective trial of rituximab for acute rejection in pediatric renal transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(12):2607–2617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaposztas Z, Podder H, Mauiyyedi S, et al. Impact of rituximab therapy for treatment of acute humoral rejection. Clin Transplant. 2009;23(1):63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faguer S, Kamar N, Guilbeaud-Frugier C, et al. Rituximab therapy for acute humoral rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2007;83(9):1277–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SC, Pescovitz MD. Presensitization: the problem and its management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(3):421–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reff ME, Carner K, Chambers KS, et al. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood. 1994;83(2):435–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(25):2572–2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama AD, Pusey CD. Drug insight: rituximab in renal disease and transplantation. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006;2(4):221–230.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards JC, Cambridge G. B-cell targeting in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(5):394–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liossis SN, Sfikakis PP. Rituximab-induced B cell depletion in autoimmune diseases: potential effects on T cells. Clin Immunol. 2008;127(3):280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R, Cooper N, Del Poeta G, et al. Analysis of regulatory T-cell changes in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura receiving B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab. Blood. 2008;112(4):1147–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markasz L, Vanherberghen B, Flaberg E, et al. NK cell-mediated lysis is essential to kill Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid B cells when using rituximab. Biomed Pharmacother. 2009;63(6):413–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genberg H, Hansson A, Wernerson A, Wennberg L, Tyden G. Pharmacodynamics of rituximab in kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2007;84(12 Suppl):S33–S36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos EJ, Pollinger HS, Stegall MD, Gloor JM, Dogan A, Grande JP. The effect of desensitization protocols on human splenic B-cell populations in vivo. Am J Transplant. 2007;7(2):402–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anolik JH, Barnard J, Owen T, et al. Delayed memory B cell recovery in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue in systemic lupus erythematosus after B cell depletion therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(9):3044–3056.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levesque MC, St Clair EW. B cell-directed therapies for autoimmune disease and correlates of disease response and relapse. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(1):13–21, quiz 22–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan S. IVIG vs plasmapheresis for desensitization: which is better? Am J Transplant. 2006;6(7):1510–1511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matignon M, Tagnaouti M, Audard V, Dahan K, Lang P, Grimbert P. Failure of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy to prevent antibody-mediated rejection in three crossmatch-positive renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(8):2565–2567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amante AJ, Ejercito R. Management of highly sensitized patients: capitol medical center experience. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(7):2274–2280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HE, Hyoung BJ, Hwang HS, et al. Successful renal transplantation with desensitization in highly sensitized patients: a single center experience. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(Suppl):S148–S155.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SM, Lee C, Lee JP, et al. Kidney transplantation in sensitized recipients; a single center experience. J Korean Med Sci. 2009; 24(Suppl):S143–S147.
   Google Scholar
• Munoz AS, Rioveros AA, Cabanayan-Casasola CB, Danguilan RA, Ona ET. Rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(7):2218–2221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo A. American Transplant Congress 2009 Abstract #3112009.
   Google Scholar
• Bearden CM, Agarwal A, Book BK, et al. Pronase treatment facilitates alloantibody flow cytometric and cytotoxic crossmatching in the presence of rituximab. Hum Immunol. 2004;65(8):803–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandre GP, Squifflet JP, De Bruyere M, et al. Present experiences in a series of 26 ABO-incompatible living donor renal allografts. Transplant Proc. 1987;19(6):4538–4542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawada T, Fuchinoue S, Teraoka S. Successful A1-to-O ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation after a preconditioning regimen consisting of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody infusions, splenectomy, and doublefiltration plasmapheresis. Transplantation. 2002;74(9):1207–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyden G, Kumlien G, Fehrman I. Successful ABO-incompatible kidney transplantations without splenectomy using antigen-specific immuno-adsorption and rituximab. Transplantation. 2003;76(4):730–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyden G, Kumlien G, Genberg H, Sandberg J, Lundgren T, Fehrman I. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation and rituximab. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(8):3286–3287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui M, Isaji S, Mizuno S, Sakurai H, Uemoto S. Experiences and problems pre-operative anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody infusion therapy with splenectomy and plasma exchange for ABO-incompatible living-donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2007;21(1):24–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe K. Japanese experience of ABO-incompatible living kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2007;84(12 Suppl):S4–S7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genberg H, Kumlien G, Wennberg L, Berg U, Tyden G. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab: a 3-year follow-up. Transplantation. 2008;85(12): 1745–1754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery RA, Locke JE, King KE, et al. ABO incompatible renal transplantation: a paradigm ready for broad implementation. Transplantation. 2009;87(8):1246–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villicana R. [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2009 May;9(S2):560, #1325.
