945
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

How To Support Smoking Cessation In Primary Care And The Community: A Systematic Review Of Interventions For The Prevention Of Cardiovascular Diseases

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 485-502 | Published online: 31 Oct 2019

References

  • WHO - World Health Organisation. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ Published 2017 Accessed 1113, 2018.
  • WHO - World Health Organisation. A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer. Global Public Health Crisis; 2013 Available from: http://chronicconditions.thehealthwell.info/search-results/global-brief-hypertension-silent-killer-global-public-health-crisis Accessed 1113, 2018.
  • Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):647–658. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69249-016920470
  • Chow CK, Jolly S, Rao-Melacini P, Fox KAA, Anand SS, Yusuf S. Association of diet, exercise, and smoking modification with risk of early cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2010;121(6):750–758. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.89152320124123
  • Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315–2381. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw10627222591
  • Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981–2000: comparing contributions from primary prevention and secondary prevention. BMJ. 2005;331(7517):614. doi:10.1136/bmj.38561.633345.8F16107431
  • Qiao Q, Tervahauta M, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J. Mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease related to smoking and changes in smoking during a 35-year follow-up of middle-aged Finnish men. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(19):1621–1626. doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.215110988015
  • World Health Organization. WHO framework convention on tobacco control. Geneva; 2003 Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/78302/ea56r1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Accessed 821, 2019.
  • World Health Organization. MPOWER; 2008 Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_six_policies_2008.pdf Accessed 821, 2019.
  • World Health Organization. WHO Report On Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019; 2019 Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326043/9789241516204-eng.pdf?ua=1 Accessed 821, 2019.
  • Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.003044217132052
  • World Health Organization. World Health Statistics data visualizations dashboard. Tobacco smoking. WHO. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-a-viz?lang=en Published 2016 Accessed 821, 2019.
  • All Party Parliamentary Group on Smoking & Health. Fact sheets - action on smoking and health. Available from: https://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/ash-fact-sheets/ Published 2019 Accessed 93, 2019.
  • Peters DH, Adam T, Alonge O, Agyepong IA, Tran N. Implementation research: what it is and how to do it. BMJ. 2013;347:f6753. doi:10.1136/bmj.f675324259324
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100009719621072
  • Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100010019621070
  • The ADAPTE Collaboration. The ADAPTE process: resource toolkit for guideline adaptation. Version 2.0. 2009 Available from: http://www.g-i-n.net Published 2010 Accessed 1127, 2017.
  • Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010;182(18):E839–E842. doi:10.1503/cmaj.09044920603348
  • Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(25suppl 2):S76–S99. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d124222015
  • Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the obesity society. Circulation. 2014;129(25Suppl 2):S102–S138. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee24222017
  • Canadian Diabetes Association. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. 2013. doi:10.1016/S1499-2671(13)00192-5
  • de Santé HA. Arrêt de La Consommation de Tabac : du Dépistage Individuel Au Maintien de l’abstinence En Premier Recours; 2014 Available from: https://www.has-sante.fr/portail/jcms/c_1718021/fr/arret-de-la-consommation-de-tabac-du-depistage-individuel-au-maintien-de-l-abstinence-en-premier-recours Accessed 926, 2017.
  • LeFevre ML. Behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: u.s. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(8):587. doi:10.7326/M14-179625155419
  • NICE. Behaviour change: individual approaches. Public health guideline [PH49]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph49 Published 2014 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • NICE. Cardiovascular disease prevention | guidance and guidelines. 2010 Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph25 Accessed 1128, 2017.
  • National Health and Medical Research Council. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents and children in Australia. Available from: https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/n57 Published 2013 Accessed 1128, 2017.
  • National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance. Guidelines for the management of absolute cardiovascular disease risk; 2012 Availabe from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Absolute-CVD-Risk-Full-Guidelines.pdf? Accessed 1128, 2017.
