References
- [ACCP/AACVPR] Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines Panel, American College of Chest Physicians, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation1997Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVRR evidence based guidelinesChest1121363969367481
- AgostoniEHyattRE1986Static behaviour of the respiratory systemHandbook of physiology The respiratory system, sect 3III1Bethesda, MDAmerican Physiological Society113130
- AldrichTKShapiroSMShermanMS1989Alveolar pressure and airway resistance during maximal and submaximal respiratory effortsAm Rev Respir Dis1408999062802377
- AlivertiAStevensonNDellacaRL2004Regional chest wall volumes during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax592101614985554
- AlvisiVRomanelloABadetM2003Time course of expiratory flow limitation in COPD patients during acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilationChest12316253212740283
- ArmaganidisAStavrakaki-KallergiKKoutsoukouA2000Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with and without tidal expiratory flow limitationCrit Care Med2838374211153623
- BabbTGDeLoreyDSWyrickBL2003Ventilatory response to exercise in aged runners breathing He-O2 or inspired CO2J Appl Physiol946859312531912
- BabbTGViggianoRHurleyB1991Effect of mild-to-moderate airflow limitation on exercise capacityJ Appl Physiol70223302010380
- BarachAL1955Breathing exercises in pulmonary emphysema and alied chronic respiratory diseaseArch Phys Med Reahab3637990
- BauerleOChruschCAYounesM1998Mechanisms by which COPD affects exercise toleranceAm J Respir Crit Care Med15757689445279
- BeckKCOffordKPScanlonPD1994Bronchoconstriction occurring during exercise in asthmatic patientsAm J Respir Crit Care Med14935278306029
- BeehKMBeierJKornmannO2003Long-term repeatability of induced sputum cells and inflammatory kers in stable, moderately severe COPDChest1237788312628878
- BelleeFGrassinoA1982Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigueJ Appl Physiol53119057174413
- BelleeFGrassino1983A Force reserve of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Appl Physiol558156411667
- BelmanMJBotnickWCShinJW1996Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med153967758630581
- BianchiLFoglioKPaganiM1998Effects of proportional assist ventilation on exercise tolerance in COPD patients with chronic hypercapniaEur Resp J114227
- BianchiRGigliottiFRomagnoliI2004Chest wall kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with COPDChest1254596514769725
- BlackLFHyattRE1969Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sexAm Rev Respir Dis996967025772056
- BoniECordaLFranchiniD2002Volume effect and exertional dyspnoea after bronchodilator in patients with COPD with and without expiratory flow limitation at restThorax575283212037229
- BowenJBVottoJJThrallRS2000Functional Status and Survival Following Pulmonary RehabilitationChest11869770310988191
- BrantiganOCMuellerEKressMB1959A surgical approach to pulmonary emphysemaAm Rev Respir Dis8019420213670425
- BrennerMHannaNMMina-AraghiR2004Innovative approaches to lung volume reduction for emphysemaChest1262384815249467
- CalverleyPMAKoulourisNG2005Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiologyEur Respir J251869915640341
- CasaburiRGosselinkRRamerM1999American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med159S1S4010194189
- CasaburiRPorszaszJBurnsMR1997Am J Respir Crit Care Med1551541519154855
- CasaburiR2001Special considerations for exercise trainingACSM resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription4th edACSM34652
- CasanovaCCoteCde TorresJP2005Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med171591715591470
- CelliBZuWallackRWangS2003Improvement in resting inspiratory capacity and hyperinflation with tiotropium in COPD patients with increased static lung volumesChest1241743814605043
- CelliBRCoteCGMarinJM2004The body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med35010051214999112
- CherniackRMHodsonA1963Compliance of the Chest wall in chronic bronchitis and emphysemaJ Appl Physiol187071114020594
- CitterioGAgostoniEDel SantoA1981Decay of inspiratory muscle activity in chronic airway obstructionJ Appl Physiol511388977319872
- CooperJDTrulockEPTriantafillouAN1995Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg109106167815786
- CosioMGHaleKANiewoehnerDE1980Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airwaysAm Rev Respir Dis122265217416603
- CoussaMLGuerinCEissaNT1993Partitioning of work of breathing in mechanically ventilated COPD patientsJ Appl Physiol751711198282624
