Management of visceral leishmaniasis with therapeutic vaccines

References

• World Health Organization. 2010. Control of the leishmaniases: Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniasis, Geneva, 22–26 March 2010. WHO Technical Report Series, no. 949. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44412/1/WHO_TRS_949_eng.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Singh VP, Ranjan A, Topno RK, et al. Estimation of under-reporting of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(1):9–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh SP, Reddy DC, Rai M, Sundar S. Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(6):899–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, et al; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ready PD. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues V, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Laforge M, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Regulation of immunity during visceral Leishmania infection. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):118.
   Google Scholar
• Diro E, Lynen L, Ritmeijer K, Boelaert M, Hailu A, van Griensven J. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in East Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6):e2869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh OP, Hasker E, Sacks D, Boelaert M, Sundar S. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection: a new challenge for Leishmania control. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(10):1424–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zijlstra EE, Musa AM, Khalil EA, el-Hassan IM, el-Hassan AM. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(2):87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjeux P, Ghosh RS, Dhalaria P, Strub-Wourgaft N, Zijlstra EE. Report of the post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) consortium meeting, New Delhi, India, 27–29 June 2012. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindoso Jé A, Cota Gá F, da Cruz AM, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(9):e3136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz I, Nieto J, Moreno J, Canavate C, Desjeux P, Alvar J. ­Leishmania/HIV co-infections in the second decade. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(3):357–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondain-Miton V, Toussaint-Gari M, Hofman P, et al. Atypical leishmaniasis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21(3):663–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monge-Maillo B, Norman FF, Cruz I, Alvar J, Lopez-Velez R. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in the Mediterranean region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(8):e3021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidwani K, Rai M, Chakravarty J, Boelaert M, Sundar S. Evaluation of leishmanin skin test in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):566–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks DL, Lal SL, Shrivastava SN, Blackwell J, Neva FA. An analysis of T cell responsiveness in Indian kala-azar. J Immunol. 1987;138(3):908–913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldas A, Favali C, Aquino D, et al. Balance of IL-10 and interferon-gamma plasma levels in human visceral leishmaniasis: implications in the pathogenesis. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh OP, Gidwani K, Kumar R, et al. Reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(6):961–966.
   Google Scholar
• Faleiro RJ, Kumar R, Hafner LM, Engwerda CR. Immune regulation during chronic visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e2914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai AK, Thakur CP, Singh A, et al. Regulatory T cells suppress T cell activation at the pathologic site of human visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylen S, Maurya R, Eidsmo L, Manandhar KD, Sundar S, Sacks D. Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Exp Med. 2007;204(4):805–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxbaum LU, Scott P. Interleukin 10- and Fcgamma receptor-deficient mice resolve Leishmania mexicana lesions. Infect Immun. 2005;73(4):2101–2108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail A, El Hassan AM, Kemp K, et al. Immunopathology of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): T-cell phenotypes and cytokine profile. J Pathol. 1999;189(4):615–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasim S, Elhassan AM, Kharazmi A, Khalil EA, Ismail A, Theander TG. The development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is associated with acquisition of Leishmania reactivity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;119(3):523–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katara GK, Ansari NA, Verma S, Ramesh V, Salotra P. Foxp3 and IL-10 expression correlates with parasite burden in lesional tissues of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(5):e1171.
   Google Scholar
• Garg R, Dube A. Animal models for vaccine studies for visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(3):439–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Nylen S. Immunobiology of visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol. 2012;3:251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engwerda CR, Ato M, Kaye PM. Macrophages, pathology and parasite persistence in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol. 2004;20(11):524–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylen S, Gautam S. Immunological perspectives of leishmaniasis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(2):135–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melby PC, Chandrasekar B, Zhao W, Coe JE. The hamster as a model of human visceral leishmaniasis: progressive disease and impaired generation of nitric oxide in the face of a prominent Th1-like cytokine response. J Immunol. 2001;166(3):1912–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartori A, Roque-Barreira MC, Coe J, Campos-Neto A. Immune complex glomerulonephritis in experimental kala-azar. II: detection and characterization of parasite antigens and antibodies eluted from kidneys of Leishmania donovani-infected hamsters. Clin Exp Immunol. 1992;87(3):386–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvar J, Canavate C, Molina R, Moreno J, Nieto J. Canine leishmaniasis. Adv Parasitol. 2004;57:1–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lage RS, Oliveira GC, Busek SU, et al. Analysis of the cytokine profile in spleen cells from dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2007;115(1–2):135–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O, Shaw MA, et al. Tissue cytokine responses in canine visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(9):1421–1424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdoiseau G, Bonnefont C, Hoareau E, Boehringer C, Stolle T, Chabanne L. Specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody and lymphocyte subset levels in naturally Leishmania infantum-infected treated and untreated dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;59(1–2):21–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baneth G, Koutinas AF, Solano-Gallego L, Bourdeau P, Ferrer L. Canine leishmaniosis – new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one. Trends Parasitol. 2008;24(7):324–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samant M, Gupta R, Kumari S, et al. Immunization with the DNA-encoding N-terminal domain of proteophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani generates Th1-type immunoprotective response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 2009;183(1):470–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu R, Bhaumik S, Basu JM, Naskar K, De T, Roy S. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 DNA vaccination induces complete protection against both pentavalent antimonial-sensitive and -resistant strains of Leishmania donovani that correlates with inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and IL-4 generation: evidence for mixed Th1- and Th2-like responses in visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 2005;174(11):7160–7171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoia D. Recent updates and perspectives on leishmaniasis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(6):588–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar S, Singh A, Singh OP. Strategies to overcome antileishmanial drugs unresponsiveness. Re Dai Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;2014:646932.
   Google Scholar
• Engwerda CR, Matlashewski G. Development of Leishmania vaccines in the era of visceral leishmaniasis elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109(7):423–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5(11):873–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Engwerda C. Vaccines to prevent leishmaniasis. Clin Transl Immunol. 2014;3:e13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohan T, Verma P, Rao DN. Novel adjuvants & delivery vehicles for vaccines development: a road ahead. Indian J Med Res. 2013;138(5):779–795.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshi S, Rawat K, Yadav NK, Kumar V, Siddiqi MI, Dube A. Visceral leishmaniasis: advancements in vaccine development via classical and molecular approaches. Front Immunol. 2014;5:380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradoni L. Canine Leishmania vaccines: still a long way to go. Vet Parasitol. 2015;208(1–2):94–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeiky YA, Coler RN, Brannon M, et al. Protective efficacy of a tandemly linked, multi-subunit recombinant leishmanial vaccine (Leish-111f) formulated in MPL adjuvant. Vaccine. 2002;20(27–28):3292–3303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento E, Fernandes DF, Vieira EP, et al. A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine when used in combination with meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2010;28(40):6581–6587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llanos-Cuentas A, Calderon W, Cruz M, et al. A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine when used in combination with sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2010;28(46):7427–7435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertholet S, Goto Y, Carter L, et al. Optimized subunit vaccine protects against experimental leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2009;27(50):7036–7045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coler RN, Duthie MS, Hofmeyer KA, et al. From mouse to man: safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate leishmaniasis vaccine LEISH-F3+GLA-SE. Clin Transl Immunol. 2015;4(4):e35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain K, Jain NK. Vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis: a review. J Immunol Methods. 2015;422:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sela M, Hilleman MR. Therapeutic vaccines: realities of today and hopes for tomorrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(suppl 2):14559.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta G, Oghumu S, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of immune evasion in leishmaniasis. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2013;82:155–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann MF, Dyer MR. Therapeutic vaccination for chronic diseases: a new class of drugs in sight. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;3(1):81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylvaganam GH, Silvestri G, Amara RR. HIV therapeutic vaccines: moving towards a functional cure. Curr Opin Immunol. 2015;35:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groschel MI, Prabowo SA, Cardona PJ, Stanford JL, van der Werf TS. Therapeutic vaccines for tuberculosis – a systematic review. Vaccine. 2014;32(26):3162–3168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumier CM, Gillespie PM, Strych U, Hayward T, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Chagas disease. Vaccine. 2016;34(26):2996–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TJ, Jin HT, Hur SY, et al. Clearance of persistent HPV infection and cervical lesion by therapeutic DNA vaccine in CIN3 patients. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melero I, Gaudernack G, Gerritsen W, et al. Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(9):509–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melief CJ, van Hall T, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(9):3401–3412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RD, Coura-Vital W, et al. Immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in visceral leishmaniasis: promising treatments for this neglected disease. Front Immunol. 2014;5:272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okwor I, Uzonna JE. Immunotherapy as a strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review of the literature. Immunotherapy. 2009;1(5):765–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutiso JM, Macharia JC, Kiio MN, Ichagichu JM, Rikoi H, Gicheru MM. Development of Leishmania vaccines: predicting the future from past and present experience. J Biomed Res. 2013;27(2):85–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya S, Majhi R, et al. Use of an attenuated leishmanial parasite as an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7(2):233–240.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Sen P, Bhattacharyya S, Majumdar S, Roy S. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 1999;17(3):291–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta S, Manna M, Khanra S, et al. Therapeutic immunization with radio-attenuated Leishmania parasites through i.m. route revealed protection against the experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res. 2012;111(1):361–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta S, Roy S, Manna M. Therapy with radio-attenuated vaccine in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis showed enhanced T cell and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels, suppressed tumor growth factor-beta production with higher expression of some signaling molecules. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(1):36–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Vaccines for leishmaniasis in the fore coming 25 years. Vaccine. 2008;26(14):1709–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Vaccines for canine leishmaniasis. Front Immunol. 2012;3:69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos WR, Aguiar IA, Paraguai de Souza E, de Lima VM, Palatnik M, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Immunotherapy against murine experimental visceral leishmaniasis with the FML-vaccine. Vaccine. 2003;21(32):4668–4676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borja-Cabrera GP, Cruz Mendes A, Paraguai de Souza E, et al. Effective immunotherapy against canine visceral leishmaniasis with the FML-vaccine. Vaccine. 2004;22(17–18):2234–2243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos FN, Borja-Cabrera GP, Miyashiro LM, et al. Immunotherapy against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis with the saponin enriched-Leishmune vaccine. Vaccine. 2007;25(33):6176–6190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamboa-Leon R, Paraguai de Souza E, Borja-Cabrera GP, et al. Immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis with the nucleoside hydrolase-DNA vaccine of Leishmania donovani. Vaccine. 2006;24(22):4863–4873.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira JH, Silva Ldos S, Longo-Maugeri IM, Katz S, Barbieri CL. Use of a recombinant cysteine proteinase from Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi for the immunotherapy of canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(3):e2729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamshidi S, Avizeh R, Mohebali M, Bokaie S. Immunotherapy using autoclaved L. major antigens and M. vaccae with meglumine antimoniate, for the treatment of experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol. 2011;6(3):26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musa AM, Khalil EA, Mahgoub FA, et al. Immunochemotherapy of persistent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a novel approach to treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(1):58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaumik SK, Naskar K, De T. Complete protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis with complete soluble antigen from attenuated Leishmania donovani promastigotes involves Th1-immunity and down-regulation of IL-10. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(8):2146–2160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh M, Pal C, Ray M, Maitra S, Mandal L, Bandyopadhyay S. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy combined with antimony-based chemotherapy cures established murine visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 2003;170(11):5625–5629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neogy AB, Vouldoukis I, da Costa JM, Monjour L. Exploitation of parasite-derived antigen in therapeutic success against canine visceral leishmaniosis. Veterinary Group of Lupino. Vet Parasitol. 1994;54(4):367–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coler RN, Reed SG. Second-generation vaccines against leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol. 2005;21(5):244–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borja-Cabrera GP, Santos FN, Santos FB, et al. Immunotherapy with the saponin enriched-Leishmune vaccine versus immunochemotherapy in dogs with natural canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagill R, Kaur S. Enhanced efficacy and immunogenicity of 78kDa antigen formulated in various adjuvants against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2010;28(23):4002–4012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur S, Sachdeva H, Dhuria S, Sharma M, Kaur T. Antileishmanial effect of cisplatin against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int. 2010;59(1):62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi J, Kaur S. To investigate the therapeutic potential of immunochemotherapy with cisplatin + 78 kDa + MPL-A against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol. 2014;36(1):3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto Y, Bhatia A, Raman VS, et al. KSAC, the first defined polyprotein vaccine candidate for visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18(7):1118–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miret J, Nascimento E, Sampaio W, et al. Evaluation of an immunochemotherapeutic protocol constituted of N-methyl meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) and the recombinant Leish-110f + MPL-SE vaccine to treat canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2008;26(12):1585–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigo J, Abbehusen M, Netto EM, et al. Treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis by the vaccine Leish-111f+MPL-SE. Vaccine. 2010;28(19):3333–3340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert K, Juhls C, Salguero FJ, Croft SL. Sequential chemoimmunotherapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis using a single low dose of liposomal amphotericin B and a novel DNA vaccine candidate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(9):5819–5823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwendener RA. Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2014;2(6):159–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das A, Ali N. Vaccine development against Leishmania donovani. Front Immunol. 2012;3:99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhowmick S, Ravindran R, Ali N. Leishmanial antigens in liposomes promote protective immunity and provide immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis via polarized Th1 response. Vaccine. 2007;25:6544–6556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroof A, Brown N, Smith B, et al. Therapeutic vaccination with recombinant adenovirus reduces splenic parasite burden in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(5):853–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamesipour A. Therapeutic vaccines for leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14(11):1641–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyed N, Taheri T, Rafati S. Post-genomics and vaccine improvement for Leishmania. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Manjili MH, Subjeck JR, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Wang XY. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present and future. Adv Cancer Res. 2013;119:421–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakshi A, Stephen S, Borum ML, Doman DB. Emerging therapeutic options for celiac disease: potential alternatives to a gluten-free diet. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;8(9):582–588.
   Google Scholar
• De Bernardis F, Arancia S, Sandini S, Graziani S, Norelli S. Studies of immune responses in candida vaginitis. Pathogens. 2015;4(4):697–707.
   Google Scholar
• Moingeon P, Almond J, de Wilde M. Therapeutic vaccines against infectious diseases. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003;6(5):462–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar