Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies

References

• Chambers J. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Med Rep. 1989;1:166–180.
   Google Scholar
• *DeRisio L, Thomas W, Sharp N. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Clin North Am. 2000;30:130–133.
   Google Scholar
• Gödde T, Steffen F. Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg. 2007;36:705–713. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00324.x17894598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson F, Sjöström L. Surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Surg. 1999;28:91–98.10100762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suwankong N, Meij BP, Voorhout G, de Boer AH, Hazewinkel HAW. Review and retrospective analysis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 156 dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008;21:285–293.18536857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore GE, Burkman KD, Carter MN, Peterson MR. Causes of death or reasons for euthanasia in military working dogs: 927 cases (1993–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219:209–214. doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.20911469577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery ND, Barker A, Harcourt-Brown T. What progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs during the past 30 years? Vet J. 2014;201:9–14. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.01824878265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens LA, Beosier YM, Daems R. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog: the results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22:486–491. doi:10.3415/VCOT-08-07-005519876516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems N, Mihov G, Grinwis GC, et al. Safety of intradiscal injection and biocompatibility of polyester amide microspheres in a canine model predisposed to intervertebral disc degeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2017;105(4):707–714. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.3357926687460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellegen AR, Willems N, Beukers M, et al. Intradiscal application of a PCLA–PEG–PCLA hydrogel loaded with celecoxib for the treatment of back pain in canines: what’s in it for humans? J Tissue End Regen M. 2017;12(3):642–652. doi:10.1002/term.2483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellegen AR, Rudnik-Jansen I, Beukers M, et al. Intradiscal delivery of celecoxib-loaded microspheres restores intervertebral disc integrity in a preclinical canine model. J Control Release. 2018;286:439–450. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.01930110616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demoulin C, Distree V, Tomasella M, Crielaard JM, Vanderthommen M. Lumbar functional instability: a critical appraisal of the literature. Ann Réadapt Méd Phys. 2007;50:10–16. doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.05.007
   Google Scholar
• *Dupuis P. The Natural History of Degenerative Changes in the Lumbar Spine. Rockville (MD, USA): Aspen Publishers; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Steffen F, Hunold K, Scharf G, Roos M, Fluckiger M. A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231(10):1529–1533. doi:10.2460/javma.231.10.152918020994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen T, Smolders LA, Tryfonidou MA, et al. The myth of fibroid degeneration in the canine intervertebral disc: a histopathological comparison of intervertebral disc degeneration in chondrodystrophic and nonchondro-dystrophic dogs. Vet Pathol. 2017;54:945–952. doi:10.1177/030098581772683428847244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray JP, Burbidge HM. The canine intervertebral disk - Part two: degenerative changes - Nonchondrodystrophoid versus chondrodystrophoid disks. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34:135–144. doi:10.5326/15473317-34-2-1359507426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood BC, Lanz OI, Jones JC, Shires PK. Endoscopic-assisted lumbosacral foraminotomy in the dog. Vet Surg. 2004;33:221–231. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04033.x15104628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axlund TW, Hudson JA. Computed tomography of the normal lumbosacral intervertebral disc in 22 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2003;44:630–634. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00521.x14703241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worth AJ, Hartman A, Bridges JP, Jones BR, Mayhew IG. Computed tomographic evaluation of dynamic alteration of the canine lumbosacral intervertebral neurovascular foramina. Vet Surg. 2017;46(2):255–264. doi:10.1111/vsu.1259928075497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews KA. Neuropathic pain in dogs and cats: if only they could tell us if they hurt. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2008;38:1365–1414. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.00118954689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matiasek K, Steffen F, Gödde T. Entrapped L7 dorsal root ganglia show an increased expression of calcium channel subunit alpha-2-delta (Poster Presentation). Selected research communications of the 23rd Symposium of the ESVN‐ECVN Cambridge. J Vet Int Med. 2011;26(1):218–219.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S, Kokubo Y, Uchida K, et al. Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches - Changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin. Spine. 2005;30(3):276–282. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000152377.72468.f415682006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S, Sasaki S, Shimada S, et al. Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary sensory neurons and their central branch after nerve root compression of the dog. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(3):527–533. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.03715759240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R, Dickenson AH. Mechanisms of the gabapentinoids and α 2 δ-1 calcium channel subunit in neuropathic pain.Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2016;4(2):e00205. doi:10.1002/prp2.20527069626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems N, Tellegen AR, Bergknut N, et al. Inflammatory profiles in canine intervertebral disc degeneration. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12:10. doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0635-626757881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness M. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in the dog: a review of 30 cases. J Small Anim Pract. 1994;35:185–190. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1994.tb01683.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRisio L, Sharp N, Olby N, Munana K, Thomas W. Predictors of outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: 69 cases (1987–97). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219:624–628. doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.62411549090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergknut N, Egenvall A, Hagman R, et al. Incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration-related diseases and associated mortality rates in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;240:1300–1309. doi:10.2460/javma.240.11.130022607596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worth AJ, Sandford SM, Gibson IB, Stratton R, Erceg V, Jones B. Causes of loss from active duty for New Zealand Police German Shepherd Dogs. J Anim Welfare. 2013;22(2):167–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang J, Hani H, Schawalder P. A sacral lesion resembling osteochondrosis in the German shepherd dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1992;33:69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1992.tb01962.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna FY. Lumbosacral osteochondrosis: radiological features and surgical management in 34 dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2001;42:271–278.11440395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis KR, Havlicek M, Beck JB, Eaton-Wells RD, Park FM. Sacral osteochondrosis in two German shepherd dogs. Aust Vet J. 2009;87:249–252. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00418.x19489784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondeka N, Amort KH, Stock KF, et al. Skeletal morphology of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings. Vet J. 2013;196:64–70. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.01522921082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worth AJ. Custom titanium implants for stabilisation of the canine lumbosacral joint. Abstract. Veterinary Orthopedic Society, Big Sky, Montana, Feb 28- Mar 3, 2016. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2016;29(3):A28.
   Google Scholar
• Wigger A, Julier-Franz C, Tellhelm B, Kramer M. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in the German shepherd dog: prevalence, classification, genetics, and association with canine hip dysplasia. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2009;37:7–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan JP, Bahr A, Franti CE, Bailey CS. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae as a predisposing cause of cauda-equina syndrome in German-Shepherd dogs – 161 cases (1987–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;202:1877–1882.8320160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf G, Steffen F, Gruenenfelder FI, Morgan JP, Fluckiger M. The lumbosacral junction in working German shepherd dogs – neurological and radiological evaluation. J Vet Med. 2004;51:27–32. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00587.x
   Google Scholar
• Damur-Djuric N, Steffen F, Hassig M, Morgan JP, Fluckiger MA. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in dogs: classification, prevalence, and association with sacroiliac morphology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006;47:32–38. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00102.x16429982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluckiger MA, Damur-Djuric N, Hassig M, Morgan JP, Steffen F. A lumbosacral transitional vertebra in the dog predisposes to cauda equina syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006;47:39–44. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00103.x16429983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meij BP, Bergknut N. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2010;20:983–1009. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.006
   Google Scholar
• Suwankong N, Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Agreement between computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229:1924–1929. doi:10.2460/javma.229.12.192417173530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid V, Lang J. Measurements on the lumbosacral junction in normal dogs and those with cauda-equina compression. J Small Anim Pract. 1993;34:437–442. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1993.tb03897.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattoon JS, Koblik PD. Quantitative survey radiographic evaluation of the lumbosacral spine of normal dogs and dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1993;34:194–206. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1993.tb02005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume LM, Worth AJ, Cohen EB, Bridges JP, Hartman AC. Accuracy of radiographic detection of the cranial margin of the dorsal lamina of the canine sacrum. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2015;56(6):579–588. doi:10.1111/vru.1228226304022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders H, Worth AJ, Bridges JP, Hartman A. Evaluation of the rostral projection of the sacral lamina as a component of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in German shepherd dogs. Vet Surg. 2018;47(5):654–663. doi:10.1111/vsu.1289929781166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn LL, Bartels KE, Rochat MC, Payton ME, Moore GE. Lumbosacral stenosis in 29 military working dogs: epidemiologic findings and outcome after surgical intervention (1990–1999). Vet Surg. 2003;32:21–29. doi:10.1053/jvet.2003.5000112520486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JC, Davies SE, Werre SR, Shackelford KL. Effects of body position and clinical signs on L7–S1 intervertebral foraminal area and lumbosacral angle in dogs with lumbosacral disease as measured via computed tomography. Am J Vet Res. 2008;69:1446–1454. doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.11.144618980426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan JP, Bailey CS. Cauda equina syndrome in the dog: radiographic evaluation. J Small Anim Pract. 1990;31:69–77. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00724.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Decker S, Gregori T, Kenny PJ, Hoy C, Erles K, Volk HA. Tethered cord syndrome associated with a thickened filum terminale in a dog. Vet Int Med. 2015;29:405–409. doi:10.1111/jvim.12522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Decker S, Watts V, Neilson DM. Dynamic lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging in a dog with tethered cord syndrome with a tight filum terminale. Front Vet Sci. 2017;18:134. doi:10.3389/fvets.2017.00134
   Google Scholar
• Meij BP, Voorhout G, Wolvekamp WT. Epidural lipomatosis in a six-year-old dachshund. Vet Rec. 1996;138:492–495. doi:10.1136/vr.138.20.4928736502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Nies KS, Edwards RA, Bergknut N, Beukers M, Meij BP. Caudal lumbar spinal cysts in two French Bulldogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2018;60:14. doi:10.1186/s13028-018-0368-629490674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulla I, Balik V, Hornak S, Ledecky V. Cauda equina syndrome in dogs - a review. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2018;87:321–330. doi:10.2754/avb201887040321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer RH, Chambers JN. Canine lumbosacral diseases. Part 1. Anatomy, pathophysiology and clinical presentation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1991;13:61–68.