- D’AngeloEPrandiEMilic-EmiliJ1993Dependence of maximal flow-volume curves on time-course of preceding inspirationJ Appl Physiol75115598226524
- DeanNCBrownJKHimelmanRB1992Oxygen may improve dyspnoea and endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and only mild hypoxemiaAm Rev Respir Dis14694151416422
- deBoisblancBPDeBleiuxPResweberS2000Randomized trial of the use of heliox as a driving gas for updraft nebulization of bronchodilators in the emergent treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCrit Care Med2831778011008978
- Di MarcoJMilic-EmiliJBoveriP2003Effect of inhaled bronchodilators on inspiratory capacity and dyspnoea at rest in COPDEur Respir J21869412570114
- DiazOVillafrancaCGhezzoH2000Exercise tolerance in COPD patients with and without tidal expiratory flow limitation at restEur Respir J162697510968502
- DiehlJLMercatAGuerotE2003Helium/oxygen mixture reduces the work of breathing at the end of the weaning process in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCrit Care Med3114152012771612
- Diez HerranzA1995RV/TLC% ratio: alternative criteria of normalityEur Respir J81812138586145
- DoddDSBrancatisanoTEngelLA1984Chest wall mechanics during exercise in patients with severe chronic air-flow obstructionAm Rev Respir Dis1293386230971
- DolmageTEGoldsteinRS1997Proportional assist ventilation and exercise tolerance in subjects with COPDChest111948549106574
- DolmageTEGoldsteinRS2002Repeatability of inspiratory capacity during incremental exercise in patients with severe COPDChest1217081411888950
- DolmageTEWaddellTKMaltaisF2004The influence of lung volume reduction surgery on exercise in patients with COPDEur Respir J232697414979502
- DonahoeMRogersRMWilsonDO1989Oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles in normal and in malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis140385912764376
- EltayaraLBecklakeMRVoltaCA1996Relationship between chronic dyspnoea and expiratory flow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1541726348970362
- FesslerHEPermuttS1998Lung volume reduction surgery and airflow limitationAm J Respir Crit Care Med157715229517581
- FishmanAMartinezFNaunheimKNational Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group2003A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysemaN Engl J Med34820597312759479
- GaissertHATrulockEPCooperJD1996Comparison of early functional results after volume reduction or lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1112963068583802
- GallagherCG1994Exercise limitation and clinical exercise testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseClin Chest Med15305268088095
- GarrodRDallimoreKCookJ2005An evaluation of the acute impact of pursed lips breathing on walking distance in nonspontaneous pursed lips breathing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patientsChron Respir Dis2677216279153
- GeddesDDaviesMKoyamaH2000Effect of lung-volume-reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysemaN Engl J Med3432394510911005
- GerardiDALovettLBenoit-ConnorsML1996Variables related to increased mortality following out-patient pulmonary rehabilitationEur Respir J943158730000
- GerbeauxPGainnierMBoussugesA2001Use of heliox in patients with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCrit Care Med292322411801835
- GigliottiFColiCBianchiR2003Exercise training improves exertional dyspnoea in patients with COPD: evidence of the role of mechanical factorsChest123179480212796152
- GigliottiFColiCBianchiR2005Arm exercise and hyperinflation in patients with COPD: effect of arm trainingChest12812253216162710
- GottliebDJStonePJSparrowD1996Urinary desmosine excretion in smokers with and without rapid line of lung function: the Normative Aging StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med154129058912738
- GreenMPrideMBScaddingJGCummingGThrubeckWM1997Normal respiratory mechanicsScientific foundations of respiratory medicineLondonWilliam Heinemann Medical books11329
- GrimbyGBunnJMeadJ1968Relative contribution of rib cage and abdomen to ventilation during exerciseJ Appl Physiol24159665637678
- GrossDLaddHWRileyEJ1980The effect of training on strength and endurance of the diaphragm in quadriplegiaAm J Med6827357350802
- GunstensenJMcCormackRJ1973The surgical management of bullous emphysemaJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg6592054704241
- HaasFSalazar-SchichiJAxenKCasaburiRPettyTL1993Desensitization to dyspnoea in chronc obstructive pulmonary diseasePrinciples and practice of pulmonary rehabilitationPhiladelphiaWB Saunders Company24151
- HadcroftJCalverleyPM2001Alternative methods for assessing bronchodilator reversibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax567132011514693
- HaluszkaJChartrandDAGrassinoAE1990Intrinsic PEEP and arterial PCO2 in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis141119472111105
- HamiltonALKillianKJSummersE1996Symptom intensity and subjective limitation to exercise in patients with cardiorespiratory disordersChest1101255638915230
- HayJGStonePCarterJ1992Bronchodilator reversibility, exercise performance and breathlessness in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J5659641628722
- HazelriggSRBoleyTMNaunheimKS1997Effect of bovine pericardial strips on air leak after stapled pulmonary resectionAnn Thorac Surg63157359205150
- HenkeKGSharrattMPegelowD1988Regulation of end-expiratory lung volume during exerciseJ Appl Physiol64135463356631
- HiragaTMaekuraROkudaY2003Prognostic predictors for survival in patients with COPD using cardiopulmonary exercise testingClin Physiol Funct Imaging23324914617262
- HopkinsonNSTomaTPHansellDM2005Effect of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction on dynamic hyperinflation and exercise in emphysemaAm J Respir Crit Care Med1714536015579725
- HyattREWilcoxRE1963The pressure-flow relationships of the intrathoracic airway in manJ Clin Invest42293913955989
- HyattRE1961The interrelationships of pressure, flow, and volume during various respiratory maneuvers in normal and emphysematous subjectsAm Rev Respir Dis836768313717137
- HyattRE1983Expiratory flow limitationJ Appl Physiol55186350246
- Im HofVWestPYounesM1986Steady-state response of normal subjects to inspiratory resistive loadJ Appl Physiol601471813710967
- IngenitoEPLoringSHMoyML2001Interpreting improvement in expiratory flows after lung volume reduction surgery in terms of flow limitation theoryAm J Respir Crit Care Med16310748011316638
- IngramRHJrSchilderDP1966Effect of gas compression on pulmonary pressure, flow, and volume relationshipJ Appl Physiol21182165929308
- IngramRHJrSchilderDP1967Effect of pursed lips expiration on the pulmonary pressure-flow relationship in obstructive lung diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis9638186039092
- JaberSCarlucciABoussarsarM2001Helium-oxygen in the postextubation period decreases inspiratory effortAm J Respir Crit Care Med164633711520728
- JaberSFodilRCarlucciA2000Noninvasive ventilation with helium-oxygen in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med161119120010764311
- JohnsonBDReddanWGSeowKC1991Mechanical constraints on exercise hyperpnea in a fit aging populationAm Rev Respir Dis143968772024852
- JollietPTassauxDThouretJM1999Beneficial effects of helium: oxygen versus air: oxygen noninvasive pressure support in patients with descompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCrit Care Med272422910579259
- JollyEAguirreLJorgeE1996Acute effect of lorazepam on respiratory muscles in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseMedicina (B Aires)5647289239882
- KeatingsVMCollinsPDScottDM1996Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med15353048564092
- KeenanRJLandreneauRJSciurbaFC1996Unilateral thoracoscopic surgical approach for diffuse emphysemaJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg111308158583803
- KeiltySEPonteJFlemingTA1994Effect of inspiratory pressure support on exercise tolerance and breathlessness in patients with severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax4999067974316
- KervioGCarreFVilleNS2003Reliability and intensity of the six-minute walk test in healthy elderly subjectsMed Sci Sports Exerc351697412544651
- KillianKJJonesNL1994Mechanisms of exertional dyspnoeaClin Chest Med15247578088091
- KillianKJLeblancPTinDH1992Exercise capacity and ventilatory, circulatory, and symptom limitation in patients with chronic airflow limitationAm Rev Respir Dis146935401416421
- KimMJDruzWSDanonJ1976Mechanics of the canine diaphragmJ Appl Physiol4136982965306
- KnoxAJMorrisonJFMuersMF1998Reproducibility of walking test results in chronic obstructive airways diseaseThorax43388923194867
- KoulourisNGValtaPLavoieA1995A simple method to detect expiratory flow limitation during spontaneous breathingEur Respir J8306137758567
- KyroussisDPolkeyMIHamnegardCH2000Respiratory muscle activity in patients with COPD walking to exhaustion with and without pressure supportEur Respir J156495510780754
- LeithDEBradleyM1976Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance trainingJ Appl Physiol4150816985393
- LevisonHCherniackRM1968Ventilatory cost of exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Appl Physiol252175661150
- LieskerJJWijkstraPJTen HackenNH2002A systematic review of the effects of bronchodilators on exercise capacity in patients with COPDChest12159760811834677
- LightRWMuroJRSatoRI1989Effects of oral morphine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis139126332492170
- LightRWStansburyDWWebsterJS1996Effect of 30 mg of morphine alone or with promethazine or prochlorperazine on the exercise capacity of patients with COPDChest109975818635380
- LiuANMohammedAZRiceWR1999Perforin-independent CD8(+) T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of alveolar epithelial cells is preferentially mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: relative insensitivity to Fas ligandAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol208495810226053
- LougheedMDWebbKAO’DonnellDE1995Breathlessness during induced hyperinflation in asthma: role of the inspiratory threshold loadAm J Respir Crit Care Med152911207663804
- MahlerDABrentBNLokeJ1984Right ventricular performance and central circulatory hemodynamics during upright exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis13072296388444
- MaltaisFHamiltonAMarciniukD2005Improvements in symptom-limited exercise performance over 8 h with once-daily tiotropium in patients with COPDChest12811687816162703
- MaltaisFLeBlancPJobinJ1997Intensity of training and physiologic adaptation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med155555619032194
- MaltaisFReissmannHGottfriedSB1995Pressure support reduces inspiratory effort and dyspnoea during exercise in chronic airflow obstructionAm J Respir Crit Care Med1511027337697226
- ManWDMustfaNNikoletouD2005Effect of salmeterol on respiratory muscle activity during exercise in poorly reversible COPDThorax59471615170026
- MannixETManfrediFFarberMO1999Elevated O2 cost of ventilation contributes to tissue wasting in COPDChest1157081310084480
- MarhsallR1962Relationships between stimulus and work of breathing at different lung volumesJ Appl Physiol1791721
- MarinJMCarrizoSJGasconM2001Inspiratory capacity, dynamic hyperinflation, breathlessness, and exercise performance during the 6-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1631395911371407
- McGregorMBecklakeMR1961The relationship of oxygen cost of breathing to respiratory mechanical work and respiratory forceJ Clin Invest409718013773979
- MeadJTurnerJMMacklemPT1967Significance of the relationship between lung recoil and maximum expiratory flowJ Appl Physiol22951086017658
- Milic-EmiliJ2004Provocative hypothesis: does mechanical injury the peripheral airways play a role in the genesis of COPD in smokers?J Chron Obstruc Pulm Dis118
- MillerJDBergerRLMalthanerRA2005Lung volume reduction surgery vs medical treatment: for patients with advanced emphysemaChest12711667715821191
- MillerJDPegelowDFJacquesAJ2005Effects of augmented respiratory muscle pressure production on locomotor limb venous return during calf contraction exerciseJ Appl Physiol9918021516051714
- Montes de OcaMRassuloJCelliBR1996Respiratory muscle and cardiopulmonary function during exercise in very severe COPDAm J Respir Crit Care Med154128498912737
- MuellerRChanezPCampbellAM1996Different cytokine patterns in bronchial biopsies in asthma and chronic bronchitisRespir Med9079858730325
- MuellerREPettyTLFilleyGF1970Ventilation and arterial blood gas changes induced by pursed lips breathingJ Appl Physiol2878495419502
- MyersJPrakashMFroelicherV2002Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testingN Engl J Med34679380111893790
- NathanSDEdwardsLBBarnettSD2004Outcomes of COPD lung transplant recipients after lung volume reduction surgeryChest12615697415539729
- NederAJonesPWNeryLE2000Determinants of the exercise endurance capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med16249750410934077
- [NETT] National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group2001Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgeryN Engl J Med34510758311596586
- NewtonMFO’DonnellDEForkertL2002Response of lung volumes to inhaled salbutamol in a large population of patients with severe hyperinflationChest12110425011948031
- NickoladzeGD1992Functional results of surgery for bullous emphysemaChest101119221729056
- NieldMAroraADracupK2003Comparison of breathing patterns during exercise in patients with obstructive and restrictive ventilatory abnormalitiesJ Rehabil Res Dev404071415080225
- NiewoehnerDEKleinermanJRiceDB1974Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokersN Engl J Med29175584414996
- NishimuraKIzumiTTsukinoM2002Dyspnoea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPDChest12114344012006425
- NishiyamaOTaniguchiHKondohY2005Factors in maintaining long-term improvements in health-related quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation for COPDQual Life Res1423152116328910
- O’DonnellDEChauLKLBertleyJC1997Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanismsAm J Respir Crit Care Med155109159001298
- O’DonnellDEHeZLamM2004Reproducibility of measurements of inspiratory capacity, dyspnoea intensity and exercise endurance in multicentre trials in COPDEur Respir J24323s
- O’DonnellDERevillSWebbKA2001Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in COPDAm J Respir Crit Care Med164770711549531
- O’DonnellDEWebbKACalverleyPMacNeeWRennardS2003Chapter 18: ExerciseChronic obstructive lung disease2nd edLondonEdward Arnold Ltd24365
- O’DonnellCEFlugeTGerkenF2004Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPDEur Respir J238324015218994
- O’DonnellDEBainDJWebbKA1997Factors contributing to relief of exertional breathlessness during hyperoxia in chronic airflow limitationAm J Respir Crit Care Med15553059032190
- O’DonnellDED’ArsignyCFitzpatrickM2002Exercise hypercapnia in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The role of lung hyperinflationAm J Respir Crit Care Med166663812204862
- O’DonnellDELamMWebbKA1998Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1581557659817708
- O’DonnellDESaniiRGiesbrechtG1988Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during submaximal exerciseAm Rev Respir Dis1381185913059891
- O’DonnellDESaniiRYounesM1988Improvement in exercise endurance in patients with chronic airflow. Limitation using continuous positive airway pressureAm Rev Respir Dis1381510143059897
- O’DonnellDEVoducNFitzpatrickM2004Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J24869415293609
- O’DonnellDEWebbKA1993Exertional breathlessness in patients with chronic airflow limitation. The role of lung hyperinflationAm Rev Respir Dis148135178239175
- OgaKNishimuraKTsukinoM2000The effects of oxitropium bromide on exercise performance in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. a comparison of three different exercise testsAm J Respir Crit Care Med161189790110852763
- OgaTNishimuraKTsukinoM2002Relationship between different indices of exercise capacity and clinical measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseHeart Lung313748112487016
- OgaTNishimuraKTsukinoM2003Analysis of factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health statusAm J Respir Crit Care Med1675444912446268
- OrtizLAGambelliFMcBrideC2003Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effectsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A10084071112815096
- Oswald-MammosserMApprillMBachezP1991Pulmonary hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of the emphysematous typeRespiration58304101792422
- Oswald-MammosserMKesslerRMassardG1998Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on gas exchange and pulmonary hemodynamics at rest and during exerciseAm J Respir Crit Care Med158102059769254
- PalangePValliGOnoratiP2004Effect of heliox on lung dynamic hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise endurance capacity in COPD patientsJ Appl Physiol97163715234959
- ParkerMVoducNAaronSD2005Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPDEur Respir J26420816135722
- PauwelsRABuistASCalverleyPMA2001Am J Respir Crit Care Med16312567611316667
- PecchiariMPelucchiAD’AngeloE2004Effect of heliox breathing on dynamic hyperinflation in COPD patientsChest12520758215189924
- PeinadoVIBarberaJAAbateP1999Inflammatory reaction in pulmonary muscular arteries of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med15916051110228134
- PellegrinoRViegiGBrusascoV2005Interpretative strategies for lung function testsEur Respir J269486816264058
- PellegrinoRVillosioCMilaneseU1999Breathing during exercise in subjects mild-to-moderate airflow obstruction: effects of physical trainingJ Appl Physiol169770410562611
- PepePEMariniJJ1982Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto-PEEP effectAm Rev Respir Dis126166707046541
- PesciABalbiBMajoriM1998Inflammatory cells and mediators in bronchial lavage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J1238069727789
- PetoRSpeizerFECochraneAL1983The relevance in adults of airflow obstruction, but not of mucous hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis1284915006614643
- PetrofBJCalderiniEGottfriedSB1990Effect of CPAP on respiratory effort and dyspnoea during exercise in severe COPDJ Appl Physiol69179882203722
- Pinto-PlataVMCoteCCabralH2004The 6-min walk distance: change over time and value as a predictor of survival in severe COPDEur Respir J23283314738227
- PolkeyMIHamnegardCHHughesPD1998Influence of acute lung volume change on contractile properties of human diaphragmJ Appl Physiol85132289760323
- PolkeyMIHawkinsPKyroussisD2000Inspiratory pressure support prolongs exercise induced lactataemia in severe COPDThorax55547910856312
- PoonCSYounesMGallagherCG1987Effects of expiratory resistive load on respiratory motor output in conscious humansJ Appl Physiol631837453121575
- PorszaszJEmtnerMGotoS2005Exercise training decreases ventilatory requirements and exercise-induced hyperinflation at sub-maximal intensities in patients with COPDChest12820253416236851
- PotterWAOlafssonSHyattRE1971Ventilatory mechanics and expiratory flow limitation during exercise in patients with obstructive lung diseaseJ Clin Invest50910195547281
- PrideNBGreenMScaddingJGCummingGThrubeckWM1997Abnormalities of respiratory mechanicsScientific foundations of respiratory medicineLondonWilliam Heinemann Medical Bks66988
- PrideNBMacklemPTFishmanAP1986Lung mechanics in diseaseHandbook of physiology, Section 3, Volume III, Part 2: The respiratory systemBethesda MDAmerican Physiological Society65992
- PrideNBHughesJMBPrideNB1999Tests of forced expiration and inspirationLung function tests: physiological principles and clinical applicationsLondonWB Saunders325
- Puente-MaestuLGarcíaJMartínez-AbadY2005Dyspnoea, ventilatory pattern, and changes in dynamic hyperinflation related to the intensity of constant work rate exercise in COPDChest1286515616100150
- Puente-MaestuLMartínezYPedrazaF2006A controlled trial of the effects of leg training on breathing pattern and dynamic hyperinflation in severe COPDLung1841596716902841
- Puente-MaestuLSantaCruzAVargasT2003Effects of training on the tolerance to high-intensity exercise in patients with severe COPDRespiration703677014512671
- Puente-MaestuLSánzMLSánzP2000Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J155172510759446
- Ramirez-VenegasAWardJLentineT1997Salmeterol reduces dyspnoea and improves lung function in patients with COPDChest112336409266866
- RanieriVMDambrosioMBrienzaN1996Intrinsic PEEP and cardiopulmonary interaction in patients with COPD and acute ventilatory failureEur Respir J91283928804950
- RanieriVMGiulianiRCinnellaG1993Physiologic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute ventilatory failure and controlled mechanical ventilationAm Rev Respir Dis1475138420430
- RodrigoGRodrigoCPollackC2001Helium-oxygen mixture for nonintubated acute asthma patients (Cochrane Review)Cochrane Database Syst Rev1CD00288411279771
- RodrigoGJRodrigoCPollackCV2003Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic reviewChest123891612628893
- RogersRMDuBoisABBlakemoreWS1968Effect of removal of bullae on airway conductance and conductance volume ratiosJ Clin Invest472569795725275
- RossiAGanassiniAPoleseG1997Pulmonary hyperinflation and ventilator-dependent patientsEur Respir J101663749230263
- RoussosCMacklemPT1982The respiratory musclesN Engl J Med307786977050712
- Ruiz de Oña LacastaJMGarcia de PedroJPuente-MaestuL2004Effects of muscle training on breathing pattern in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseArch Bronconeumol4020314718117
- SaettaMBaraldoSCorbinoL1999Am J Respir Crit Care Med1607111710430750
- SaettaMTuratoGMaestrelliP2001Cellular and structural bases of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1631304911371392
- SaksenaFBBurrowsB1966Thoracic compliance in chronic obstructive lung diseaseJ Lab Clin Med68427325922754
- SalviSBlombergARudellB1999Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteersAm J Respir Crit Care Med159702910051240
- SchumakerGLEpsteinSK2004Managing acute respiratory failure during exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseRespir Care497668215222909
- ShapiroSDSeniorRM1999Matrix metalloproteinases: matrix degradation and moreAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol201100210340927
- SharpJTVan LithPVej NughprayoonC1968The thorax in chronic obstructive lung diseaseAm J Med443946
- ShindohCHidaWKikuchiY1994Oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles in patients with COPDChest10579078131542
- SimilowskiTYanSGauthierAP1991Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflationN Engl J Med325917231881417
- SomfayAPorszaszJLeeSM2001Dose-response effect of oxygen on hyperinflation and exercise endurance in nonhypoxaemic COPD patientsEur Respir J18778411510809
- SpahijaJde MarchieMGrassinoA2005Effects of imposed pursed-lips breathing on respiratory mechanics and dyspnoea at rest and during exercise in COPDChest1286405016100149