   Google Scholar
• Wu GD, He Y, Chai NN, et al. Anti-CD20 antibody suppresses anti-HLA antibody formation in a HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model of sensitization. Transpl Immunol. 2008;19(3–4):178–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SC, Peng A, Vo AA. Therapeutic strategies in management of the highly HLA-sensitized and ABO-incompatible transplant recipients. Contrib Nephrol. 2009;162:13–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegall MD. Prevention of acute hemoral rejection with C5 inhibition [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(s2):1, #178.
   Google Scholar
• Locke J. [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(s2):1, #176.
   Google Scholar
• Sarwal M, Chua MS, Kambham N, et al. Molecular heterogeneity in acute renal allograft rejection identified by DNA microarray profiling. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):125–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippen BE, DeMattos A, Cook WJ, Kew CE 2nd, Gaston RS. Association of CD20+ infiltrates with poorer clinical outcomes in acute cellular rejection of renal allografts. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(9):2248–2252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz OM, Lange-Husken F, Turner JE, et al. Rituximab removes intrarenal B cell clusters in patients with renal vascular allograft rejection. Transplantation. 2007;84(7):842–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker YT, Becker BN, Pirsch JD, Sollinger HW. Rituximab as treatment for refractory kidney transplant rejection. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(6):996–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik A, Saglam F, Cavdar C, et al. Successful therapy with rituximab of refractory acute humoral renal transplant rejection: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(1):302–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulley WR, Hudson FJ, Tait BD, et al. A single low-fixed dose of rituximab to salvage renal transplants from refractory antibody-mediated rejection. Transplantation. 2009;87(2):286–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SC, Vo AA, Tyan D, Nast CC, Toyoda M. Current approaches to treatment of antibody-mediated rejection. Pediatr Transplant. 2005;9(3):408–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscoso-Solorzano GT, Baltar JM, Seco M, Lopez-Larrea C, Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Ortega F. Single dose of rituximab plus plasmapheresis in an HIV patient with acute humoral kidney transplant rejection: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(10):3460–3462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade E, Goral S, Kearns J, et al. Experience with antibody-mediated rejection in kidney allograft recipients. Clin Transpl. 2006:439–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YW, Lin WC, Wu MS, Lee PH, Tsai MK. Early diagnosis and successful treatment of acute antibody-mediated rejection of a renal transplant. Exp Clin Transplant. 2008;6(3):211–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solez K, Colvin RB, Racusen LC, et al. Banff '05 Meeting Report: differential diagnosis of chronic allograft injury and elimination of chronic allograft nephropathy (‘CAN’). Am J Transplant. 2007;7(3): 518–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington JE, McEwen A, McWilliam LJ, Picton ML, Martin S. Association between C4d staining in renal transplant biopsies, production of donor-specific HLA antibodies, and graft outcome. Transplantation. 2007;83(4):398–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billing H, Rieger S, Ovens J, et al. Successful treatment of chronic antibody-mediated rejection with IVIG and rituximab in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2008;86(9):1214–1221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svoboda J, Kotloff R, Tsai DE. Management of patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: the role of rituximab. Transpl Int. 2006;19(4):259–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JJ, Lam MS, Rosenberg A. Role of chemotherapy and rituximab for treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplantation. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(10):1648–1659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinnen LJ, LeBlanc M, Grogan TM, et al. Prospective study of sequential reduction in immunosuppression, interferon alpha-2B, and chemotherapy for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Transplantation. 2008;86(2):215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WH, Russ GR, Coates PT. Review of Epstein-Barr virus and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder post-solid organ transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton). 2006;11(4):355–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker YT, Samaniego-Picota M, Sollinger HW. The emerging role of rituximab in organ transplantation. Transpl Int. 2006;19(8):621–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordelas L, Trenschel R, Koldehoff M, Elmaagacli A, Beelen DW. Successful treatment of EBV PTLD with CNS lymphomas with the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Onkologie. 2008;31(12): 691–693.
