Association Between Hemoglobin Level, Anemia, and Hypertension Among Adults in Northern Sudan: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G. et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957–980. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner W, Kassebaum N. Global, regional, and national prevalence of anemia and its causes in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4(Supplement_2):830. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_035
   Google Scholar
• de Vijver S V, Akinyi H, Oti S, et al. Status report on hypertension in Africa--consultative review for the 6th session of the African Union conference of ministers of health on NCD’s. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;16:38. doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.16.38.3100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Taye B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens. 2015;65(2):291–298. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar SM, Musa IR, Osman OE, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Gadarif in eastern Sudan: a community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):291. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8386-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Awadalla H, Elmak NE, El-Sayed EF, et al. Hypertension in Sudanese individuals and associated risk factors: the critical intersection between salt and sugar intake. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2018;8(4):432–438. doi:10.21037/cdt.2018.04.05
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelaw Y, Getaneh Z, Melku M. Anemia as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26(1):13. doi:10.1186/s12199-020-00931-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsamy V, Bagwandeen C, Moodley J. The prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of anaemia in South African pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2022;11(1). doi:10.1186/S13643-022-01884-W
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xuan Y, Zuo J, Zheng S, J J, Qian Y. Association of hemoglobin and blood pressure in a Chinese community-dwelling population. Pulse. 2018;6(3–4):154–160. doi:10.1159/000494735
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh T, Rehman T, Ahamed F. Relationship between hemoglobin and blood pressure levels in the context of chronic morbidity among older adults residing in a developing country: a community-level comparative cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2021;13(11):e19540. doi:10.7759/cureus.19540
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bazmandegan G, Abbasifard M, Ostadebrahimi H, Gholamrezapour M, Kamiab Z. Positive association between hemoglobin concentration and blood pressure in adults: a cross-sectional study based on rafsanjan cohort study. Int J Hypertens. 2023;2023:6283711. doi:10.1155/2023/6283711
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atsma F, Veldhuizen I, Kort W, De Kraaij M, Van Jong PP D, Deinum J. Hemoglobin level is positively associated with blood pressure in a large cohort of healthy individuals. Hypertension. 2012;60(4):936–941. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.193565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu X, Yang C, Zhang X, et al. Association between hemoglobin concentration and hypertension risk in native Tibetans at high altitude. J Clin Hypertens. 2024;26(1):17–23. doi:10.1111/jch.14726
   Google Scholar
• Sileshi B, Urgessa F, Wordofa M. A comparative study of hematological parameters between hypertensive and normotensive individuals in Harar, eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0260751. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0260751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon H, Lee JH, Kim GS, et al. The relationship between anemia and pulse pressure and hypertension: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2010–2012. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;40(7):650–655. doi:10.1080/10641963.2017.1416123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim NH, Lee JM, Kim HC, et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association between hemoglobin concentration and hypertension: a population-based cohort study. Med. 2016;95:41. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005041
   Google Scholar
• Ali AA, Rayis DA, Abdallah TM, et al. Severe anaemia is associated with a higher risk for preeclampsia and poor perinatal outcomes in Kassala hospital, eastern Sudan. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4(1):311. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gela YY, Belay DG, Chilot D, et al. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among adult hypertensive patients in Referral Hospitals, Amhara Regional State. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):14329. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41553-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olufemi-aworinde KJ, Olutogun TA, Akande JO, et al. The prevalence and pattern of anaemia in Type 2 diabetics in ogbomosho, an Urban community in Southwestern Nigeria. Anemia. 2022;2022:7650015. doi:10.1155/2022/7650015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim M, Hyun LS, Park KS, Jung KE, Yeo S, Hyuk HI. Association between diabetes mellitus and anemia among Korean adults according to sex: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):209. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00873-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011. World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Zegeye B, Anyiam FE, Ahinkorah BO, et al. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among married women in 19 sub-Saharan African countries. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):214. doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00733-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elmardi KA, Adam I, Malik EM, et al. Prevalence and determinants of anaemia in women of reproductive age in Sudan: analysis of a cross-sectional household survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1125. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09252-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdallah TMTMM, Adam I, Abdelhadi MAMA, Mfmf S, Ali AAAA. Anaemia among adults in kassala, Eastern Sudan. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):202. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Omar SM, Elnour O, Adam GK, Osman OE, Adam I. Assessment of blood pressure control in adult hypertensive patients in eastern Sudan. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18(1):26. doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0769-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas W, Adam I, Rayis DA, Hassan NG, Lutfi MF. Higher rate of iron deficiency in obese pregnant Sudanese women. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(3):285–289. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2017.059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elmugabil A, Rayis DA, Abdelmageed RE, Adam I, Gasim GI. High level of hemoglobin, white blood cells and obesity among Sudanese women in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. Futur Sci OA. 2017;3(2):FSO182. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2016-0096
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stieglitz LM, Bärnighausen T, Leyna GH, et al. Patterns of comorbidity and multimorbidity among middle-aged and elderly women in peri-urban Tanzania. J Multimorbidity Comorbidity. 2022;12:26335565221076256. doi:10.1177/26335565221076254
   Google Scholar
• Hassan AA, Al- A, Aleed A, Adam I. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among adolescents in sectional school- -Sudan: a cross- - based study. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e078234. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5Th Sudan population and housing census. 2008. Available from: https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1014. Accessed June 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–349. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong HR, Shim YS, Lee HS, Hwang JS. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are positively associated with blood pressure in children and adolescents 10 to 18 years old. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19052. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98472-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330. Accessed May 25, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American society of hypertension and the international society of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16(1):14–26. doi:10.1111/jch.12237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelrahman EG, Gasim GI, Musa IR, et al. Red blood cell distribution width and iron deficiency anemia among pregnant Sudanese women. Diagn Pathol. 2012;7(1):168. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-7-168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mozos I. Mechanisms linking red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:682054. doi:10.1155/2015/682054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthy P, Gopalakrishnan A, Mittal V, et al. Gaisbock syndrome (polycythemia and hypertension) revisited: results from the national inpatient sample database. J Hypertens. 2018;36(12):2420–2424. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001805
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadota K, Shimizu Y, Nakazato M, et al. Hemoglobin as a response marker of endothelial cell damage in elderly non-overweight non-anemic subjects. Acta Med Nagasaki. 2016;60(3):103–108.
   Google Scholar
• Ajmal A, Gessert CE, Johnson BP, Renier CM, Palcher JA. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on hemoglobin levels. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6(1):443. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korinek K, Young Y, Teerawichitchainan B, Kim Chuc NT, Kovnick M, Zimmer Z. Is war hard on the heart? Gender, wartime stress and late life cardiovascular conditions in a population of Vietnamese older adults. Soc Sci Med. 2020;265:113380. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar