48
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Lowering triglycerides to modify cardiovascular risk: will icosapent deliver?

&
Pages 203-209 | Published online: 25 Mar 2015

References

  • BaigentCBlackwellLEmbersonJEfficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trialsLancet20103761670168121067804
  • LibbyPThe forgotten majority: unfinished business in cardiovascular risk reductionJ Am Coll Cardiol2005461225122816198835
  • RobinsonJGWangSSmithBJJacobsonTAMeta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease riskJ Am Coll Cardiol20095331632219161879
  • AscasoJFMillanJMateo-GallegoRPrevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in a hypertriglyceridemic populationEur J Intern Med20112217718121402249
  • ChristianJBBourgeoisNSnipesRLoweKAPrevalence of severe (500 to 2,000 mg/dl) hypertriglyceridemia in United States adultsAm J Cardiol201110789189721247544
  • AustinMAHokansonJEEdwardsKLHypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factorAm J Cardiol1998817B12B9462597
  • BansalSBuringJERifaiNMoraSSacksFMRidkerPMFasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in womenJAMA200729830931617635891
  • GuerinMLe GoffWLasselTSVan TolASteinerGChapmanMJAtherogenic role of elevated CE transfer from HDL to VLDL(1) and dense LDL in type 2 diabetes: impact of the degree of triglyceridemiaArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol20012128228811156866
  • ProctorSDVineDFMamoJCArterial permeability and efflux of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins assessed by in situ perfusion and three-dimensional quantitative confocal microscopyArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2004242162216715345509
  • NordestgaardBGWoottonRLewisBSelective retention of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in the arterial intima of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits in vivo. Molecular size as a determinant of fractional loss from the intima-inner mediaArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1995155345427749867
  • TanakaAAiMKobayashiYTamuraMShimokadoKNumanoFMetabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their role in atherosclerosisAnn N Y Acad Sci200194720721211795268
  • NordestgaardBGNielsenLBAtherosclerosis and arterial influx of lipoproteinsCurr Opin Lipidol199452522577981955
  • WangCSMcConathyWJKloerHUAlaupovicPModulation of lipoprotein lipase activity by apolipoproteins. Effect of apolipoprotein C-IIIJ Clin Invest1985753843903973011
  • BobikAApolipoprotein CIII and atherosclerosis: beyond effects on lipid metabolismCirculation200811870270418695202
  • ThomsenMVarboATybjaerg-HansenANordestgaardBGLow nonfasting triglycerides and reduced all-cause mortality: a mendelian randomization studyClin Chem20146073774624436475
  • VarboABennMTybjaerg-HansenANordestgaardBGElevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammationCirculation20131281298130923926208
  • ZhengCUpdates on apolipoprotein CIII: fulfilling promise as a therapeutic target for hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular diseaseCurr Opin Lipidol201425353924345989
  • JalkanenLThe effect of a weight reduction program on cardiovascular risk factors among overweight hypertensives in primary health careScand J Soc Med19911966711925430
  • KraussRMBlanchePJRawlingsRSFernstromHSWilliamsPTSeparate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemiaAm J Clin Nutr2006831025103116685042
  • GardnerCDKiazandAAlhassanSComparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trialJAMA200729796997717341711
  • PurnellJQKahnSEAlbersJJNevinDNBrunzellJDSchwartzRSEffect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older menJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20008597798210720026
  • CaoYMaugerDTPelkmanCLZhaoGTownsendSMKris-EthertonPMEffects of moderate (MF) versus lower fat (LF) diets on lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of clinical trials in subjects with and without diabetesJ Clin Lipidol20093193221291785
  • SevastianovaKSantosAKotronenAEffect of short-term carbohydrate overfeeding and long-term weight loss on liver fat in overweight humansAm J Clin Nutr20129672773422952180
  • WesterbackaJKotronenAFieldingBASplanchnic balance of free fatty acids, endocannabinoids, and lipids in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseGastroenterology201013919611971. e120600015
  • VolekJSSharmanMJForsytheCEModification of lipoproteins by very low-carbohydrate dietsJ Nutr20051351339134215930434
  • ShaiISchwarzfuchsDHenkinYWeight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat dietN Engl J Med200835922924118635428
  • SeipRLMairKColeTGSemenkovichCFInduction of human skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase gene expression by short-term exercise is transientAm J Physiol1997272E255E2619124332
  • CarrollSDudfieldMWhat is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndromeSports Med20043437141815157122
  • EliassonBMeroNTaskinenMRSmithUThe insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokersAtherosclerosis199712979889069521
  • BrintonEAEffects of ethanol intake on lipoproteins and atherosclerosisCurr Opin Lipidol20102134635120616714
  • Bakker-ArkemaRGDavidsonMHGoldsteinRJEfficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemiaJAMA19962751281338531308
  • SteinEALaneMLaskarzewskiPComparison of statins in hypertriglyceridemiaAm J Cardiol19988166B69B
  • StaelsBDallongevilleJAuwerxJSchoonjansKLeitersdorfEFruchartJCMechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolismCirculation199898208820939808609
  • FrickMHSyvanneMNieminenMSPrevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study GroupCirculation199796213721439337181
  • No authors listedEffect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised studyLancet200135790591011289345
  • ManninenVEloMOFrickMHLipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart StudyJAMA19882606416513164788
  • RubinsHBRobinsSJCollinsDGemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study GroupN Engl J Med199934141041810438259
  • GinsbergHNElamMBLovatoLCEffects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitusN Engl J Med20103621563157420228404
  • KeechASimesRJBarterPEffects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trialLancet20053661849186116310551
  • TonkinAHuntDVoyseyMEffects of fenofibrate on cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes, with and without prior cardiovascular disease: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) studyAm Heart J201216350851422424024
  • KeechACMitchellPSummanenPAEffect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trialLancet20073701687169717988728
  • JunMFooteCLvJEffects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysisLancet20103751875188420462635
  • NissenSENichollsSJWolskiKEffects of a potent and selective PPAR-alpha agonist in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia or hypercholesterolemia: two randomized controlled trialsJAMA20072971362137317384435
  • LincoffAMTardifJCSchwartzGGEffect of aleglitazar on cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the AleCardio randomized clinical trialJAMA20143111515152524682069
  • CarlsonLAHamstenAAsplundAPronounced lowering of serum levels of lipoprotein Lp(a) in hyperlipidaemic subjects treated with nicotinic acidJ Intern Med19892262712762530298
  • GanjiSHTavintharanSZhuDXingYKamannaVSKashyapMLNiacin noncompetitively inhibits DGAT2 but not DGAT1 activity in HepG2 cellsJ Lipid Res2004451835184515258194
  • No authors listedClofibrate and niacin in coronary heart diseaseJAMA19752313603811088963
  • CarlsonLARosenhamerGReduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acidActa Med Scand19882234054183287837
  • BrownBGZhaoXQChaitASimvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary diseaseN Engl J Med20013451583159211757504
  • TaylorAJSullenbergerLELeeHJLeeJKGraceKAArterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statinsCirculation20041103512351715537681
  • TaylorAJLeeHJSullenbergerLEThe effect of 24 months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima-media thickness: ARBITER 3Curr Med Res Opin2006222243225017076985
  • SibleyCTVavereALGottliebIMRI-measured regression of carotid atherosclerosis induced by statins with and without niacin in a randomised controlled trial: the NIA plaque studyHeart2013991675168023872591
  • BodenWEProbstfieldJLAndersonTNiacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapyN Engl J Med20113652255226722085343
  • LandrayMJHaynesRHopewellJCEffects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patientsN Engl J Med201437120321225014686
  • HarrisWSFish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical reviewJ Lipid Res1989307858072677200
  • OuJTuHShanBUnsaturated fatty acids inhibit transcription of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) gene by antagonizing ligand-dependent activation of the LXRProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2001986027603211371634
  • HannahVCOuJLuongAGoldsteinJLBrownMSUnsaturated fatty acids down-regulate srebp isoforms 1a and 1c by two mechanisms in HEK-293 cellsJ Biol Chem20012764365437211085986
  • BilzSSamuelVMorinoKSavageDChoiCSShulmanGIActivation of the farnesoid X receptor improves lipid metabolism in combined hyperlipidemic hamstersAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2006290E716E72216291572
  • WatanabeMHoutenSMWangLBile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1cJ Clin Invest20041131408141815146238
  • ZhaoAYuJLewJLHuangLWrightSDCuiJPolyunsaturated fatty acids are FXR ligands and differentially regulate expression of FXR targetsDNA Cell Biol20042351952615307955
  • KreyGBraissantOL’HorsetFFatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic agents identified as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assayMol Endocrinol1997117797919171241
  • HertzRSheenaVKalderonBBermanIBar-TanaJSuppression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha by acyl-CoA thioesters of hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferatorsBiochem Pharmacol2001611057106211301038
  • BergeRKMadsenLVaagenesHTronstadKJGottlicherMRustanACIn contrast with docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and hypolipidaemic derivatives decrease hepatic synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol by decreased diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity and stimulation of fatty acid oxidationBiochem J1999343Pt 119119710493929
  • Skulas-RayACWestSGDavidsonMHKris-EthertonPMOmega-3 fatty acid concentrates in the treatment of moderate hypertriglyceridemiaExpert Opin Pharmacother200891237124818422480
  • BaysHClinical overview of Omacor: a concentrated formulation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsAm J Cardiol20069871i76i
  • WestphalSOrthMAmbroschAOsmundsenKLuleyCPostprandial chylomicrons and VLDLs in severe hypertriacylglycerolemia are lowered more effectively than are chylomicron remnants after treatment with n-3 fatty acidsAm J Clin Nutr20007191492010731497
  • JacobsonTAGlicksteinSBRoweJDSoniPNEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids: a reviewJ Clin Lipidol2012651822264569
  • ChanDCWattsGFBarrettPHBeilinLJRedgraveTGMoriTARegulatory effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemiaDiabetes2002512377238612145148
  • BaysHEBallantyneCMKasteleinJJIsaacsohnJLBraeckmanRASoniPNEicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial)Am J Cardiol201110868269021683321
  • BallantyneCMBaysHEKasteleinJJEfficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study)Am J Cardiol201211098499222819432
  • YokoyamaMOrigasaHMatsuzakiMEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysisLancet20073691090109817398308
  • SaitoYYokoyamaMOrigasaHEffects of EPA on coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with multiple risk factors: sub-analysis of primary prevention cases from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS)Atherosclerosis200820013514018667204