   Google Scholar
• Choquet S, Leblond V, Herbrecht R, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in B-cell post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood. 2006;107(8):3053–3057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel SH, Verschuuren E, Reinke P, et al. Effect of anti-CD 20 antibody rituximab in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Am J Transplant. 2005;5(12):2901–2906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaes AH, Peterson BA, Bartlett N, Dunn DL, Morrison VA. Rituximab therapy is effective for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation: results of a phase II trial. Cancer. 2005;104(8):1661–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trappe R, Riess H, Babel N, et al. Salvage chemotherapy for refractory and relapsed posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after treatment with single-agent rituximab. Transplantation. 2007;83(7):912–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orjuela M, Gross TG, Cheung YK, Alobeid B, Morris E, Cairo MS. A pilot study of chemoimmunotherapy (cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and rituximab) in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation. Clin Cancer Res. 2003; 9(10 Pt 2):3945S–3952S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elstrom RL, Andreadis C, Aqui NA, et al. Treatment of PTLD with rituximab or chemotherapy. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(3):569–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerbach A, Wutzler P, Hafer R, Zintl F, Grnhn B. Monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus load after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for early intervention in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. J Med Virol. 2008;80(3):441–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comoli P, Basso S, Zecca M, et al. Preemptive therapy of EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease after pediatric haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2007;7(6):1648–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yabu JM, Ho B, Scandling JD, Vincenti F Rituximab failed to improve nephrotic syndrome in renal transplant patients with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(1):222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer TN, Thaiss F, Stahl RA. Immunoadsorbtion and rituximab therapy in a second living-related kidney transplant patient with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transpl Int. 2007;20(12): 1066–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westphal S, Hansson S, Mjornstedt L, Molne J, Swerkersson S, Friman S. Early recurrence of nephrotic syndrome (immunoglobulin m nephropathy) after renal transplantation successfully treated with combinations of plasma exchanges, immunoglobulin, and rituximab. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(8):2659–2660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hristea D, Hadaya K, Marangon N, et al. Successful treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation by plasmapheresis and rituximab. Transpl Int. 2007;20(1): 102–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayrakci US, Baskin E, Sakalli H, Karakayali H, Haberal M. Rituximab for post-transplant recurrences of FSGS. Pediatr Transplant. 2009;13(2):240–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescovitz MD, Book BK, Sidner RA. Resolution of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis proteinuria after rituximab treatment. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(18):1961–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossmann J, Scheuermann EH, Porubsky S, Kachel HG, Geiger H, Hauser IA. Abrogation of nephrotic proteinuria by rituximab treatment in a renal transplant patient with relapsed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transpl Int. 2007;20(6):558–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remuzzi G, Chiurchiu C, Abbate M, Brusegan V, Bontempelli M, Ruggenenti P. Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Lancet. 2002;360(9337):923–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallon L, Chhabra D. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for the treatment of recurrent idiopathic membranous nephropathy in a renal transplant patient. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(12):3017–3021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weclawiak H, Ribes D, Guilbeau-Frugier C, et al. Relapse of membranous glomerulopathy after kidney transplantation: sustained remittance induced by rituximab. Clin Nephrol. 2008;69(5):373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weclawiak H, Ribes D, Modesto A, Kamar N, Durand D, Rostaing L. [Efficiency of rituximab treatment for recurrence of membranous glomerulopathy after renal transplantation]. Nephrol Ther. 2007; 3(2):65–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirimongkolrat T, Premasathian N, Vongwiwatana A, Limsrichamrern S, Cheunsuchon B, Vasuvattakul S. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for the treatment of membranous nephropathy after living-unrelated kidney transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(7):2440–2441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geetha D, Seo P. Renal transplantation in the ANCA-associated vasculitides. Am J Transplant. 2007;7(12):2657–2662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geetha D, Seo P, Specks U, Fervenza FC. Successful induction of remission with rituximab for relapse of ANCA-associated vasculitis post-kidney transplant: report of two cases. Am J Transplant. 2007;7(12):2821–2825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gera M, Griffin MD, Specks U, Leung N, Stegall MD, Fervenza FC. Recurrence of ANCA-associated vasculitis following renal transplantation in the modern era of immunosupression. Kidney Int. 2007;71(12): 1296–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccatello D, Baldovino S, Alpa M, et al. Effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody as a rescue treatment for ANCA-associated idiopathic systemic vasculitis with or without overt renal involvement. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S67–S71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinze CH, Colbert RA. B-cell depletion in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008;34(3):372–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermle T, Goestemeyer AK, Sweny P, Burns A. Successful therapeutic use of rituximab in refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis after renal transplantation. Clin Nephrol. 