  • Lennon SL, DellaValle DM, Rodder SG, et al. 2015 evidence analysis library evidence-based nutrition practice guideline for the management of hypertension in adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(9):1445–1458.e17. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.00828578899
  • NICE. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification | guidance and guidelines. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181 Published 2014 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • NICE. Preventing excess weight gain. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng7 Published 2015 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • NICE. Obesity prevention. Clinical guideline [CG43]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg43 Published 2015 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • NICE. Physical activity and the environment. Public health guideline [PH8]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph8 Published 2008 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • NICE. Physical activity: brief advice for adults in primary care. Public health guideline [PH44]. 2013 Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph44 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • NICE. Type 2 diabetes prevention: population and community-level interventions. Public health guideline [PH35]. 2011 Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph35 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • WHO - World Health Organization. Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases : guidelines for primary health care in low resource settings. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/76173 Published 2012 Accessed 106, 2018.
  • Brauer P, Connor Gorber S, Shaw E, et al. Recommendations for prevention of weight gain and use of behavioural and pharmacologic interventions to manage overweight and obesity in adults in primary care. CMAJ. 2015;187(3):184–195. doi:10.1503/cmaj.14088725623643
  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. SIGN 149. 2017 Available from: https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-149-risk-estimation-and-the-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease.html Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • Moyer VA. Screening for and management of obesity in adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(5):373–378. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-0047522733087
  • Community Preventive Services Task Force CPST. Team-based care to improve blood pressure control: recommendation of the community preventive services task force. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(1):100–102. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.03.00324933493
  • NICE. Smoking: harm reduction. Public health guideline [PH45]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph45 Published 2013 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • Department of Veterans Affairs D of D. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of hypertension in the primary care setting; 2014 Available from: https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/htn/ Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • Department of Veterans Affairs D of D. The management of dyslipidemia for cardiovascular risk reduction (Lipids). Available from: https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/lipids/ Published 2014 Accessed 1128, 2017.
  • Department of Veterans Affairs D of D. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines: management of obesity and overweight. Available from: https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/cd/obesity/ Published 2014 Accessed 1120, 2018.
  • Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51(3):390–395. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.3906863699
  • Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Mount K, Vogt TM, Stevens VJ. Nurse-assisted smoking counseling and medical settings: minimizing demands on physicians. Prev Med (Baltim). 1991;20(4):497–507. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90047-8
  • Slama K, Karsenty S, Hirsch A. Effectiveness of minimal intervention by general practitioners with their smoking patients: a randomised, controlled trial in France. Tob Control. 1995;4(2):162–169. doi:10.1136/tc.4.2.162
  • Omenn GS, Thompson B, Sexton M, et al. A randomized comparison of Worksite-sponsored smoking cessation programs. Am J Prev Med. 1988; 4(5):261–267. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31159-03224003
  • Cohen SJ, Stookey GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Smith DM. Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110(8):648–652. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-8-6482930095
  • Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288(6429):1499–1503. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6429.1499
  • Kadowaki T, Watanabe M, Okayama A, Hishida K, Ueshima H. Effectiveness of smoking-cessation intervention in all of the smokers at a worksite in Japan. Ind Health. 2000;38(4):396–403. doi:10.2486/indhealth.38.39611061483
  • Lang T, Nicaud V, Slama K, et al. Smoking cessation at the workplace. Results of a randomised controlled intervention study. Worksite physicians from the AIREL group. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(5):349–354. doi:10.1136/JECH.54.5.34910814655
  • Louwagie GMC, Okuyemi KS, Ayo-Yusuf OA. Efficacy of brief motivational interviewing on smoking cessation at tuberculosis clinics in Tshwane, South Africa: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2014;109(11):1942–1952. doi:10.1111/add.1267124962451
  • Maguire TA, McElnay JC, Drummond A. A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention based in community pharmacies. Addiction. 2001;96(2):325–331. doi:10.1080/0965214002002106211182878
  • Ojedokun J, Keane S, O?Connor K. Lung age bio-feedback using a portable lung age meter with brief advice during routine consultations promote smoking cessation? Know2quit multicenter randomized control trial. J Gen Pract. 2013;01(03):1–5. doi:10.4172/2329-9126.1000123
  • Pieterse ME, Seydel ER, DeVries H, Mudde AN, Kok GJ. Effectiveness of a minimal contact smoking cessation program for dutch general practitioners: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med (Baltim). 2001;32(2):182–190. doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0791
  • Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners’ advice against smoking. Br Med J. 1979;2(6184):231–235. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6184.231476401
  • Severson HH, Peterson AL, Andrews JA, et al. Smokeless tobacco cessation in military personnel: A randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(6):730–738. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp05719395686
  • Vetter NJ, Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 1990;19(3):164–168. doi:10.1093/ageing/19.3.1642194387
  • Wilson DH, Wakefield MA, Steven ID, Rohrsheim RA, Esterman AJ, Graham NM. Sick of Smoking”: evaluation of a targeted minimal smoking cessation intervention in general practice. Med J Aust. 1990;152(10):518–521. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125351.x2338924
  • Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Bartlett EE. The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: a randomized trial. J Behav Med. 1988;11(4):407–421. doi:10.1007/BF008449393070047
  • Barbarin OA. Comparison of symbolic and overt aversion in the self-control of smoking. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1978;46(6):1569–1571. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.46.6.156983330
  • Canga N, De Irala J, Vara E, Duaso MJ, Ferrer A, Martínez-González MA. Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(10):1455–1460. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.10.145511023136
  • Cinciripini PM, Lapitsky LG, Wallfisch A, Mace R, Nezami E, Van Vunakis H. An evaluation of a multicomponent treatment program involving scheduled smoking and relapse prevention procedures: initial findings. Addict Behav. 1994;19(1):13–22. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90047-78197889
  • Cinciripini PM, Lapitsky L, Seay S, Wallfisch A, Kitchens K, Van Vunakis H. The effects of smoking schedules on cessation outcome: can we improve on common methods of gradual and abrupt nicotine withdrawal? J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(3):388–399. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.63.3.3887608351
  • Hilberink SR, Jacobs JE, Bottema BJAM, de Vries H, Grol RPTM. Smoking cessation in patients with COPD in daily general practice (SMOCC): six months’ results. Prev Med (Baltim). 2005;41(5–6):822–827. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.08.003
  • Hollis JF, McAfee TA, Fellows JL, Zbikowski SM, Stark M, Riedlinger K. The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of telephone counselling and the nicotine patch in a state tobacco quitline. Tob Control. 2007;16:53–59. doi:10.1136/tc.2006.01979417297074
  • Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, King TK, et al. The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(11):1229–1234. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.11.122910371231
  • Marks DF, Sykes CM. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for smokers living in a deprived area of London: outcome at one-year follow-up. Psychol Health Med. 2002;7(1):17–24. doi:10.1080/13548500120101513
  • Meyer AJ, Nash JD, McAlister AL, Maccoby N, Farquhar JW. Skills training in a cardiovascular health education campaign. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1980;48(2):129–142. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.48.2.1297365050
  • Neaton JD, Broste S, Cohen L, Fishman EL, Kjelsberg MO, Schoenberger J. The multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT): VII. A comparison of risk factor changes between the two study groups. Prev Med (Baltim). 1981;10(4):519–543. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(81)90063-3
  • Nohlert E, Å T, Tillgren P, Johansson P, Rosenblad A, Helgason ÁR. Comparison of a high and a low intensity smoking cessation intervention in a dentistry setting in Sweden – a randomized trial. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):121. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-12119405969
  • Perkins KA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce weight concerns improves smoking cessation outcome in weight-concerned women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69(4):604–613.11550727
  • Soria R, Legido A, Escolano C, López Yeste A, Montoya J. A randomised controlled trial of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56(531):768–774.17007707
  • Steptoe A, Doherty S, Rink E, Kerry S, Kendrick T, Hilton S. Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial. BMJ. 1999;319(7215):943–947; discussion 947–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.943
  • Wood DA, Kinmonth AL, Davies GA, et al. Randomised controlled trial evaluating cardiovascular screening and intervention in general practice: principal results of British family heart study. Family Heart Study Group. BMJ. 1994;308(6924):313–320. doi:10.1136/BMJ.308.6924.3138124121
  • Wu D, Ma GX, Zhou K, Zhou D, Liu A, Poon AN. The effect of a culturally tailored smoking cessation for Chinese American smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(12):1448–1457. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp15919915080
  • Cornuz J, Humair J-P, Seematter L, et al. Efficacy of resident training in smoking cessation: a randomized, controlled trial of a program based on application of behavioral theory and practice with standardized patients. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(6):429–437. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-6-200203190-0000611900495
  • Jason LA, Salina D, McMahon SD, Hedeker D, Stockton M. A worksite smoking intervention: a 2 year assessment of groups, incentives and self-help. Health Educ Res. 1997;12(1):129–138. doi:10.1093/her/12.1.12910166900
  • Bertera RL. Behavioral risk factor and illness day changes with workplace health promotion: two-year results. Am J Heal Promot. 1993;7(5):365–373. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-7.5.365
  • Erfurt JC, Foote A, Heirich MA. Worksite wellness programs: incremental comparison of screening and referral alone, health education, follow-up counseling, and plant organization. Am J Heal Promot. 1991;5(6):438–448. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-5.6.438
  • Jason LA, Gruder CL, Martino S, Flay BR, Warnecke R, Thomas N. Work site group meetings and the effectiveness of a televised smoking cessation intervention. Am J Community Psychol. 1987;15(1):57–72. doi:10.1007/BF009197573604994
  • Jason LA, Lesowitz T, Michaels M, et al. A worksite smoking cessation intervention involving the media and incentives. Am J Community Psychol. 1989;17(6):785–799.doi:10.1007/BF009227382636539
  • Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, Owen N. Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: a randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(9):1231–1238. doi:10.2105/AJPH.83.9.12318362997
  • Groeneveld IF, Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, Hildebrandt VH, van Mechelen W. Short and long term effects of a lifestyle intervention for construction workers at risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):836. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-83622040007
  • Goodman RM, Wheeler FC, Lee PR. Evaluation of the heart to heart project: lessons from a community-based chronic disease prevention project. Am J Heal Promot. 1995;9(6):443–455. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-9.6.443
  • Hoffmeister H, Mensink GB, Stolzenberg H, et al. Reduction of coronary heart disease risk factors in the German cardiovascular prevention study. Prev Med (Baltim). 1996;25(2):135–145.
  • Nafziger AN, Erb TA, Jenkins PL, Lewis C, Pearson TA. The Otsego-Schoharie healthy heart program: prevention of cardiovascular disease in the rural US. Scand J Public Health Suppl. 2001;56:21–32.11681560
  • Giampaoli S, Poce A, Sciarra F, et al. Change in cardiovascular risk factors during a 10-year community intervention program. Acta Cardiol. 1997;52(5):411–422.9428939
  • Malmgren S, Andersson G. Who were reached by and participated in a one year newspaper health information campaign? Scand J Soc Med. 1986;14(3):133–140.3764372
  • Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T, Stead LF. Print-based self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001118.pub3
  • Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000165.pub4
  • Rice VH, Heath L, Livingstone-Banks J, Hartmann-Boyce J. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12:CD001188. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001188.pub529243221
  • Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006936.pub3
  • Stead LF, Carroll AJ, Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001007.pub3
  • Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001292.pub3
  • Martín Cantera C, Puigdomènech E, Ballvé JL, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent interventions in primary healthcare settings to promote continuous smoking cessation in adults: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008807. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008807
  • Cahill K, Lancaster T. Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4
  • Bize R, Burnand B, Mueller Y, Rège-Walther M, Camain J-Y CJ. Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD004705. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004705.pub423235615
  • Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P, Hughes JR. Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008033.pub3
  • Hajek P, Stead LF. Aversive smoking for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000546.pub2
  • Cahill K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Perera R. Incentives for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub5
  • Secker-Walker R, Gnich W, Platt S, Lancaster T. Community interventions for reducing smoking among adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001745
  • Bala MM, Strzeszynski L, Topor-Madry R. Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004704.pub4
  • Naslund JA, Kim SJ, Aschbrenner KA, et al. Systematic review of social media interventions for smoking cessation. Addict Behav. 2017;73:81–93. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.00228499259
  • Lindholm C, Adsit R, Bain P, et al. A demonstration project for using the electronic health record to identify and treat tobacco users. WMJ. 2010;109(6):335–340.21287886
  • Rosenberg G, Crawford C, Bullock S, Petty R, Vohra J Smoking cessation in primary care: a cross-sectional survey of primary care health practitioners in the UK and the use of very brief advice; 2019 Available from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/ Accessed 93, 2019.
  • Irving G, Neves AL, Dambha-Miller H, et al. International variations in primary care physician consultation time: A systematic review of 67 countries. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10):1–15. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017902
  • Cheung KL, de Ruijter D, Hiligsmann M, et al. Exploring consensus on how to measure smoking cessation. A Delphi study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):890. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4902-729162043