The Importance of Cultural Awareness in the Management of Heart Failure: A Narrative Review

References

• McAuliffe M, Triandafyllidou A, eds.. World Migration Report 2022. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM); 2021.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European region. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/report-on-The-health-of-refugees-and-migrants-in-The-who-european-region-no-public-health-without-refugee-and-migrant-health-2018. Accessed 24, August 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Timmis A, Townsend N, Gale CP, et al. European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):12–85. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wändell P, Carlsson AC, Li X, et al. Heart failure in immigrant groups: a cohort study of adults aged 45 years and over in Sweden. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2018;52(6):292–300. doi:10.1080/14017431.2018.1546892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyemang C, van den Born BJ. Cardiovascular health and disease in migrant populations: a call to action. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19:1–2. doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00644-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savarese G, Becher PM, Lund LH, Seferovic P, Rosano GMC, Coats AJS. Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118(17):3272–3287. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napier AD, Ancarno C, Butler B, et al. Culture and health. Lancet. 2014;384(9954):1607–1639. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61603-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis C, Cohen PR, Bahl D, Levine EM, Khaliq W. Race and ethnic categories: a brief review of global terms and nomenclature. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e41253. doi:10.7759/cureus.41253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzig R. The medicalization of race: scientific legitimization of a flawed social construct. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(8):675–679. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-8-199610150-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison AC, Felix JF, Cupples LA, et al. Genomic variation associated with mortality among adults of European and African ancestry with heart failure: the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology consortium. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(3):248–255. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.895995
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith NL, Felix JF, Morrison AC, et al. Association of genome-wide variation with the risk of incident heart failure in adults of European and African ancestry: a prospective meta-analysis from the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(3):256–266. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.895763
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke SL, Assimes TL, Tcheandjieu C. The Propagation of Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Genomics Research. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2021;14(5):e003178. doi:10.1161/CIRCGEN.121.003178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensah GA, Jaquish C, Srinivas P, et al. Emerging Concepts in Precision Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations. Circ Res. 2019;125(1):7–13. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Dorn GW, Shetty A, et al. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in African Americans. J Pers Med. 2018;8(1):11. doi:10.3390/jpm8010011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers VD, Gerhard GS, McNamara DM, et al. Association of Variants in BAG3 With Cardiomyopathy Outcomes in African American Individuals. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(10):929–938. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JS, Seidman JG, Arany Z. Shared genetic predisposition in peripartum and dilated cardiomyopathies. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(26):2601–2602. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1602671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg NA. A population-genetic perspective on the similarities and differences among worldwide human populations. Hum Biol. 2011;83(6):659–684. doi:10.3378/027.083.0601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature. 1987;325(6099):31–36. doi:10.1038/325031a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagin A, Frey T, Christiansen SL. AMA Manual of Style Committee. Updated Guidance on the Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in Medical and Science Journals. JAMA. 2021;326(7):621–627. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.13304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(14):1273–1285. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigators G-CHF, Joseph P, Roy A, et al. Global Variations in Heart Failure Etiology, Management, and Outcomes. JAMA. 2023;329(19):1650–1661. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.5942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher J, McDonald K, Ledwidge M, Watson CJ. Heart Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Card Fail Rev. 2018;4(1):21–24. doi:10.15420/cfr.2018:4:1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seferović PM, Vardas P, Jankowska EA, et al. National Heart Failure Societies of the ESC member countries The Heart Failure Association Atlas: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Management Statistics 2019. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(6):906–914. doi:10.1002/ejhf.2143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neel JV. Diabetes mellitus: a “thrifty” genotype rendered detrimental by “progress”? Am J Hum Genet. 1962;14(4):353–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales CN, Barker DJ. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull. 2001;60:5–20. doi:10.1093/bmb/60.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaya AM, Kandula N, Herrington D, et al. Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study: objectives, methods, and cohort description. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(12):713–720. doi:10.1002/clc.22219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, et al. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):871–881. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers E, Lin F, Kandula NR, et al. Body Composition and Diabetes Risk in South Asians: Findings From the MASALA and MESA Studies. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):946–953. doi:10.2337/dc18-1510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–952. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Amezcua P, Haque W, Khera R, et al. The upcoming epidemic of heart failure in South Asia. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(10):e007218. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewsey SC, Breathett K. Racial and ethnic disparities in heart failure: current state and future directions. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2021;36(3):320–328. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak A, Hicks AJ, Morris AA. Understanding the Complexity of Heart Failure Risk and Treatment in Black Patients. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(8):e007264. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibbins-Domingo K, Pletcher MJ, Lin F, et al. Racial differences in incident heart failure among young adults. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(12):1179–1190. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz ST, Leong T, Sung SH, et al. Contemporary Reevaluation of Race and Ethnicity With Outcomes in Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(3):e016601. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.016601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene SJ, Butler J, Albert NM, et al. Medical Therapy for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: the CHAMP-HF Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(4):351–366. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e895–1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C. African-American Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(20):2049–2057. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khazanie P, Liang L, Curtis LH, et al. Clinical Effectiveness of Hydralazine-Isosorbide Dinitrate Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Findings From the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(2):e002444. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster LM. Underuse of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate for heart failure in patients of African ancestry: a cross-European survey. ESC Heart Fail. 2019;6(3):487–498. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agénor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453–1463. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo AX, Donnelly JP, Durant RW, et al. A National Study of U.S. Emergency Departments: Racial Disparities in Hospitalizations for Heart Failure. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(5 Suppl 1):S31–S39. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberly LA, Richterman A, Beckett AG, et al. Identification of Racial Inequities in Access to Specialized Inpatient Heart Failure Care at an Academic Medical Center. Circ Heart Fail. 2019;12(11):e006214. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breathett K, Liu WG, Allen LA, et al. African Americans Are Less Likely to Receive Care by a Cardiologist During an Intensive Care Unit Admission for Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(5):413–420. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2018.02.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer SA, Kirkpatrick JN, Heidenreich PA, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Groeneveld PW. Ethnic and racial disparities in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(3):325–331. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascino TM, Colvin MM, Lanfear DE, et al. REVIVAL Investigators. Racial Inequities in Access to Ventricular Assist Device and Transplant Persist After Consideration for Preferences for Care: A Report from the REVIVAL Study. Circ Heart Fail. 2023;1:e009745. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.122.009745
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B. Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88(2):251–258. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal YS, Williams LL. A glimpse of Ayurveda - The forgotten history and principles of Indian traditional medicine. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;7(1):50–53. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cartwright BY, Zhang S, Jin Y. Causal attributions for illness: cross-cultural perspectives. JBPHPD: Res, Educ, Policy. 2014;7(1):969–980.
   Google Scholar
• Alassoud B, Johnston B, Hogg K. Culture and the understanding of advanced heart failure: a mixed methods systematic review. Collegian. 2020;27:459–470. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2020.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley JP, Beattie JM. Palliative care in heart failure: facts and numbers. ESC Heart Fail. 2017;4(2):81–87. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miaskowski C, Barsevick A, Berger A, et al. Advancing Symptom Science Through Symptom Cluster Research: Expert Panel Proceedings and Recommendations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(4):djw253. doi:10.1093/jnci/djw253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moser DK, Lee KS, Wu JR, et al. Identification of symptom clusters among patients with heart failure: an international observational study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51(10):1366–1372. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector TS, Kubo SH, Cohn JN. Patients’ self-assessment of their congestive heart failure, Part 2: content, reliability and validity of a new measure, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Heart Failure. 1987;3:198–209.
   Google Scholar
• Park J, Johantgen ME. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Symptom Reporting and Symptom Clusters in Heart Failure. J Transcult Nurs. 2017;28(4):372–380. doi:10.1177/1043659616651673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu DS, Chan HY, Leung DY, Hui E, Sit JW. Symptom clusters and quality of life among patients with advanced heart failure. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016;13(5):408–414. doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.05.014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients. J Palliat Care. 1991;7:6–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen SR, Mount BM, Strobel MG, Bui F. The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire: a measure of quality of life appropriate for people with advanced disease. A preliminary study of validity and acceptability. Palliat Med. 1995;9(3):207–219. doi:10.1177/026921639500900306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo RS, Woo J, Zhoc KC, et al. Cross-cultural validation of the McGill Quality of Life questionnaire in Hong Kong Chinese. Palliat Med. 2001;15(5):387–397. doi:10.1191/026921601680419438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser BN, Weaver LJ. Culture-bound syndromes, idioms of distress, and cultural concepts of distress: new directions for an old concept in psychological anthropology. Transcult Psychiatry. 2022;59(4):395–398. doi:10.1177/13634615221110665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaarsma T, Hill L, Bayes-Genis A, et al. Self-care of heart failure patients: practical management recommendations from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(1):157–174. doi:10.1002/ejhf.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riegel B, Dickson VV, Vellone E. The Situation-Specific Theory of Heart Failure Self-care: An Update on the Problem, Person, and Environmental Factors Influencing Heart Failure Self-care. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2022;37(6):515–529. doi:10.1097/JCN.0000000000000919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riegel B, Dunbar SB, Fitzsimons D, et al. Self-care research: where are we now? Where are we going? Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;116:103402. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaarsma T, Strömberg A, Ben Gal T, et al. Comparison of self-care behaviors of heart failure patients in 15 countries worldwide. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;92(1):114–120. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson A, Cewers E, Ben Gal T, Weinstein JM, Strömberg A, Jaarsma T. Perspectives of Health Care Providers on the Role of Culture in the Self-Care of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Qualitative Interview Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(14):5051. doi:10.3390/ijerph17145051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surikova J, Payne A, Miller KL, Ravaei A, Nolan RP. A cultural and gender-based approach to understanding patient adjustment to chronic heart failure. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):238. doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01482-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(1):4–131. doi:10.1002/ejhf.2333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosano GMC, Moura B, Metra M, et al. Patient profiling in heart failure for tailoring medical therapy. a consensus document of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(6):872–881. doi:10.1002/ejhf.2206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers LM. Distrust and patients in intercultural healthcare: a qualitative interview study. Nurs Ethics. 2018;25(3):313–323. doi:10.1177/0969733016652449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel H, Szkinc-Olsson G, Lennartsson Al Liddawi M. A qualitative study of nurses’ experiences of self-care counselling in migrant patients with heart failure. Int J Nurs Sci. 2021;8(3):279–288. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selin H, Rakoff RM, eds.. Death Across Cultures. Death and Dying in Non-Western Cultures. Cham: Springer; 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18826-9
   Google Scholar
• Gire J. How Death Imitates Life: Cultural Influences on Conceptions of Death and Dying. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2014;6(2). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1120
   Google Scholar
• Puchalski C, Ferrell B, Virani R, et al. Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the Consensus Conference. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(10):885–904. doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.0142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu HO, Ulbricht C, Ding E, et al. Association of religiosity and spirituality with quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(11):2777–2797. doi:10.1007/s11136-018-1906-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillilan R, Qawi S, Weymiller AJ, Puchalski C. Spiritual distress and spiritual care in advanced heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(5):581–591. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9635-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross L, Austin J. Spiritual needs and spiritual support preferences of people with end-stage heart failure and their carers: implications for nurse managers. J Nurs Manag. 2015;23(1):87–95. doi:10.1111/jonm.12087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CL, Sacco SJ. Heart failure patients’ desires for spiritual care, perceived constraints, and unmet spiritual needs: relations with well-being and health-related quality of life. Psychol Health Med. 2017;22(9):1011–1020. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1257813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuhmann C, Damen A. Representing the Good: Pastoral Care in a Secular Age. Pastoral Psychol. 2018;67(4):405–417. doi:10.1007/s11089-018-0826-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neo SHS, Jsm K, Tan JYT, Yoon S. Deciding to live (or not) with a left ventricular assist device- a thematic analysis exploring factors influencing the decision-making process in advanced heart failure patients in Singapore. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2023;40(1):27–33. doi:10.1177/10499091221085275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter L, Dennis MP, Parker B. Preferences for life-prolonging medical treatments and deference to the will of god. J Relig Health. 2009;48(4):418–430. doi:10.1007/s10943-008-9205-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerry K, Oh J, Vincent D, Fischer L, Schulz-Jürgensen S. Religious and cultural aspects of organ donation: narrowing the gap through understanding different religious beliefs. Pediatr Transplant. 2022;26(7):e14339. doi:10.1111/petr.14339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie JB, Jones DG. Confucianism and organ donation: moral duties from xiao (filial piety) to ren (humaneness). Med Health Care Philos. 2019;22(4):583–591. doi:10.1007/s11019-019-09893-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seman M, Karanatsios B, Simons K, et al. The impact of cultural and linguistic diversity on hospital readmission in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2020;6(2):121–129. doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond L, Izquierdo K, Canfield D, Matsoukas K, Gany F. A Systematic Review of the Impact of Patient-Physician Non-English Language Concordance on Quality of Care and Outcomes. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(8):1591–1606. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04847-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouten BC, Manthey L, Scarvaglieri C. Teaching intercultural communication skills in healthcare to improve care for culturally and linguistically diverse patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2023;115:107890. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2023.107890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medrano FJ, Fernandez AJ, Sudore RL, et al. Geriatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Team Councils of the American College of Cardiology. Limited English Proficiency in Older Adults Referred to the Cardiovascular Team. Am J Med. 2023;136(5):432–437. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.01.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latif Z, Makuvire T, Feder SL, et al. Challenges Facing Heart Failure Patients With Limited English Proficiency: A Qualitative Analysis Leveraging Interpreters’ Perspectives. JACC Heart Fail. 2022;10(6):430–438. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2022.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill L, Prager Geller T, Baruah R, et al. Integration of a palliative approach into heart failure care: a European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Association position paper. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(12):2327–2339. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain CL, Surbone A, Elk R, Kagawa-Singer M. Culture and palliative care: preferences, communication, meaning, and mutual decision making. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;55(5):1408–1419. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng HB, Shek PK, Man CW, et al. Dealing With Death Taboo: Discussion of Do-Not-Resuscitate Directives With Chinese Patients With Noncancer Life-Limiting Illnesses. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2019;36(9):760–766. doi:10.1177/1049909119828116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teal CR, Street RL. Critical elements of culturally competent communication in the medical encounter: a review and model. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(3):533–543. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwyn G, Frosch D, Thomson R, et al. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(10):1361–1367. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2077-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Toronto, Canada: Doubleday; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Peters E, Hess TM, Västfjäll D, Auman C. Adult age differences in dual information processes: implications for the role of affective and deliberative processes in older adults′ decision making. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2007;2:1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00025.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen LA, Stevenson LW, Grady KL, et al. American Heart Association; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Decision making in advanced heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(15):1928–1952. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31824f2173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour JB, Rintamaki LS, Ramsey JA, Brashers DE. Avoiding health information. J Health Commun. 2012;17(2):212–229. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.585691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alden DL, Friend J, Lee PY, et al. Who decides: me or we? Family involvement in medical decision making in Eastern and Western countries. Med Decis Making. 2018;38:14–25. doi:10.1177/0272989X17715628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich MW, Chyun DA, Skolnick AH, et al. American Heart Association Older Populations Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council; American College of Cardiology; and American Geriatrics Society. Knowledge Gaps in Cardiovascular Care of the Older Adult Population: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(20):2419–2440. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backman WD, Levine SA, Wenger NK, Harold JG. Shared decision-making for older adults with cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(2):196–204. doi:10.1002/clc.23267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudore RL, Lum HD, You JJ, et al. Defining Advance Care Planning for Adults: A Consensus Definition From a Multidisciplinary Delphi Panel. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017;53(5):821–832.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.12.331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon JA, Moffitt P, Perez-Moreno AC, et al. Cognitive Impairment and Heart Failure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Card Fail. 2017;23(6):464–475. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlay SM, Swetz KM, Mueller PS, Roger VL. Advance directives in community patients with heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(3):283–289. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler J, Binney Z, Kalogeropoulos A, et al. Advance directives among hospitalized patients with heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3(2):112–121. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2014.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa Y, Hiroyama N, Fukahori H, et al. Advance care planning for adults with heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2(2):CD013022. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013022.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDermott E, Selman LE. Cultural factors influencing advance care planning in progressive, incurable disease: a systematic review with narrative synthesis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;56(4):613–636. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair C, Sellars M, Buck K, Detering KM, White BP, Nolte L. Association between region of birth and advance care planning documentation among older Australian migrant communities: a multicenter audit study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021;76(1):109–120. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone MJ, Kanitsaki O. Ethics and advance care planning in a culturally diverse society. J Transcult Nurs. 2009;20(4):405–416. doi:10.1177/1043659609340803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wijmen MP, Rurup ML, Pasman HR, Kaspers PJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Advance directives in the Netherlands: an empirical contribution to the exploration of a cross-cultural perspective on advance directives. Bioethics. 2010;24(3):118–126. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01788.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krones T, Anderson S, Borenko C, et al. Editorial: Advance Care Planning as Key to Person Centered Care: Evidence and Experiences, Programmes and Perspectives. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes. 2023;180:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2023.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White-Williams C, Rossi LP, Bittner VA, et al. American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the Care of Patients with Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(22):e841–e863. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park C, Ringel JB, Pinheiro LC, et al. Allostatic load and incident heart failure in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):340. doi:10.1186/s12872-023-03371-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidi J, Offidani E, Rafanelli C, Roncuzzi R, Sonino N, Fava GA. The Assessment of Allostatic Overload in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure by Clinimetric Criteria. Stress Health. 2016;32(1):63–69. doi:10.1002/smi.2579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbulut N, Razum O. Why Othering should be considered in research on health inequalities: theoretical perspectives and research needs. SSM Popul Health. 2022;20:101286. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tervalon M, Murray-García J. Cultural humility versus cultural competence: a critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1998;9(2):117–125. doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danso R. Cultural competence and cultural humility: a critical reflection on key cultural diversity concepts. J Soc Work (Lond). 2018;18(4):410–430. doi:10.1177/1468017316654341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JE, Leininger M, Leuning C, et al. Transcultural Nursing Society. Transcultural Nursing Society position statement on human rights. J Transcult Nurs. 2008;19(1):5–7. doi:10.1177/1043659607309147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Siad FM, Manalili K, et al. How to measure cultural competence when evaluating patient-centred care: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e021525. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong M, Paradies Y, Priest N. Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:99. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCalman J, Jongen C, Bainbridge R. Organisational systems’ approaches to improving cultural competence in healthcare: a systematic scoping review of the literature. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16:78. doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0571-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Minority Health. National standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services in health care. Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health; 2001.
   Google Scholar