2007;68(5):322–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basse G, Ribes D, Kamar N, et al. Rituximab therapy for de novo mixed cryoglobulinemia in renal transplant patients. Transplantation. 2005;80(11):1560–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basse G, Ribes D, Kamar N, et al. Rituximab therapy for mixed cryoglobulinemia in seven renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(7):2308–2310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bestard O, Cruzado JM, Ercilla G, et al. Rituximab induces regression of hepatitis C virus-related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a renal allograft. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(8):2320–2324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perico N, Cattaneo D, Bikbov B, Remuzzi G. Hepatitis C infection and chronic renal diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(1):207–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccatello D, Baldovino S, Rossi D, et al. Long-term effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment of cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(12):3054–3061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaja F, De Vita S, Mazzaro C, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood. 2003;101(10):3827–3834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponticelli C, Banfi G. Thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2006;19(10):789–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponticelli C. De novo thrombotic microangiopathy. An underrated complication of renal transplantation. Clin Nephrol 2007;67(6):335–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassa SK, Blessios G, Marinides G, Venuto RC. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) for life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Clin Transplant. 2005;19(3):423–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadler JE. von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2008;112(1):11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias PJ, Gopal S. Refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following influenza vaccination. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(4):444–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhouri F, Vernant JP, Veyradier A, et al. Efficiency of curative and prophylactic treatment with rituximab in ADAMTS13-deficient thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a study of 11 cases. Blood. 2005;106(6):1932–1937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rufer A, Brodmann D, Gregor M, Kremer Hovinga JA, Lammle B, Wuillemin WA. Rituximab for acute plasma-refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A case report and concise review of the literature. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007;137(37–38):518–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grim SA, Pham T, Thielke J, et al. Infectious complications associated with the use of rituximab for ABO-incompatible and positive cross-match renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2007;21(5):628–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanriover B, Wright SE, Foster SV et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab treatment for antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation: a cost analysis. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(10):3393–3396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksoy S, Harputluoglu H, Kilickap S, et al. Rituximab-related viral infections in lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48(7): 1307–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson KR, Bennett CL. Rituximab and progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy: the jury is deliberating. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009;50(3):323–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following rituximab therapy in HIV negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Event and Reports (RADAR) project. Blood. 2009;113(20):4834–4840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamar N, Mengelle C, Rostaing L. Incidence of JC-virus replication after rituximab therapy in solid-organ transplant patients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(1):244–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepfish A, Rachmilevitch E, Schattner A. Parvovirus B19 reactivation presenting as neutropenia after rituximab treatment. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17(7):505–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma VR, Fleming DR, Slone SP Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 in a patient treated with rituximab. Blood. 2000;96(3):1184–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo AA, Wechsler EA, Wang J, et al. Analysis of subcutaneous (SQ) alemtuzumab induction therapy in highly sensitized patients desensitized with IVIG and rituximab. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(1):144–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuhata N, Fujita R, Ito S, Mannami M, Keimei K. Delayed-onset neutropenia in a patient receiving rituximab as treatment for refractory kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80(9):1355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin V Yakouben K, Lescoeur B, et al. Prolonged agammaglobulinemia despite unaltered B-cell lymphopoiesis after peritransplant-rituximab administration in a child. Transplantation. 2008;86(9): 1322–1323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toki D, Ishida H, Horita S, Setoguchi K, Yamaguchi Y, Tanabe K. Impact of low-dose rituximab on splenic B cells in ABO-incompatible renal transplant recipients. Transpl Int. 2009;22(4):447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng CM, Bruno R, Combs D, Davies B. Population pharmacokinetics of rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) in rheumatoid arthritis patients during a phase II clinical trial. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(7):792–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi HL, Terasaki PI, Feroz A, et al. Abrogation of anti-HLA antibodies via proteasome inhibition. Transplantation. 2009;87(10): 1555–1561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everly MJ, Everly JJ, Susskind B, et al. Bortezomib provides effective therapy for antibody- and cell-mediated acute rejection. Transplantation. 2008;86(12):1754–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke JE, Magro CM, Singer AL, et al. The use of antibody to complement protein C5 for salvage treatment of severe antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(1):231–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar