109
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Subclinical Vascular Damage: Current Insights and Future Potential

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 729-738 | Published online: 22 Nov 2021

References

  • Piepoli MF, Frank L, Visseren J, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
  • Kotseva K, Wood D, De Bacquer D, et al. EUROASPIRE IV: a European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23:636–648.
  • Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763–816. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095
  • D’Ascenzi F, Sciaccaluga C, Cameli M, et al. When should cardiovascular prevention begin? The importance of antenatal, perinatal and primordial prevention. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;16:2047487319893832. doi:10.1177/2047487319893832
  • Ahmadi A, Argulian E, Leipsic J, Newby DE, Narula J. From subclinical atherosclerosis to plaque progression and acute coronary events: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(12):1608–1617. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.012
  • Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, et al. EUROASPIRE III. Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice: cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17:530–540.
  • Skålén K, Gustafsson M, Rydberg EK, et al. Subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in early atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;417(6890):750–754. doi:10.1038/nature00804
  • Shaya GE, Leucker TM, Jones SR, Martin SS, Toth PP. Coronary heart disease risk: low-density lipoprotein and beyond. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.04.002
  • Carrero JJ, Franko MA, Obergfell A, Gabrielsen A, Jernberg T. hsCRP level and the risk of death or recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with myocardial infarction: a healthcare-based study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e012638.
  • Yoshikawa T, Hata J, Sakata S, et al. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and the development of atrial fibrillation in a general Japanese Population― the Hisayama study. Circ J. 2021;85(8):1365–1372. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0751
  • Ziv-Baran T, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Etz-Hadar I, et al. The ability of the wide range CRP assay to classify individuals with low grade inflammation into cardiovascular risk groups. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2017;471:185–190. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.06.008
  • Su H, Pei Y, Tian C, et al. Relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis stratified by glucose metabolic status in Chinese adults. Clin Cardiol. 2019;42(1):39–46. doi:10.1002/clc.23095
  • Betageri O, Al-Turk B, Freeman AM, Aggarwal M. Prevention and reversal of morbidity in today’s cardiovascular patient: role of lifestyle modification and nutrition in the current era. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021;23(10):143. doi:10.1007/s11886-021-01577-1
  • Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Maffei S, Gallina S. Lifestyle and stress management in women during COVID-19 pandemic: impact on cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020;15(3):356–359. PMID: 34025328. doi:10.1177/1559827620981014
  • Goossens GH, Blaak EE. Adipose tissue dysfunction and impaired metabolic health in human obesity: a matter of oxygen? Front Endocrinol. 2015;6:55. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00055
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1925–1932. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.068
  • Mattioli AV, Pinti M, Farinetti A, Nasi M. Obesity risk during collective quarantine for the COVID-19 epidemic. Obes Med. 2020;20:100263. doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100263
  • Després JP, Carpentier AC, Tchernof A, Neeland IJ, Poirier P. Management of obesity in cardiovascular practice: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(5):513–531. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.035
  • Mattioli AV, Migaldi M, Farinetti A. Coffee in hypertensive women with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease: a potential nutraceutical effect. J Cardiovasc Med. 2018;19:183–185.
  • Dinu M, Pagliai G, Lotti S, Giangrandi I, Colombini B, Sofi F. Adherence to Mediterranean diet measured through medi-lite score and obesity: a retrospective study. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2007. PMID: 34200879; PMCID: PMC8230530. doi:10.3390/nu13062007
  • Dinu M, Pagliai G, Angelino D, et al. Effects of popular diets on anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(4):815–833. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa006
  • Mattioli AV, Coppi F, Migaldi M, Scicchitano P, Ciccone MM, Farinetti A. Relationship between Mediterranean diet and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in a population of pre-menopausal women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(11):985–990.
  • Bakaloudi DR, Chrysoula L, Kotzakioulafi E, Theodoridis X, Chourdakis M. Impact of the level of adherence to Mediterranean diet on the parameters of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1514. doi:10.3390/nu13051514
  • Magriplis E, Panagiotakos D, Kyrou I, et al. Presence of hypertension is reduced by Mediterranean diet adherence in all individuals with a more pronounced effect in the obese: the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Nutrients. 2020;12:853.
  • Bendall CL, Mayr HL, Opie RS, Bes-Rastrollo M, Itsiopoulos C, Thomas CJ. Central obesity and the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review of intervention trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(18):3070–3084. doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1351917
  • Siti HN, Kamisaha Y, Kamsiaha J. The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (a review). Vascul Pharmacol. 2015;71:40–56.
  • Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(1):47–66. doi:10.1038/s41574-020-00431-8
  • Nasi M, Patrizi G, Pizzi C, et al. The role of physical activity in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors: an opinion paper from Italian Society of Cardiology-Emilia Romagna-Marche and SIC-Sport. J Cardiovasc Med. 2019;20(10):631–639. doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000855
  • Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:22. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00022
  • Forsythe LK, Wallace JM, Livingstone MB. Obesity and inflammation: the effects of weight loss. Nutr Res Rev. 2008;21:117–133. doi:10.1017/S0954422408138732
  • Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:31–39. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.1.31
  • Madsen EL, Rissanen A, Bruun JM, et al. Weight loss larger than 10% is needed for general improvement of levels of circulating adiponectin and markers of inflammation in obese subjects: a 3-year weight loss study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:179–187. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0721
  • Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S; ESC Scientific Document Group, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease: the Task Force on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(1):17–96. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605.
  • Global Advocacy Council for Physical Activity, International Society for Physical Activity and Health. The Toronto Charter for Physical Activity: a global call for action. J Phys Activity Health. 2010;7(Suppl3):S370–S385.
  • Garrett S, Elley CR, Rose SB, O’Dea D, Lawton BA, Dowell AC. Are physical activity interventions in primary care and the community cost-effective? A systematic review of the evidence. Br J Gen Pract. 2011;61:e125–e133.
  • Sciomer S, Moscucci F, Maffei S, Gallina S, Mattioli AV. Prevention of cardiovascular risk factors in women: the lifestyle paradox and stereotypes we need to defeat. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(6):609–610. doi:10.1177/2047487318810560
  • Coppi F, Nasi M, Farinetti A, et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and diet in menopausal women: comparison between COVID19 “first wave” and “second wave” of pandemic in Italy. Prog Nutri. 2021;23(2):11755.
  • Garcia M, Mulvagh SL, Merz CN, Buring JE, Manson JE. Cardiovascular disease in women: clinical perspectives. Circ Res. 2016;118(8):1273–1293.
  • Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Moscucci F, et al. Cardiovascular prevention in women: a narrative review from the Italian Society of Cardiology working groups on ‘Cardiovascular Prevention, Hypertension and peripheral circulation’ and on ‘Women Disease’. J Cardiovasc Med. 2019;20(9):575–583.
  • Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, et al. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2366–2373.
  • Cocchi C, Coppi F, Farinetti A, Mattioli AV. Cardiovascular disease prevention and therapy in women with Type 2 diabetes. Future Cardiol. 2021. doi:10.2217/fca-2021-0011
  • Woodward M. Cardiovascular disease and the female disadvantage. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:1165.
  • Paolisso P, Bergamaschi L, Saturi G, et al. Prevention medical therapy and outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Front Pharmacol. 2020;10:1606. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01606
  • Berger JS, Elliott L, Gallup D, et al. Sex differences in mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2009;302:874–882.
  • Rosengren A, Wallentin L, Gitt AK, Behar S, Battler A, Hasdai D. Sex, age, and clinical presentation of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:663–670.
  • Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, et al. Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;109:613–619.
  • Celermajer D, Sorensen K, Bull C, Robinson J, Deanfield J. Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1468–1474.
  • Juonala M, Kahonen M, Laitinen T, et al. Effect of age and sex on carotid intima-media thickness, elasticity and brachial endothelial function in healthy adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1198–1206.
  • Han SH, Bae JH, Holmes DR Jr, et al. Sex differences in atheroma burden and endothelial function in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1359–1369.
  • Stanhewicz AE, Wenner MM, Stachenfeld NS. Sex differences in endothelial function important to vascular health and overall cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018;315(6):H1569–H1588. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00396.2018
  • Meadows JL, Shah S, Burg MM, Pfau S, Soufer R. Cardiovascular imaging of biology and emotion: considerations toward a new paradigm. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(8):e011054. PMID:32762255. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011054
  • Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Parfrey LW, Knight R. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell. 2012;148:1258–1270. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035
  • Ding Q-Y, Tian J-X, Li M, et al. Interactions between therapeutics for metabolic disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:530160. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.530160
  • Wolf G. Gut microbiota: a factor in energy regulation. Nutr Rev. 2006;64:47–50. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00173.x
  • Jiao N, Baker SS, Nugent CA, et al. Gut microbiome may contribute to insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in obese rodents: a meta-analysis. Physiol Genomics. 2018;50:244–254. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00114.2017
  • Jie Z, Xia H, Zhong SL, et al. The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun. 2017;8:845. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00900-1
  • Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Sukhorukov VN, et al. Insight at atherogenesis: the role of microbiome. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:586189. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.586189
  • Hardin SJ, Singh M, Eyob W, et al. Diet-induced chronic syndrome, metabolically transformed trimethylamine-N-oxide, and the cardiovascular functions. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2019;20:121–128. doi:10.31083/j.rcm.2019.03.518
  • Sun X, Jiao X, Ma Y, et al. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via activating ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;481:63–70.
  • Fisher EA, Feig JE, Hewing B, Hazen SL, Smith JD. High density lipoprotein function, dysfunction, and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2813–2820. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300133
  • Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature. 2013;500:585–588. doi:10.1038/nature12480
  • Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500:541–546. doi:10.1038/nature12506
  • Kurilshikov A, van den Munckhof ICL, Chen L, et al. Gut microbial associations to plasma metabolites linked to cardiovascular phenotypes and risk. Circ Res. 2019;124(12):1808–1820. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314642
  • Li D, Yang S, Xing Y, et al. Novel insights and current evidence for mechanisms of atherosclerosis: mitochondrial dynamics as a potential therapeutic target. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:673839. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.673839
  • Hughes WE, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Vascular autophagy in health and disease. Basic Res Cardiol. 2020;115:41. doi:10.1007/s00395-020-0802-6
  • Simons M, Gordon E, Claesson-Welsh L. Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2016;17:611–625. doi:10.1038/nrm.2016.87
  • Guo D, Wang Q, Li C, Wang Y, Chen X. VEGF stimulated the angiogenesis by promoting the mitochondrial functions. Oncotarget. 2017;8:77020–77027. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20331
  • Yu S, Zhang L, Liu C, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang L. PACS2 is required for ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by regulating mitochondria-associated ER membrane formation and mitochondrial Ca(2+) elevation. Exp Cell Res. 2019;379:191–202. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.002
  • Nasi M, De Gaetano A, Bianchini E, et al. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns stimulate reactive oxygen species production in human microglia. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2020;108:103538. PMID: 32828963. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103538.
  • Napoli C, Benincasa G, Donatelli F, Ambrosio G. Precision medicine in distinct heart failure phenotypes: focus on clinical epigenetics. Am Heart J. 2020;224:113–128. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.03.007
  • Costa D, Scognamiglio M, Fiorito C, Benincasa G, Napoli C. Genetic background, epigenetic factors and dietary interventions which influence human longevity. Biogerontology. 2019;20(5):605–626. PMID: 31309340. doi:10.1007/s10522-019-09824-3
  • Schiano C, Benincasa G, Infante T, et al. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation profile of HLA-G gene and imaging in coronary heart disease: pilot study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0236951. PMID: 32790754; PMCID: PMC7425923. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236951
  • Jones AC, Irvin MR, Claas SA, Arnett DK. Lipid phenotypes and DNA methylation: a review of the literature. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021;23(11):71. PMID: 34468868. doi:10.1007/s11883-021-00965-w
  • Napoli C, Infante T, Casamassimi A. Maternal-foetal epigenetic interactions in the beginning of cardiovascular damage. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;92:367–374.
  • Napoli C, Crudele V, Soricelli A, et al. Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: a clinical challenge for the reversal of epigenetic mechanisms? Circulation. 2012;125:2363–2373.
  • Collins S. Excess mortality from causes other than influenza and pneumonia during influenza epidemics. Public Health Rep. 1932;47:2159–2179.
  • Bucciarelli V, Nasi M, Bianco F, et al. Depression pandemic and cardiovascular risk in the COVID-19 era and long COVID syndrome: gender makes a difference. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.09.009
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395:912–920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Louvardi M, Pelekasis P, Chrousos G, Darviri C. Mental Health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 Quarantine in Greece. Palliat Support Care. 2020;1–17. doi:10.1017/S1478951520000528
  • Coromilas EJ, Kochav S, Goldenthal I, et al. Worldwide survey of COVID-19-associated arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14(3):e009458. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.009458
  • Mattioli AV, Nasi M, Cocchi C, Farinetti A. COVID 19 outbreak: impact of the quarantine-induced stress on cardiovascular disease risk burden. Future Cardiol. 2020. doi:10.2217/fca-2020-0055
  • Silva Andrade B, Siqueira S, de Assis Soares WR, et al. Long-COVID and post-COVID health complications: an up-to-date review on clinical conditions and their possible molecular mechanisms. Viruses. 2021;13(4):700. PMID: 33919537; PMCID: PMC8072585. doi:10.3390/v13040700