264
Views
52
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis: Current Perspectives

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 449-461 | Published online: 22 Oct 2019

References

  • Myers K, Hannah P. Anatomy of veins and lymphatics In: Myers K, Hannah P, editors. Manual of Venous and Lymphatic Diseases. London, UK: Taylor & Francis Ltd 2018:13–38.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: vascular diseases of the liver. j hepatol. 2016;64(1):179–202. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.04026516032
  • de Franchis R, Faculty BV. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63(3):743–752. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.02226047908
  • Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE. Global burden of thrombosis: epidemiologic aspects. Circ Res. 2016;118(9):1340–1347. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.30684127126645
  • Ageno W, Squizzato A, Togna A, et al. Incidental diagnosis of a deep vein thrombosis in consecutive patients undergoing a computed tomography scan of the abdomen: a retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(1):158–160. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04565.x22099372
  • Ögren M, Bergqvist D, Björck M, Acosta S, Eriksson H, Sternby NH. Portal vein thrombosis: prevalence, patient characteristics and lifetime risk: A population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(13):2115–2119. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i13.211516610067
  • Rajani R, Björnsson E, Bergquist A, et al. The epidemiology and clinical features of portal vein thrombosis: a multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(9):1154–1162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04454.x21039677
  • Li Y, De Stefano V, Li H, et al. Epidemiology of Budd-Chiari syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2018 pii: S2210-7401(18)30230-4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.10.014 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30528513.
  • Ageno W, Dentali F, Pomero F, et al. Incidence rates and case fatality rates of portal vein thrombosis and Budd-Chiari Syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(4):794–800. doi:10.1160/TH16-10-078128180235
  • Rajani R, Melin T, Björnsson E, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome in Sweden: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and survival - an 18-year experience. Liver Int. 2009;29(2):253–259. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01838.x18694401
  • Ollivier-Hourmand I, Allaire M, Goutte N, et al. The epidemiology of Budd-Chiari syndrome in France. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50(9):931–937. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.00429803757
  • Ki M, Choi HY, Kim KA, Kim BH, Jang ES, Jeong SH. Incidence, prevalence and complications of Budd-Chiari syndrome in South Korea: a nationwide, population-based study. Liver Int. 2016;36(7):1067–1073. doi:10.1111/liv.1300826558363
  • Zhang W, Qi X, Zhang X, et al. Budd-Chiari Syndrome in China: a systematic analysis of epidemiological features based on the Chinese literature survey. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:738548. doi:10.1155/2015/75093226504461
  • Parkash O, Khan A, Hamid S. Clinical characteristics and outcome of Budd-Chiari Syndrome at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2017;27(5):301–304. doi:261728599693
  • Zhang W, Wang QZ, Chen XW, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome in China: a 30-year retrospective study on survival from a single center. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(10):1134–1143. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i10.113429563757
  • Thatipelli MR, McBane RD, Hodge DO, Wysokinski WE. Survival and recurrence in patients with splanchnic vein thromboses. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(2):200–205. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.09.01919782767
  • Acosta S, Alhadad A, Svensson P, Ekberg O. Epidemiology, risk and prognostic factors in mesenteric venous thrombosis. Br J Surg. 2008;95(10):1245–1251. doi:10.1002/bjs.631918720461
  • Søgaard KK, Darvalics B, Horváth-Puhó E, Sørensen HT. Survival after splanchnic vein thrombosis: a 20-year nationwide cohort study. Thromb Res. 2016;141:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2016.02.02426945454
  • Ageno W, Riva N, Schulman S, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of splanchnic vein thrombosis: results of an international registry. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(9):1474–1480. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.318426168152
  • Derman BA, Kwaan HC. Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and. Outcome of splanchnic vein thrombosis: a retrospective analysis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41(5):503–513.26080303
  • Ageno W, Dentali F, Squizzato A. How I treat splanchnic vein thrombosis. Blood. 2014;124(25):3685–3691. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-07-55151525320239
  • Tripodi A, Primignani M, Chantarangkul V, et al. An imbalance of pro- vs anti-coagulation factors in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(6):2105–2111. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.04519706293
  • Gatt A, Riddell A, Calvaruso V, Tuddenham EG, Makris M, Burroughs AK. Enhanced thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis-induced coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(9):1994–2000. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03937.x20546119
  • Hugenholtz GC, Macrae F, Adelmeijer J, et al. Procoagulant changes in fibrin clot structure in patients with cirrhosis are associated with oxidative modifications of fibrinogen. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(5):1054–1066. doi:10.1111/jth.1327826833718
  • Stine JG, Wang J, Shah PM, et al. Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portal vein thrombosis: a matched case-control study. Liver Int. 2018;38(1):94–101. doi:10.1111/liv.1350028632958
  • Ambrosino P, Tarantino L, Di Minno G, et al. The risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cirrhosis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(1):139–148. doi:10.1160/TH16-06-045027761574
  • Nery F, Chevret S, Condat B, et al. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1,243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study. Hepatology. 2015;61(2):660–667. doi:10.1002/hep.2754625284616
  • Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, et al. Incidence and recurrence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients. Thromb Haemost. 2019;119(3):496–499. doi:10.1055/s-0038-167698130616246
  • Khorana AA. Cancer and thrombosis: implications of published guidelines for clinical practice. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(10):1619–1630. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp06819561038
  • Gerotziafas GT, Galea V, Mbemba E, et al. Tissue factor over-expression by human pancreatic cancer cells BXPC3 is related to higher prothrombotic potential as compared to breast cancer cells MCF7. Thromb Res. 2012;129(6):779–786. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.04921917301
  • Rak J, Milsom C, Magnus N, Yu J. Tissue factor in tumour progression. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2009;22(1):71–83. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2008.12.00819285274
  • Prandoni P, Falanga A, Piccioli A. Cancer and venous thromboembolism. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(6):401–410. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70207-215925818
  • Santoro RC, Prejano S, Iannaccaro P Splanchnic venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. XXIII Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis with the 57th Annual SSC; 2011; Kyoto.
  • Søgaard KK, Farkas DK, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT. Splanchnic venous thrombosis is a marker of cancer and a prognostic factor for cancer survival. Blood. 2015;126(8):957–963. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-03-63111926089394
  • Hettiarachchi RJ, Lok J, Prins MH, Büller HR, Prandoni P. Undiagnosed malignancy in patients with deep vein thrombosis: incidence, risk indicators, and diagnosis. Cancer. 1998;83(1):180–185. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980701)83:1<180::aid-cncr24>3.0.co;2-s9655309
  • Barbui T, Finazzi G, Falanga A. Myeloproliferative neoplasms and thrombosis. Blood. 2013;122(13):2176–2184. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-03-46015423823316
  • Falanga A, Marchetti M. Thrombotic disease in the myeloproliferative neoplasms. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:571–581. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.57123233637
  • Sekhar M, McVinnie K, Burroughs AK. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Br J Haematol. 2013;162(6):730–747. doi:10.1111/bjh.1246123855810
  • Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, et al. Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders. Lancet. 2005;365(9464):1054–1061. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-915781101
  • De Stefano V, Fiorini A, Rossi E, et al. Incidence of the JAK2 V617F mutation among patients with splanchnic or cerebral venous thrombosis and without overt chronic myeloproliferative disorders. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(4):708–714.17263783
  • Dentali F, Squizzato A, Brivio L, et al. JAK2V617F mutation for the early diagnosis of Ph- myeloproliferative neoplasms in patients with venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2009;113(22):5617–5623. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-19601419273837
  • Arellano-Rodrigo E, Alvarez-Larrán A, Reverter JC, Villamor N, Colomer D, Cervantes F. Increased platelet and leukocyte activation as contributing mechanisms for thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia and correlation with the JAK2 mutational status. Haematologica. 2006;91(2):169–175.16461300
  • Robertson B, Urquhart C, Ford I, et al. Platelet and coagulation activation markers in myeloproliferative diseases: relationships with JAK2 V6I7 F status, clonality, and antiphospholipid antibodies. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(8):1679–1685. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02626.x17596137
  • Kanellopoulou T, Alexopoulou A, Theodossiades G, Koskinas J, Archimandritis AJ. Pylephlebitis: an overview of non-cirrhotic cases and factors related to outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42(11–12):804–811. doi:10.3109/00365548.2010.50846420735334
  • Primignani M, Mannucci PM. The role of thrombophilia in splanchnic vein thrombosis. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28(3):293–301. doi:10.1055/s-0028-108509718814082
  • Sutkowska E, McBane RD, Tafur AJ, et al. Thrombophilia differences in splanchnic vein thrombosis and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in North America. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(10):1111–1118. doi:10.1007/s00535-012-0728-323247829
  • Janssen HL, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, et al. Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study. Blood. 2000;96(7):2364–2368.11001884
  • Senzolo M, Riva N, Dentali F, et al. Long-term outcome of splanchnic vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018;9(8):176. doi:10.1038/s41424-018-0043-230108204
  • García-Villa A, Yarza R, Pagès M, Díaz-Pedroche C, Font C Cancer-associated splanchnic venous thrombosis: clinical findings at presentation. 9th International Conference on Thrombosis and Hemostasis Issues in Cancer, ICTHIC; 2018; Italy.
  • De Stefano V, Vannucchi AM, Ruggeri M, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: risk factors for recurrences in a cohort of 181 patients. Blood Cancer J. 2016;6(11):e493. doi:10.1038/bcj.2016.10327813534
  • Riva N, Ageno W, Schulman S, et al. Clinical history and antithrombotic treatment of incidentally detected splanchnic vein thrombosis: a multicentre, international prospective registry. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3(6):e267–e275. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(16)30020-527264036
  • Tufano A, Ageno W, Di Micco P, et al. Outcomes during anticoagulation in patients with symptomatic vs. incidental splanchnic vein thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2018;164:69–74. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2018.02.14329499439
  • De Stefano V, Martinelli I. Splanchnic vein thrombosis: clinical presentation, risk factors and treatment. Internal Emergency Med. 2010;5(6):487–494. doi:10.1007/s11739-010-0413-6
  • Kumar S, Sarr MG, Kamath PS. Mesenteric venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1683–1688. doi:10.1056/NEJMra01007611759648
  • Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N. Budd-Chiari syndrome and liver transplantation. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2015;4(1):24–32. doi:10.5582/irdr.2014.0103125674385
  • Zhang DL, Hao JY, Yang N. Value of D-dimer and protein S for diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Int Med Res. 2013;41(3):664–672. doi:10.1177/030006051348341323637275
  • Malaguarnera M, Latteri S, Bertino G, et al. D-dimer plasmatic levels as a marker for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein thrombosis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2018;11:373–380. doi:10.2147/CEG.S17266330323642
  • Spadaro A, Tortorella V, Morace C, et al. High circulating D-dimers are associated with ascites and hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(10):1549–1552. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.154918330946
  • Yang S, Fan X, Ding W, et al. D-dimer as an early marker of severity in patients with acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(29):e270. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000027025546667
  • Riva N, Ageno W. Clinical manifestations and imaging tools in the diagnosis of splanchnic and cerebral vein thromboses. Thromb Res. 2018;163:252–259. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.06.03028673473
  • Millener P, Grant EG, Rose S, et al. Color Doppler imaging findings in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: correlation with venographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161(2):307–312. doi:10.2214/ajr.161.2.83333688333368
  • Bradbury MS, Kavanagh PV, Chen MY, Weber TM, Bechtold RE. Noninvasive assessment of portomesenteric venous thrombosis: current concepts and imaging strategies. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26(3):392–404. doi:10.1097/00004728-200205000-0001412016369
  • Weber SM, Rikkers LF. Splenic vein thrombosis and gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2003;27(11):1271–1274. doi:10.1007/s00268-003-7247-614502405
  • Chou CK, Mak CW, Tzeng WS, Chang JM. CT of small bowel ischemia. Abdom Imaging. 2004;29(1):18–22. doi:10.1007/s00261-003-0073-315160748
  • DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G. American Association for the study liver diseases. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology. 2009;49(5):1729–1764. doi:10.1002/hep.2277219399912
  • Janssen HL, Garcia-Pagan JC, Elias E, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome: a review by an expert panel. J Hepatol. 2003;38(3):364–371. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00434-812586305
  • Condat B, Valla D. Nonmalignant portal vein thrombosis in adults. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3(9):505–515. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep057716951667
  • Senzolo M, Sartori T, Rossetto V, et al. Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2012;32(6):919–927. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02785.x22435854
  • Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S–e496S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-230122315268
  • Senzolo M, Riggio O, Primignani M. Vascular disorders of the liver: recommendations from the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF) ad hoc committee. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43(7):503–514. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2010.11.00621185794
  • DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G, Diseases A. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology. 2009;49(5):1729–1764. doi:10.1002/hep.2277219399912
  • Riva N, Ageno W, Poli D, et al. Safety of vitamin K antagonist treatment for splanchnic vein thrombosis: a multicenter cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(6):1019–1027. doi:10.1111/jth.1293025845412
  • Spaander MC, Hoekstra J, Hansen BE, Van Buuren HR, Leebeek FW, Janssen HL. Anticoagulant therapy in patients with non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis: effect on new thrombotic events and gastrointestinal bleeding. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(3):452–459. doi:10.1111/jth.1212123289370
  • Ageno W, Beyer-Westendorf J, Garcia DA, Lazo-Langner A, McBane RD, Paciaroni M. Guidance for the management of venous thrombosis in unusual sites. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016;41(1):129–143. doi:10.1007/s11239-015-1308-126780742
  • Riva N, Donadini MP, Dentali F, Squizzato A, Ageno W. Clinical approach to splanchnic vein thrombosis: risk factors and treatment. Thromb Res. 2012;130(Suppl 1):S1–S3. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2012.08.259
  • Di Nisio M, Lee AY, Carrier M, Liebman HA, Khorana AA. Subcommittee on haemostasis and malignancy. Diagnosis and treatment of incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(5):880–883. doi:10.1111/jth.1288325714858
  • Turnes J, García-Pagán JC, González M, et al. Portal hypertension-related complications after acute portal vein thrombosis: impact of early anticoagulation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(12):1412–1417. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.07.03119081529
  • Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(7):776–783. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.01.01222289875
  • Joh JH, Kim DI. Mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis: treated with early initiation of anticoagulation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29(2):204–208. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.10.00515649730
  • Chen H, Liu L, Qi X, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in more advanced portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28(1):82–89. doi:10.1097/MEG.000000000000048226513611
  • Hanafy AS, Abd-Elsalam S, Dawoud MM. Randomized controlled trial of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in the management of acute non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis. Vascul Pharmacol. 2019;113:86–91. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2018.05.00229886103
  • Nagaoki Y, Aikata H, Daijyo K, et al. Efficacy and safety of edoxaban for treatment of portal vein thrombosis following danaparoid sodium in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res. 2018;48(1):51–58. doi:10.1111/hepr.1289528342265
  • Janczak DT, Mimier MK, McBane RD, et al. Rivaroxaban and apixaban for initial treatment of acute venous thromboembolism of atypical location. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(1):40–47. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.10.00729217335
  • Samuelson Bannow BT, Lee A, Khorana AA, et al. Management of cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with thrombocytopenia: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(6):1246–1249. doi:10.1111/jth.1401529737593
  • Grand’Maison A, Charest AF, Geerts WH. Anticoagulant use in patients with chronic renal impairment. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005;5(5):291–305. doi:10.2165/00129784-200505050-0000216156685
  • Steffel J, Verhamme P, Potpara TS, et al. The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(16):1330–1393. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy13629562325
  • Dhar A, Mullish BH, Thursz MR. Anticoagulation in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2017;66(6):1313–1326. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.00628088580
  • Hughes S, Szeki I, Nash MJ, Thachil J. Anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease patients-the practical aspects. Clin Kidney J. 2014;7(5):442–449. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfu08025878775
  • Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM. Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e24S–e43S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-229122315264
  • European Medicines Agency. Eliquis (apixaban): summary of product characteristics. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/eliquis-epar-product-information_en.pdf (Accessed 66, 2019).
  • European Medicines Agency. Lixiana (edoxaban): summary of product characteristics. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/lixiana-epar-product-information_en.pdf (Accessed 66, 2019).
  • European Medicines Agency. Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate): summary of product characteristics. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/pradaxa-epar-product-information_en.pdf (Accessed 66, 2019).
  • European Medicines Agency. Xarelto (rivaroxaban): summary of product characteristics. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/xarelto-epar-product-information_en.pdf (Accessed 66, 2019).
  • Condat B, Pessione F, Helene Denninger M, Hillaire S, Valla D. Recent portal or mesenteric venous thrombosis: increased recognition and frequent recanalization on anticoagulant therapy. Hepatology. 2000;32(3):466–470. doi:10.1053/jhep.2000.1659710960436
  • Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Scaglione M, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis and variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24(12):1381–1385. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e328357d5d423114742
  • Smalberg JH, Spaander MV, Jie KS, et al. Risks and benefits of transcatheter thrombolytic therapy in patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100(6):1084–1088.19132234
  • Yang SF, Liu BC, Ding WW, He CS, Wu XJ, Li JS. Initial transcatheter thrombolysis for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5483–5492. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.548324833878
  • Yang S, Zhang L, Liu K, et al. Postoperative catheter-directed thrombolysis versus systemic anticoagulation for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016;35:88–97. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.02.01927263813
  • Darwish Murad S, Plessier A, Hernandez-Guerra M, et al.; EN-Vie (European Network for Vascular Disorders of the Liver). Etiology, management, and outcome of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(3):167–175. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-3-200908040-0000419652186
  • Søgaard KK, Adelborg K, Darvalics B, et al. Risk of bleeding and arterial cardiovascular events in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis in Denmark: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5(10):e441–e449. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30133-930201587