71
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Clinical uses of GM-CSF, a critical appraisal and update

&
Pages 13-27 | Published online: 07 Mar 2008

References

  • AmsenDBlanderJMLeeGR2004Instruction of distinct CD4 T helper cell fates by different notch ligands on antigen-presenting cellsCell1175152615137944
  • ArellanoMLLangstonAWintonE2007Treatment of relapsed acute leukemia after allogeneic transplantation: a single center experienceBiol Blood Marrow Transplant131162317222760
  • ArpinatiMGreenCLHeimfeldS2000Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor mobilizes T helper 2-inducing dendritic cellsBlood9524849010753825
  • BalkwillFMantovaniA2001Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?Lancet3575394511229684
  • BancereauJSteinmanRM1998Dendritic cells and the control of immunityNature392245529521319
  • BanchereauJBriereFCauxC2000Immunobiology of dendritic cellsAnn Rev Immunol1876781110837075
  • Basak SarojKHaruiAStolinaM2002Increased dendritic cell number and function following continuous in vivo infusion of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4Blood9928697911929777
  • BendandiMGockeCDKobrinCB1999Complete molecular remissions induced by patient-specific vaccination plus granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor against lymphomaNat Med51171710502821
  • BensingerWIMartinPJStorerB2001Transplantation of bone marrow as compared with peripheral-blood cells from HLA-identical relatives in patients with hematologic cancers. [see comments]N Engl J Med3441758111172139
  • BerthierRMartinon-EgoCLaharieAM2000A two-step culture method starting with early growth factors permits enhanced production of functional dendritic cells from murine splenocytesJ Immunol Methods2399510710821951
  • BorrelloIPardollD2002GM-CSF-based cellular vaccines: a review of the clinical experienceCytokine Growth Factor Rev131859311900993
  • BoyerMWWallerEKBrayRA2000Cytokine upregulation of the antigen presenting function of acute myeloid leukemia cellsLeukemia14412810720135
  • CashenAFLinkDDevineS2004Cytokines and stem cell mobilization for autologous and allogeneic transplantationCurr Hematol Rep34061215496273
  • CassadayRDSondelPMKingDM2007A phase I study of immunization using particle-mediated epidermal delivery of genes for gp100 and GM-CSF into uninvolved skin of melanoma patientsClin Cancer Res13540917255276
  • ChowKUSchneiderBMitrouPS2001Influence of various cytokines on the expression of CD20 on the surface of CLL-cells in vitroLeuk Res259910011203684
  • CocciaEMSeveraMGiacominiE2004Viral infection and Toll-like receptor agonists induce a differential expression of type I and lambda interferons in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cellsEur J Immunol3479680514991609
  • CoppinCPorzsoltFAwaA2005Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancerCochrane Database Syst RevCD00142515674877
  • CorrealePMarsiliSSabatinoM2005Immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and very low dose interleukin-2Oncol Rep13751615756453
  • CortesJKantarjianHO’brienS1998GM-CSF can improve the cytogenetic response obtained with interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemiaLeukemia1286049639411
  • CuencaAChengFWangH2003Extra-lymphatic solid tumor growth is not immunologically ignored and results in early induction of antigen-specific t-cell anergy: dominant role of cross-tolerance to tumor antigensCancer Res639007901514695219
  • CvetkovicRSPerryCM2006Rituximab: a review of its use in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemiaDrugs6679182016706552
  • DavidsonJAMuskAWWoodBR1998Intralesional cytokine therapy in cancer: a pilot study of GM-CSF infusion in mesotheliomaJ Immunother21389989789201
  • De GastGCBatchelorDKerstenMJ2003Temozolomide followed by combined immunotherapy with GM-CSF, low-dose IL2 and IFN alpha in patients with metastatic melanomaBritish Journal of Cancer881758012610499
  • De GastGCKlumpenHJVyth-DreeseFA2000Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low-dose interleukin 2, and interferon alpha in progressive metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinomaClin Cancer Res612677210778950
  • DillonSAgrawalAVan DykeT2004A toll-like receptor 2 ligand stimulates Th2 responses in vivo, via induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Fos in dendritic cellsJ Immunol17247334315067049
  • DisisMLGrabsteinKHSleathPR1999Generation of immunity to the HER-2/neu oncogenic protein in patients with breast and ovarian cancer using a peptide-based vaccineClin Cancer Res51289129710389911
  • DranoffGCrawfordADSadelainM1994Involvement of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pulmonary homeostasisScience26471368171324
  • DranoffGJaffeeELazenbyA1993Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunityProc Natl Acad Sci, USA903539438097319
  • EksiogluEAMahmoodSSChangM2007GM-CSF promotes differentiation of human dendritic cells and T lymphocytes toward a predominantly type 1 proinflammatory responseExp Hematol3511637117562355
  • EnzlerTGillessenSManisJP2003Deficiencies of GM-CSF and interferon gamma link inflammation and cancerJ Exp Med1971213912732663
  • FagnoniFFOlivieroBGiorgianiG2004Reconstitution dynamics of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cell precursors after allogeneic myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantationBlood104281915010368
  • FantuzziG2003Cytokine KnockoutsNew JerseyHumana Press
  • FattorossiABattagliaAPierelliL2001Effects of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor administration on T-cell proliferation and phagocyte cell-surface molecules during hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantationCancer Immunol Immunother49641811258790
  • FerlazzoGKleinJPaliardX2000Dendritic cells generated from CD34+ progenitor cells with flt3 ligand, c-kit ligand, GM-CSF, IL4, and TNF-alpha are functionalantigen-presneting cells resembling monocyte-derived dendritic cellsJournal of Immunotherapy23485810687137
  • FonteneauJFGillietMLarssonM2003Activation of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells: a new role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunityBlood1013520352612511409
  • GajewskiTFlickingerS2000A Phase II study of outpatient chemoimmunotherapy using cisplatin and DTIC followed by GM-CSF, IL-2, and IFN-alpha-2b in patients with metastatic melanomaProc Am Soc Clin Oncol19 (abstr 2271)
  • Garcia-CarboneroRMayordomoJITornamiraMV2001Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of high-risk febrile neutropenia: a multicenter randomized trialJ Natl Cancer Inst93313811136839
  • GasparettoCGasparettoMMorseM2002Mobilization of dendritic cells from patients with breast cancer into peripheral blood stem cell leukapheresis samples using Flt-3-ligand and G-CSF or GM-CSFCytokine1881912090755
  • GaudernackGGjertsenMK1999Combination of GM-CSF with antitumour vaccine strategiesEur J Cancer35S33510645220
  • GazittYAkayCThomasC3rd2006No polarization of type 1 or type 2 precursor dendritic cells in peripheral blood stem cell collections of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma patients mobilized with cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF, GM-CSF, or GM-CSF followed by G-CSFStem Cells Dev152697716646673
  • GibbsPO’DaySRichardsJ2000A multicenter phase ii study of modified biochemotherapy (BCT) for stage IV melanoma incorporating temozolomide, decrescendo interleukin-2 (IL-2) and GM-CSFProc Am Soc Clin Oncol (abstr 2255)19
  • GillietMLiuYJ2002Generation of human CD8 T regulatory cells by CD40 ligand-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cellsJ Exp Med19569570411901196
  • GroenewegenGBloemADe GastGC2002Phase I/II study of sequential chemoimmunotherapy (SCIT) for metastatic melanoma: outpatient treatment with dacarbazine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low-dose interleukin-2, and interferon-alphaCancer Immunol Immunother51630612439608
  • GroenewegenGDe GastGC1999GM-CSF can cause T cell activation; results of sequential chemo-immunotherapyEur J Cancer35Suppl 3S23410645217
  • GrouardGRissoanMCFilgueiraL1997The enigmatic plasma-cytoid T cells develop into dendritic cells with interleukin (IL)-3 and CD40-ligandJ Exp Med1851101119091583
  • HartDN1997Dendritic cells: unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune responseBlood903245879345009
  • HerseyPMenziesSWHallidayGM2004Phase I/II study of treatment with dendritic cell vaccines in patients with disseminated melanomaCancer Immunol Immunother531253414600790
  • HershEMStopeckAT1997Advances in the biological therapy and gene therapy of malignant diseaseClin Cancer Res32623910068264
  • Hoption CannSAVan NettenJPVan NettenC2002Spontaneous regression: a hidden treasure buried in timeMed Hypotheses581151911812185
  • HottonKMKhorsandMHankJA2000A phase Ib/II trial of granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-2 for renal cell carcinoma patients with pulmonary metastases: a case of fatal central nervous system thrombosisCancer88189290110760767
  • HsuFJBenikeCFagnoniF1996Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cellsNat Med25288564842
  • HungKHayashiRLafond-WalkerA1998The central role of CD4(+) T cells in the antitumor immune responseJ Exp Med1882357689858522
  • InabaKInabaMRomaniN1992Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factorJ Exp Med17616937021460426
  • JaffeeEMHrubanRHBiedrzyckiB2001Novel allogeneic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor vaccine for pancreatic cancer: a phase I trial of safety and immune activationJ Clin Oncol191455611134207
  • JanikJEMillerLLKornEL2001A prospective randomized phase II trial of GM-CSF priming to prevent topotecan-induced neutropenia in chemotherapy-naive patients with malignant melanoma or renal cell carcinomaBlood971942611264156
  • KadowakiNHoSAntonenkoS2001Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigensJ Exp Med194863911561001
  • KeilholzUWeberJFinkeJH2002Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine therapy: results of a workshop sponsored by the Society for Biological TherapyJ Immunother259713812074049
  • KessingerAArmitageJOLandmarkJD1986Reconstitution of human hematopoietic function with autologous cryopreserved circulating stem cellsExp Hematol1419262868909
  • KolbHJRankAChenX2004In-vivo generation of leukaemia-derived dendritic cellsBest Pract Res Clin Haematol174395115498715
  • KorblingMAnderliniP2001Peripheral blood stem cell versus bone marrow allotransplantation: does the source of hematopoietic stem cells matter?Blood982900811698269
  • KorblingMBurkePBraineH1981Successful engraftment of blood derived normal hemopoietic stem cells in chronic myelogenous leukemiaExp Hematol9684906114872
  • KusumotoMUmedaSIkuboA2001Phase 1 clinical trial of irradiated autologous melanoma cells adenovirally transduced with human GM-CSF geneCancer Immunol Immunother503738111676397
  • KuwanaMKaburakiJWrightTM2001Induction of antigen-specific human CD4(+) T cell anergy by peripheral blood DC2 precursorsEur J Immunol3125475711536152
  • LarssonMFonteneauJFBhardwajN2003Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by dendritic cellsCurr Top Microbiol Immunol2762617512797452
  • LeongSPEnders-ZohrPZhouYM1999Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and autologous melanoma vaccine mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanomaJ Immunother221667410093041
  • LevineAMReedJAKurakKE1999GM-CSF-deficient mice are susceptible to pulmonary group B streptococcal infectionJ Clin Invest103563910021465
  • LiJMWallerEK2004Donor antigen-presenting cells regulate T-cell expansion and antitumor activity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantationBiol Blood Marrow Transplant105405115282532
  • LieschkeGJGrailDHodgsonG1994Mice lacking granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have chronic neutropenia, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilizationBlood841737467521686
  • LissoniPMengoSBucovecR2003Clinical and biological effects of interleukin-2 with or without a concomitant administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in metastatic cancer patientsIn Vivo1773512655794
  • LonialSHicksMRosenthalH2004A randomized trial comparing the combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for mobilization of dendritic cell subsets in hematopoietic progenitor cell productsBiol Blood Marrow Transplant108485715570253
  • LonialSMcmillanSTorreC2006A randomized trial to evaluate the impact of cytokines (G-CSF or GM + G-CSF) on dendritic cell and T-cell content and function when mobilizing normal donors for allogeneic progenitor cell transplantBlood108 (abstr 3377)
  • LutzkyJBlausteinAWeingradD2003Phase I/II study of GM-CSF and thalidomide in patients with high-risk malignant melanomaProc Am Soc Clin Oncol22 (abstr 2916)
  • MasucciGRagnhammarPWersallP1990Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating-factor augments the interleukin-2-induced cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes in the absence and presence of mouse or chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb 17-1A)Cancer Immunol Immunother3123152199042
  • MatzingerP1994Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended FamilyAnn Rev Immunol1299110458011301
  • MetcalfD1998Cell-cell signalling in the regulation of blood cell formation and functionImmunol Cell Biol7644179797465
  • MetcalfDNicolaNA1995The hematopoietic colony stimulating factorsNew York, NYCambridge University Press
  • MizutaniKTakeuchiSOhashiY2003Clinical usefulness of macrophage colony-stimulating factor for ovarian cancers: Long-term prognosis after five yearsOncol Rep101273112469157
  • MohtyMOliveDGauglerB2002Leukemic dendritic cells: potential for therapy and insights towards immune escape by leukemic blastsLeukemia16219720412399962
  • MotzerRJBukowskiRM2006Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinomaJ Clin Oncol245601817158546
  • NautsHCFowlerGABogatkoFH1953A review of the influence of bacterial infection and of bacterial products (Coley’s toxins) on malignant tumors in man; a critical analysis of 30 inoperable cases treated by Coley’s mixed toxins, in which diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination selected for special studyActa Med Scand Suppl44110313039964
  • NelsonWGSimonsJWMikhakB2000Cancer cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer as vaccines for the treatment of genitourinary malignanciesCancer Chemother Pharmacol46SupplS677210950151
  • OlivieriALucesoleMCapelliD2005A new schedule of CHOP/rituximab plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is an effective rescue for patients with aggressive lymphoma failing autologous stem cell transplantationBiol Blood Marrow Transplant116273616041313
  • OlweusJBitmansourAWarnkeR1997Dendritic cell ontogeny: a human dendritic cell lineage of myeloid originProc Natl Acad Sci, USA941255169356487
  • PaineR3rdMorrisSBJinH2001Impaired functional activity of alveolar macrophages from GM-CSF-deficient miceAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol281L1210811597913
  • ParmianiGCastelliCSantinamiM2007Melanoma immunology: past, present and futureCurr Opin Oncol19121717272984
  • PerrotIBlanchardDFreymondN2007Dendritic cells infiltrating human non-small cell lung cancer are blocked at immature stageJ Immunol1782763917312119
  • RapoportAPMeisenbergBSarkodee-AdooC2002Autotrans-plantation for advanced lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease followed by post-transplant rituxan/GM-CSF or radiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapyBone Marrow Transplant293031211896427
  • RavaudADelaunayMChevreauC2001Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone or with dacarbazine in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase II trialBr J Cancer8514677111720430
  • ReddyVIturraspeJATzolasAC2004Low dendritic cell count after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts relapse, death, and acute graft-versus-host diseaseBlood1034330514962904
  • RepettoLBiganzoliLKoehneCH2003EORTC Cancer in the Elderly Task Force guidelines for the use of colony-stimulating factors in elderly patients with cancerEuropean Journal of Cancer3922647214556916
  • RingdenOLabopinMGorinNC2004Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia increases the risk of graft-versus-host disease and death: a study from the acute leukemia working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow TransplantationJ Clin Oncol224162314691124
  • RissoanMCSoumelisVKadowakiN1999Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiationScience2831183610024247
  • RosenbergSAZhaiYYangJC1998Immunizing patients with meta-static melanoma using recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART-1 or gp100 melanoma antigensJ Natl Cancer Inst90189419009862627
  • RoweJMAndersenJWMazzaJJ1995A randomized placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (>55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490)Blood86457627605984
  • RyanCWVogelzangNJDumasMC2000Granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor in combination immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of two phase II clinical trialsCancer8813172410717612
  • SalgiaRLynchTSkarinA2003Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinomaJ Clin Oncol216243012586798
  • Santiago-SchwarzFBelilosEDiamondB1992TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophagesJ Leukoc Biol52274811387891
  • Santiago-SchwarzFCoppockDLHindenburgAA1994Identification of a malignant counterpart of the monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor in an acute myeloid leukemiaBlood843054627949177
  • SchachterJRakowskyESulkesA1998A sequential four-drug chemotherapy and biotherapy with interferon alpha and GM-CSF-an innovative protocol for the treatment of metastatic melanomaCancer Biother Radiopharm131556410850351
  • SchmidingerMStegerGWenzelC2001Sequential administration of interferon-gamma, GM-CSF, and interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a phase II trialJ Immunother2425762
  • SchmidtWMaassGBuschleM1997Generation of effective cancer vaccines genetically engineered to secrete cytokines using adenovirus-enhanced transferrinfection (AVET)Gene190211169185869
  • SchmitzNBacigalupoAHasencleverD1998Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation vs filgrastim-mobilised peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in patients with early leukaemia: first results of a randomised multicentre trial of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation [see comments]Bone Marrow Transplant2199510039632272
  • SchmitzNBeksacMHasencleverD2002Transplantation of mobilized peripheral blood cells to HLA-identical siblings with standard-risk leukemiaBlood100761712130483
  • SchreiberHPaulW2003Tumor ImmunologyFundamental Immunology5Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins
  • SeymourJFLieschkeGJGrailD1997Mice lacking both granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF have impaired reproductive capacity, perturbed neonatal granulopoiesis, lung disease, amyloidosis, and reduced long-term survivalBlood903037499376584
  • SiegalFPKadowakiNShodellM1999The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human bloodScience2841835710364556
  • SimonsJWJaffeeEMWeberCE1997Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transferCancer Res571537469108457
  • SimonsJWMikhakBChangJF1999Induction of immunity to prostate cancer antigens: results of a clinical trial of vaccination with irradiated autologous prostate tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transferCancer Res595160810537292
  • SimonsJWSacksN2006Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced allogeneic cancer cellular immunotherapy: the GVAX vaccine for prostate cancerUrol Oncol244192416962494
  • SlavinSNaparstekENaglerA1996Allogeneic cell therapy with donor peripheral blood cells and recombinant human interleukin-2 to treat leukemia relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantationBlood8721952048630379
  • SlingluffCLJrPetroniGRYamshchikovGV2003Clinical and immunologic results of a randomized phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cellsJ Clin Oncol2140162614581425
  • Smith IiJWKurtRABaherAG2003Immune effects of escalating doses of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor added to a fixed, low-dose, inpatient interleukin-2 regimen: a randomized phase I trial in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinomaJ Immunother26130812616104
  • SmithTJKhatcheressianJLymanGH20062006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guidelineJ Clin Oncol24318720516682719
  • SoifferRHodiFSHaluskaF2003Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanomaJ Clin Oncol2133435012947071
  • SoifferRLynchTMihmM1998Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanomaProc Natl Acad Sci, USA951314169789055
  • StanleyELieschkeGJGrailD1994Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice show no major perturbation of hematopoiesis but develop a characteristic pulmonary pathologyProc Natl Acad Sci, USA91559268202532
  • TateJOlenckiTFinkeJ2001Phase I trial of simultaneously administered GM-CSF and IL-6 in patients with renal-cell carcinoma: clinical and laboratory effectsAnn Oncol12655911432624
  • UrbiniBArpinatiMBonifaziF2003Allogeneic graft CD34(+) cell dose correlates with dendritic cell dose and clinical outcome, but not with dendritic cell reconstitution after transplantExp Hematol319596514550812
  • VaughanMMMooreJRichesPG2000GM-CSF with biochemotherapy (cisplatin, DTIC, tamoxifen, IL-2 and interferon-alpha): a phase I trial in melanomaAnn Oncol111183911061616
  • VenugopalPSivaramanSHuangXK2000Effects of cytokines on CD20 antigen expression on tumor cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemiaLeuk Res24411510785263
  • VereecqueRBuffenoirGPreudhommeC2000Gene transfer of GM-CSF, CD80 and CD154 cDNA enhances survival in a murine model of acute leukemia with persistence of a minimal residual diseaseGene Therapy713121610918502
  • VerraNDe JongDBexA2005Infiltration of activated dendritic cells and T cells in renal cell carcinoma following combined cytokine immunotherapyEur Urol485273316115526
  • VerraNJansenRGroenewegenG2003Immunotherapy with concurrent subcutaneous GM-CSF, low-dose IL-2 and IFN-alpha in patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinomaBr J Cancer8813465112778059
  • VolpiIPerruccioKTostiA2001Postgrafting administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor impairs functional immune recovery in recipients of human leukocyte antigen haplotype-mismatched hematopoietic transplantsBlood9725142111290617
  • WallerEKRosenthalHJonesTW2001Larger numbers of CD4(bright) dendritic cells in donor bone marrow are associated with increased relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantationBlood9729485611342416
  • WangHYWangRF2007Regulatory T cells and cancerCurrent Opinion in Immunology192172317306521
  • WeberRWO’DaySRoseM2005Low-dose outpatient chemobiotherapy with temozolomide, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interferon-{alpha}2b, and recombinant inter-leukin-2 for the treatment of metastatic melanomaJ Clin Oncol238992900016260693
  • WestermannJReichGKoppJ2001Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor plus interleukin-2 plus interferon alpha in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma:a pilot studyCancer Immunol Immunother496132011225992
  • WhitewayACorbettTAndersonR2003Expression of co-stimulatory molecules on acute myeloid leukaemia blasts may effect duration of first remissionBr J Haematol1204425112580958
  • WosEOlenckiTTuasonL1996Phase II trial of subcutaneously administered granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinomaCancer771149538635137
  • YagciMAkarISucakGT2005GM-CSF does not increase CD20 antigen expression on chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytesLeuk Res29735815927668
  • ZhanYLieschkeGJGrailD1998Essential roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF in the sustained hematopoietic response of Listeria monocytogenes-infected miceBlood9186399446646
  • ZittounRSuciuSMandelliF1996Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor associated with induction treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia:a randomized trial by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Cooperative GroupJ Clin Oncol14215098683249

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.