- StevensonNJCalverleyPM2004Effect of oxygen on recovery from maximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax596687215282386
- StevensonNJWalkerPPCostelloRW2005Lung mechanics and dyspnoea during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med17215101616166620
- StockleyRA1999Neutrophils and protease/antiprotease imbalanceAm J Respir Crit Care Med160S49S5210556170
- StocksJQuanjerPH1995Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. ATS Workshop on Lung Volume Measurements. Official Statement of the European Respiratory SocietyEur Respir J84925067789503
- StubbingDGPengellyLDMorseJL1980Pulmonary mechanics during exercise in normal malesJ Appl Physiol49506107204174
- SurattBTCoolCDSerlsAE2003Human pulmonary chimerism after hematopoietic stem cell transplantationAm J Respir Crit Care Med1683182212724127
- SwidwaDMMontenegroHDGoldmanMD1985Helium-oxygen breathing in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseChest8779053996069
- TakayamaTShindohCKurokawaY2003Effects of lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema on oxygen cost of breathingChest12318475212796159
- TassauxDJollietPRoeselerJ2000Effects of helium-oxygen on intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCrit Care Med282721810966241
- ThomanRLStokerGLRossJC1966The efficacy of pursed-lips breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis9310065901381
- ThurlbeckWCherniackN1991Pathology of chronic airflow obstructionChronic obstructive pulmonary diseasePhiladelphiaWB Saunders320
- ThurlbeckWMPettyTL1985Chronic airflow obstruction. Correlation of structure and functionChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseNew YorkMarcel Dekker129204
- TiepBLBurnsMKaoD1986Pursed lips breathing training using ear oximetryChest90218213731893
- TobinMJHughesJAHutchisonDC1984Effects of ipratropium bromide and fenoterol aerosols on exercise toleranceEur J Respir Dis6544166236095
- TojoNIchiokaMChidaM2005Pulmonary exercise testing predicts prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseIntern Med4420515704658
- ValtaPCorbeilCLavoieA1994Detection of expiratory flow limitation during mechanical ventilationAm J Respir Crit Care Med1501311177952558
- van’t HulAJKwakkelGGosselinkR2002The acute effects of non-invasive ventilatory support during exercise on exercise endurance and dyspnoea in patients with COPD: a systematic reviewJ Cardiopulm Rehabil22290712202851
- van’t HulAGosselinkRHollanderP2004Acute effects of inspiratory pressure support during exercise in patients with COPDEur Respir J23344014738228
- VestboJPrescottELangePlthe Copenhagen City Heart Study Group1996Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 line and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidityAm J Respir Crit Care Med153153058630597
- VogiatzisIGeorgiadouOGolematiS2005Patterns of dynamic hyperinflation during exercise and recovery in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax60723915964912
- VogiatzisINanasSKastanakisE2004Dynamic hyperinflation and tolerance to interval exercise in patients with advanced COPDEur Respir J243859015358696
- VogiatzisINanasSRoussosC2002Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPDEur Respir J20121912166558
- Von EssenSGO’NeillDPMcGranaghanS1995Neutrophilic respiratory tract inflammation and peripheral blood neutrophilia after grain sorghum dust extract challengeChest1081425337587452
- WakabayashiABrennerMKayalehRA1991Thoracoscopic carbon dioxide laser treatment of bullous emphysemaLancet33788131672970
- WoodcockAAGrossERGeddesDM1981Oxygen relieves breathlessness in “pink puffers”Lanceti90796112324
- WoodcockAAGrossERGellertA1981Effects of dihydrocodeine, alcohol, and caffeine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and normal blood gasesN Engl J Med3051611166796885
- YamamotoCYonedaTYoshikawaM1997Airway inflammation in COPD assessed by sputum levels of interleukin-8Chest112505109266891
- YanSKaminskiDSliwinskiP1997Reliability of inspiratory capacity for estimating end-expiratory lung volume changes during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Resp Crit Care Med1565599230726
- YounesMKivinenG1984Respiratory mechanics and breathing pattern during and following maximal exerciseJ Appl Physiol571773826511552
- YounesMRiddleW1981A model for the relation between respiratory neural and mechanical outputs. I. TheoryJ Appl Physiol51963787298440
- YounesMWhippBJWassermanK1991Determinants of thoracic excursion during exerciseExercise pulmonary physiology and physiopathologyNew YorkMarcel Dekker165