   Google Scholar
• Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: current concepts and review. N Z Vet J. 2009;57(6):319–330. doi:10.1080/00480169.2009.6471919966891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathcock JT. Vacuum phenomenon of the canine spine – CT findings in 3 patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1994;35:285–289. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1994.tb02043.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz T, Owen MR, Long S, Sullivan M. Vacuum disk and facet phenomenon in a dog with cauda equina syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217:862–864. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.86210997157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez O, Thrall DE. A review of imaging techniques for canine cauda equina syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1998;39:283–296. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01608.x9710129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JC, Cartee RE, Bartels JE. Computed tomographic anatomy of the canine lumbosacral spine. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1995;36:91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00223.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henninger W, Werner G. CT examination of the canine lumbosacral spine in extension and flexion. Part 1: bone window. Eur J Companion Anim Pract. 2003;13:215–226.
   Google Scholar
• Henninger W, Werner G. CT examination of the canine lumbosacral spine in extension and flexion. Part 2: soft-tissue window. Eur J Companion Anim Pract. 2003;13:227–233.
   Google Scholar
• Jones JC, Inzana KD. Subclinical CT abnormalities in the lumbosacral spine of older large-breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2000;41:19–26. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb00421.x10695875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon S, Bridges JP, Tomiln SC, Hartman A, Worth AJ. Repeatability of three-dimensional computed tomographic volumetric measurement of lumbosacral intervertebral foramina in German shepherd dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018;31(5):339–343. doi:10.1055/s-0038-166087330138951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkkainen M, Punto LU, Tulamo RM. Magnetic-resonance-imaging of canine degenerative spinal diseases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1993;34:399–404. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1993.tb02028.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams WH, Daniel GB, Pardo AD, Selcer RS. Magnetic-resonance-imaging of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine in 13 dogs (1990–1993). Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1995;36:3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00204.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew PD, Kapatkin AS, Wortman JA, Vite CH. Association of cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance images and clinical signs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2002;38:555–562. doi:10.5326/038055512428888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa RC, Samii VF. Advanced imaging of the spine in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40:765–790. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.00220732591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JC, Banfield CM, Ward DL. Association between postoperative outcome and results of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;216:1769–1774. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.216.176910844969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson AF, LeCouteur RA, Ingram JT, Park RD, Child G. Diagnosis of cauda equina abnormalities by using electromyography, discography, and epidurography in dogs. J Vet Int Med. 1992;6:253–263. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00349.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meij BP, Suwankong N, Van Den Brom WE, Van Haagen AJV, Hazewinkel HAW. Tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg. 2006;35:168–175. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00128.x16472297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger NP, Fitzpatrick N, Jeffery ND. Electrodiagnostic findings in dogs with apparently painful lumbosacral foraminal stenosis. J Vet Int Med. 2019;33(5):2167–2174. doi:10.1111/jvim.15589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarvin G, Prata RG. Lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;177:154–159.7429948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Decker S, Wawrzenski LA, Volk HA. Clinical presentation and outcome for dogs treated medically for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Vet Int Med. 2014;28:944–975.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer RH, Chambers JN. Canine lumbosacral diseases. Part II. Definitive diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1991;13:213–222.
   Google Scholar
• Denny HR, Gibbs C, Holt PE. The diagnosis and treatment of cauda equina lesions in the dog. J Small Anim Pract. 1982;23:435–443. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1982.tb03772.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens LAA, Moens Y, Coppens P, Peremans K, Vinck H. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2000;13:97–103. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1632638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaveren NJ, Suwankong N, De Boar S, et al. Force plate analysis before and after dorsal decompression for treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Surg. 2005;34:450–456. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00068.x16266336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suwankong N, Meij BP, Klaveren NJ, et al. Assessment of decompressive surgery in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis using force plate analysis and questionnaires. Vet Surg. 2007;36:423–431. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00288.x17614923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worth AJ, Hartman A, Bridges JP, Jones BR, Mayhew IG. Effect of dorsal laminectomy and dorsal annulectomy with partial lumbosacral discectomy on the volume of the lateral intervertebral neuroforamina in dogs when the lumbosacral junction is extended. Vet Surg. 2017;46(2):265–270. doi:10.1111/vsu.1260628075496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulnier-Troff FG, De Busscher V, Motta L Proceedings of the 17th ESVOT Congress; 2014; 363–364. Venice.
   Google Scholar
• Dyall B, Schmoekel H. Complete cranial iliac osteotomy to approach the lumbosacral foramen. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:75. doi:10.3389/fvets.2017.0007528580360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes SA, Lowrie M, Targett M. Long-term outcome following lateral foraminotomy as treatment for canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Rec. 2018;183(11):352–356. doi:10.1136/vr.10474130068695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller F, Schenk HC, Forterre F. Short-term and long-term effects of a minimally invasive transilial vertebral blocking procedure on the lumbosacral morphometry in dogs measured by computed tomography. Vet Surg. 2017;46(3):354–366. doi:10.1111/vsu.1262328314063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slocum B, Devine T. L7–S1 fixation-fusion for treatment of cauda equina compression in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:31–35.3944005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bagley RS. Surgical stabilisation of the lumbosacral joint In: Slatter DH, editor. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (USA): Saunders; 2003:1238–1243.
   Google Scholar
• Moens N, Runyon C. Fracture of L7 vertebral articular facets and pedicles following dorsal laminectomy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:807–810. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.221.80712322918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsel S, Koch J, Stopinski. Cauda equina compression syndrome: retrospective study of surgical treatment with partial laminectomy in 86 dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. Berl Munch Tierartzl Wuchenshr. 2004;117:334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sharp NJH, Wheeler SJ. Lumbosacral Disease. Small Animal Spinal Disorders. Philadelphia (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2005:181–209.
   Google Scholar
• Hankin EJ, Jerram RM, Walker AM, King MD, Warman CGA. Transarticular facet screw stabilization and dorsal laminectomy in 26 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with instability. Vet Surg. 2012;41:611–619. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01002.x22607325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golini L, Kircher PR, Lewis FI, Steffen F. Transarticular fixation with cortical screws combined with dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy as surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 17 dogs: clinical and computed tomography follow-up. Vet Surg. 2014;43(4):405–413. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12117.x24617599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Beam R, Powers D, Hauptman J, Sanders S. Dynamic lumbosacral instability; clinical evaluation and owner perceived outcome of a novel approach for surgical distraction-stabilisation of L7-S1: 51 cases (2008-2013). J Vet Int Med. 2014;28:1016. doi:10.1111/jvim.12284
   Google Scholar
• Meheust P, Mallet C, Marouze C. A new surgical technique for lumbosacral stabilisation: arthrodesis using pedicle screw fixation. Anatomical aspects. Pratique Médicale Et Chirurgicale De L’Animal De Compaignie. 2000;35:193–199.
   Google Scholar
• Meij BP, Suwankong N, Van Der Veen AJ, Hazewinkel HAW. Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation. Vet Surg. 2007;36:742–751. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00331.x18067614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders LA, Voorhout G, van de Ven R, et al. Pedicle screw-rod fixation of the canine lumbosacral junction. Vet Surg. 2012;41:720–732. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.00989.x22823009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewchalermwong P, Suwanna N, Meij BP. Canine vertebral screw and rod fixation system: design and mechanical testing. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018;31(2):95–101. doi:10.3415/VCOT-17-03-004029534276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick N Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: intervertebral spacer and screw‐rod fixation system for distraction‐fusion. Proceedings of the 4th World Veterinary Orthopaedic Congress; 3 1–8, 2014; 137‐138 Colorado: Breckenridge.
   Google Scholar
• Zindl C, Litsky AS, Fitzpatrick N, Allen MJ. Kinematic behavior of a novel pedicle screw-rod fixation system for the canine lumbosacral joint. Vet Surg. 2018;47:114–124. doi:10.1111/vsu.1274229105787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellegen AR, Willems N, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Pedicle screw-rod fixation: a feasible treatment for dogs with severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:299. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0614-326642756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunissen M, van der Veen AJ, Smit TH, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Effect of a titanium cage as a stand-alone device on biomechanical stability in the lumbosacral spine of canine cadavers. Vet J. 2017;220:17–23. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.00728190488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar