132
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Targeted treatment in COPD: a multi-system approach for a multi-system disease

&
Pages 321-335 | Published online: 31 Aug 2009

References

  • RabeKHurdSAnzuetoAGlobal strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronci obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med20071765325517507545
  • SilvermanEKSFRisk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseMed Clin North Am1996805015228637301
  • LøkkeAPLScharling HFabricius PVestboJDeveloping copd: A 25 year follow up study of the general populationThorax20066193593917071833
  • TarjanEMagyarPVacziZLantosAVaszarLLongitudinal lung function study in heterozygous pimz phenotype subjectsEur Respir J1994712219922047713204
  • LawlorDAEbrahimSDavey SmithGAssociation of birth weight with adult lung function: Findings from the british women’s heart and health study and a meta-analysisThorax2005601085185816055617
  • AnastassiosCKoumbourlisEKMMutichRLMalloryGBJrWalczakSAFertalKLongitudinal follow-up of lung function from childhood to adolescence in prematurely born patients with neonatal chronic lung diseasePediatr Pulmonol199621128348776263
  • LiY-FGillilandFDBerhaneKEffects of in utero and environmental tobacco smoke exposure on lung function in boys and girls with and without asthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med200016262097210411112121
  • StrachanDCoxBErzincliogluSWaltersDWhichelowMVentilatory function and winter fresh fruit consumption in a random sample of british adultsThorax19914696246291948789
  • PrescottEBjergAAndersenPLangePVestboJGender difference in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospitalization for copd: Results from a danish longitudinal population studyEur Respir J19971048228279150319
  • PrescottELangePVestboJSocioeconomic status, lung function and admission to hospital for copd: Results from the copenhagen city heart studyEur Respir J19991351109111410414412
  • American Thoracic Society ERSSkeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A statement of the american thoracic society and european respiratory societyAm J Respir Crit Care Med1999159S14010194189
  • BiskobingDMCopd and osteoporosis10.1378/chest.121.2.609Chest2002121260962011834678
  • SinDDWhy are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCirculation20031071514151912654609
  • PrescottEAlmdalTMikkelsenKLToftengCLVestboJLangePPrognostic value of weight change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from the copenhagen city heart studyEur Respir J200220353954412358326
  • NorwoodRPrevalence and impact of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patientsCurr Opin Pulm Med200512211311716456380
  • MacNeeWOxidants/antioxidants and copdChest2000117303S317S10843965
  • PesciABalbiBMajoriMInflammatory cells and mediators in bronchial lavage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J19981223803869727789
  • RetamalesIElliottWMMeshiBAmplification of inflammation in emphysema and its association with latent adenoviral infectionAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164346947311500352
  • JefferyPStructural and inflammatory changes in copd: A comparison with asthmaThorax1998531291369624299
  • SaettaMStefanoAMaestrelliPActivated t-lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic bronchitisAm Rev Respir Dis19931473013068430952
  • JanoffABiochemical links between cigarette smoking and pulmonary emphysemaJ Appl Physiol19835522852936352576
  • BarnesPJAdcockIMItoKHistone acetylation and deacetylation: Importance in inflammatory lung diseasesEur Respir J200525355256315738302
  • AgustíAMacNeeWDonaldsonKCosioMHypothesis: Does copd have an autoimmune componentThorax20035883283414514931
  • DahlRGreefhorstLAPMNowakDInhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164577878411549532
  • MahlerDADonohueJFBarbeeRAEfficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPDChest1999115495796510208192
  • BelmanMBotnickWShinJInhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med199615339679758630581
  • CasaburiRMahlerDAJonesPWA long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J200219221722411866001
  • TashkinDPCooperCBThe role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPDChest2004125124925914718448
  • StockleyRAWPWilliamsMKImproved outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with salmeterol compared with placebo/usual therapy: Results of a meta-analysisRespir Res.2006714717196106
  • BarrRGBourbeauJCamargoCARamFSFTiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysisThorax2006611085486216844726
  • WedzichaJACalverleyPMASeemungalTAHaganGAnsariZStockleyRAfor the INSPIRE InvestigatorsThe prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromideAm J Respir Crit Care Med20081771192617916806
  • PauwelsRALofdahlC-GLaitinenLAThe European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseLong-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smokingN Engl J Med1999340251948195310379018
  • BurgePSCalverleyPMAJonesPWSpencerSAndersonJAMaslenTKRandomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The isolde trialBMJ200032072451297130310807619
  • SzafranskiWCukierARamirezAEfficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J2003211748112570112
  • CalverleyPRPVestboJJonesPCombined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trialLancet2003361935644945612583942
  • CelliBRMacNeeWStandards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with copd: A summary of the ATS/ERS position paperEur Respir J200423693294615219010
  • CalverleyPMAAndersonJACelliBthe TORCH investigatorsSalmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2007356877578917314337
  • CalverleyPMBoonsawatWCsekeZZhongNPetersonSOlssonHMaintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronicobstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J200322691291914680078
  • Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung diseaseNocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial GroupAnn Intern Med1980933913986776858
  • Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysemaReport of the Medical Research Council Working PartyLancet198116816856110912
  • WedzichaJBestallJGarrodRGarnhamRPaulEJonesPRandomized controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the mrc dyspnoea scaleEur Respir J19981223633699727786
  • MacneeWOxidative stress and lung inflammation in airways diseaseEur J Pharmacol200142919520711698041
  • HeffnerJARepineJEState of the art: Pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defenseAm Rev Respir Dis19891405315542669581
  • HalliwellBAntioxidants in human health and diseaseAnn Rev Nutr19961633508839918
  • RahmanIvan SchadewijkAAMCrowtherAJL4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a specific lipid peroxidation product, is elevated in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002166449049512186826
  • GilmourPSRahmanIDonaldsonKMacNeeWHistone acetylation regulates epithelial il-8 release mediated by oxidative stress from environmental particlesAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol20032843L53354012573991
  • LentschACzermakBBlessNVan RooijenNWardPEssential role of alveolar macrophages in intrapulmonary activation of nf-kappa bAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol199920469269810101001
  • WarrenJSJKWardPACrystalRGWestJBWeibelERBarnesPJConsequences of oxidant injuryThe Lung: Scientific FoundationsNew York, NYRaven Press Ltd199722792288
  • ComhairSAAErzurumSCAntioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseasesAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol20022832L24625512114185
  • LappasMPermezelMRiceGEN-acetyl-cysteine inhibits phospholipid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokine release, protease activity, and nuclear factor-kappab deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity in human fetal membranes in vitroJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20038841723172912679464
  • RogersDFInhibition by oral n-acetylcysteine of cigarette smoke-induced “bronchitis” in the ratExp Lung Res1986102672833698928
  • RubioMLMartin-MosqueroMCOrtegaMPeces-BarbaGGonzalez-MangadoNOral n-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in ratsChest200412541500150615078764
  • BridgemanMMarsdenMMacNeeWFlenleyDRyleACysteine and glutathione concentrations in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after treatment with n-acetylcysteineThorax199146139421871695
  • BridgemanMMarsdenMSelbyCMorrisonDMacNeeWEffect of n-acetyl cysteine on the concentrations of thiols in plasma, bronchialveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissueThorax19944976706758066561
  • LindenMWieslanderEEklundALarssonKBrattsandREffects of oral n-acetylcysteine on cell content and macrophage function in bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy smokersEur Respir J1988176456502846345
  • KasielskiMLong-term administration of n-acetylcysteine decreases hydrogen peroxide exhalation in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseRespir Med2001954485611421501
  • GerritsCMJMHeringsRMCLeufkensHGMLammersJWJN-acetylcysteine reduces the risk of re-hospitalisation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J200321579579812765423
  • BlackPMorgan-DayAMcMillanTPoolePYoungRRandomised, controlled trial of n-acetylcysteine for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseBMC Pulm Med.2004411315581425
  • PoolePBlackPOral mucolytic drugs for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Systematic reviewBM J200132272971271
  • SteyCSteurerJBachmannSMediciTTramerMThe effect of oral n-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: A quantitative systematic reviewEur Respir J200016225326210968500
  • DecramerMRutten-van MolkenMDekhuijzenPREffects of n-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis randomized on nac cost-utility study, broncus): A randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet200536594701552156015866309
  • RahmanIOxidative stress, chromatin remodelling and gene transcription in inflammation and chronic lung diseasesJ Biochem Mol Biol2003369510912542980
  • BoskenCHHardsJGatterKHoggJCCharacterization of the inflammatory reaction in the peripheral airways of cigarette smokers using immunocytochemistryAm Rev Respir Dis19921459119171554220
  • Di StefanoACapelliALusuardiMSeverity of airflow limitation is associated with severity of airway inflammation in smokersAm J Respir Crit Care Med19981584127712859769292
  • StanescuDSannaAVeriterCAirways obstruction, chronic expectoration, and rapid decline of in smokers are FEV1 associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophilsThorax19965132672718779129
  • FinkelsteinRFraserRGhezzoHCosioMAlveolar inflammation and its relation to emphysema in smokersAm J Respir Crit Care Med19951525166616727582312
  • MacNeeWIs oxidative stress central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseTrends Mol Med20017556211286755
  • YamamotoCYonedaTYoshikawaMAirway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mediated by interleukin-8 (abstract)Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1996153A821
  • SelbyCDrostELannanSWraithPKMacNeeWNeutrophil retention in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis1991143135913642048825
  • American thoracic society1995Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1995152S771217582322
  • RussellREKThorleyACulpittSVAlveolar macrophage-mediated elastolysis: Roles of matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine, and serine proteasesAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol20022834L86787312225964
  • Di StefanoACaramoriGOatesTIncreased expression of nuclear factor-{kappa}b in bronchial biopsies from smokers and patients with COPDEur Respir J200220355656312358328
  • CaramoriGRomagnoliMCasolariPNuclear localisation of p65 in sputum macrophages but not in sputum neutrophils during COPD exacerbationsThorax200358434835112668802
  • RiiseGAhlstedtSLarssonSBronchial inflammation in chronic bronchitis assessed by measurement of cell products in bronchial lavage fluidThorax19955043603657785007
  • RusznakCMillsPRDevaliaJLSapsfordRJDaviesRJLozewiczSEffect of cigarette smoke on the permeability and il-1beta and sicam-1 release from cultured human bronchial epithelial cells of never-smokers, smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol200023453053611017919
  • ParkS-WLeeYMJangASDevelopment of chronic airway obstruction in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis: A prospective follow-up studyChest200412561998200415189914
  • HargreaveFELeighRInduced sputum, eosinophilic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med19991605S535710556171
  • RutgersSRPostmaDSten HackenNHTOngoing airway inflammation in patients with copd who do not currently smokeThorax2000551121810607796
  • LamsBEASousaARReesPJLeeTHImmunopathology of the small-airway submucosa in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med19981585151815239817702
  • BrightlingCEWardRParkerDMorganMDWardlawAJPavordIDSputum eosinophilia and short-term response to prednisolone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trialLancet200035692401480148511081531
  • ChavannesNHSchermerTRJacobsJAPatterns of inflammation and the use of reversibility testing in smokers with airway complaintsBMC Pulm Med.200661116740168
  • JatakanonALallooUGLimSChungKFBarnesPJIncreased neutrophils and cytokines, tnf-alpha and il-8, in induced sputum of non-asthmatic patients with chronic dry coughThorax199954323423710325899
  • RadomskiMWWhitleyGFoxwellNMoncadaSPlatelet adhesion to human vascular endothelium is modulated by constitutive and cytokine induced nitric oxideCardiovasc Res199327138013827504587
  • Leeper-WoodfordSKDKAcute hypoxia increases alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor activity and alters nf-kb expressionAm J Physiol1999276L90991610362714
  • RegnierCH SHGaoXIdentification and characterisation of an ib kinaseCell1997903733839244310
  • BegAAFincoTSNantermetPVBaldwinASJrTumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 lead to phosphorylation and loss of i kappa b alpha: A mechanism for nf-kappa b activationMol Cell Biol1993136330133108497253
  • KeatingsVMScottDMBarnesPJDifferences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med19961535305348564092
  • Di FranciaMBarbierDMegeJOrehekJTumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med19941505145314557952575
  • RennardSIFogartyCKelsenSon behalf of the COPD InvestigatorThe safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2007175992693417290043
  • PitsiouGHatzizisiOArgyropoulouPMavrofridisEPatakasDTumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels, weight loss and tissue oxygenation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseRespir Med200296859459812195840
  • EidAAIonescuAANixonLSInflammatory response and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med200116481414141811704588
  • BarnesPJShapiroSDPauwelsRAChronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Molecular and cellularmechanismsEur Respir J200322467268814582923
  • KumarRKHerbertCThomasPSInhibition of inflammation and remodeling by roflumilast and dexamethasone in murine chronic asthmaJ Pharmacol Exp Ther2003307134935512954795
  • ProfitaMChiapparaGMirabellaFEffect of cilomilast (ariflo) on tnf-{alpha}, il-8, and gm-csf release by airway cells of patients with COPDThorax200358757357912832668
  • BelleguicCCorbelMGermainNBoichotEDelavalPLagenteVReduction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity by the selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, r73–401 in sensitized miceEur J Pharmacol2000404336937310996602
  • MartinaSDIsmailMSVestaKSCilomilast: Orally active selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAnn Pharmacother200640101822182816985092
  • RabeKFBatemanEDO’DonnellDWitteSBredenbrokerDBethkeTDRoflumilast–an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trialLancet.366948556357116099292
  • CalverleyPMASanchez-TorilFMcIvorATeichmannPBreden-broekerDFabbriLMEffect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2007176215416117463412
  • MahlerDHuangSTabriziMBellGEfficacy and safety of a monoclonal antibody recognizing interleukin-8 in COPDChest200412692693415364775
  • FitzgeraldMFFoxJCEmerging trends in the therapy of copd: Novel anti-inflammatory agents in clinical developmentDrug Discov Today2007121112479486
  • VlahosRBozinovskiSHamiltonJAAndersonGPTherapeutic potential of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) by neutralising granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (gm-csf)Pharmacol Ther20061121106115
  • NakamuraH YKMcElvaneyNGCrystalRGNeutrophil elastase in respiratory epithelial lining fluid of individuals with cystic fibrosis induces interleukin-8 gene expression in a human bronchial epithelial cell lineJ Clin Invest199289147814841569186
  • SeniorRMKuhnCOhlssonKStarcherBCPierceJAThe induction of pulmonary emphysema with human leukocyte elastaseThe induction of pulmonary emphysema with human leukocyte elastase1977116469475
  • WrightJLFarmerSGChurgASynthetic serine elastase inhibitor reduces cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in guinea pigsAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002166795496012359653
  • ChapmanHAShiGPEmerging roles for cysteine proteases in human biologyAnnu Rev Physiol19975963689074757
  • LaurellCBErickssonSThe electrophoretic alpha-globulin pattern of serum in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiencyScand J Clin Invest196315132140
  • SvegerTAgr1-antitrypsin deficiency in early childhoodPediatrics19786212225308215
  • American thoracic society/european respiratory society statementStandards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiencyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2003168781890014522813
  • LomasDAFinchJTThe mechanism of z alpha 1-antitrypsin accumulation in the liverNature19923576056071608473
  • WallaertBBGressierCHMarquettePInactivation of 1-proteinase inhibitor by alveolar inflammatory cells from smoking patients with or without emphysemaAm Rev Respir Dis1993147153715438389110
  • HubbardRCOgushiFFellsGAOxidants spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers can inactivate the active site of alpha 1-antitrypsin, rendering it ineffective as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastaseJ Clin Invest198780128912952824559
  • VogelmeierCFellsGAAnti-neutrophil elastase defense of the normal human respiratory epithelial surface provided by the secretory leukoprotease inhibitorJ Clin Invest874824881671391
  • WewersMDSellersSSwayzeSCMcPhaulKMWittesJTCrystalRGReplacement therapy for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with emphysemaN Engl J Med1987316105510623494198
  • GadekJEHollandPVCrystalRGReplacement therapy of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: Reversal of protease–anti-protease balance within alveolar structures of pi z subjectsJ Clin Invest198169115811657028785
  • StockleyRABayleyDLUnsalIDowsonLJThe effect of augmentation therapy on bronchial inflammation in {alpha}1-anti-trypsin deficiencyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165111494149812045122
  • SandhausRAAlpha1-antitrypsin deficiency 6: New and emerging treatments for {alpha}1-antitrypsin deficiencyThorax2004591090490915454659
  • StollerJKFallatRSchluchterMDAugmentation therapy with {alpha}1-antitrypsin: Patterns of use and adverse eventsChest200312351425143412740257
  • MassaroGDCRetinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in ratsNat Med199736756779176496
  • FujitaMYeQOuchiHRetinoic acid fails to reverse emphysema in adult mouse modelsThorax200459322423014985558
  • MaoJTGoldinJGDermandJA pilot study of all-trans-retinoic acid for the treatment of human emphysemaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165571872311874821
  • RothMDConnettJED’ArmientoJMfor the FORTE Study InvestigatorsFeasibility of retinoids for the treatment of emphysema studyChest200613051334134517099008
  • CantorJOShteyngartBCerretaJMTurinoGMThe effect of lysozyme on elastase-mediated injuryExp Biol Med20022272108113
  • CantorJOArmandGTurinoGMAerosolized hyaluronic acid decreases alveolar injury induced by human neutrophil elastaseProc Soc Exp Biol Med19982174714759521096
  • CantorJOTurinoGMCan exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema?Chest2004125128829214718453
  • Bip PatelBMCoxsonHOMullerNLAirway and parenchymal disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are distinct phenotypesProc Am Thoracic Soc.20063533
  • Hironi MakitaYNNagaiKatsuraItoYokoCharacterisation of phenotypes based on severity of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax20076293293717573447
  • FujimotoKKuboKHondaTClinical analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes classified using high-resolution computed tomographyRespirology20061173174017052301
  • BoschettoPMiniatiMMiottoDPredominant emphysema phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patientsEur Respir J200321345045412662000
  • CosioMGPathology of emphyesema in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseMonaldi Arch Chest Dis200055212412910949873
  • SaettaMIzquierdoJLGhezzoHCosioMGExtent of centrilobular and panacinar emphysema in smokers’ lungs: Pathological and mechanical implicationsEur Respir J1994746646718005246
  • ScreatonNJEmphysema and smoking related diseasesImaging2004165060
  • CooperJDPattersonGASundaresanRSResults of 150 consecutive bilateral lung volume reduction procedures in patients with severe emphysemaJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg19961125131913308911330
  • CalverleyPMAClosing the nett on lung volume reduction surgeryThorax200358865165312885975
  • WashkoGRFanVSRamseySDThe effect of lung volume reduction surgery on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbationsAm J Respir Crit Care Med20072007081194OC
  • DeWQuality of life after lung volume reduction surgeryThorac Surg Clin200414337538315382769
  • DeWResults of lung volume reduction surgery for emphysemaChest Surg Clin N Am200313470972614682604
  • NaeijeRPulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseProc Am Thoracic Soc200522022
  • KesslerRFallerMWeitzenblumE“Natural history” of pulmonary hypertension in a series of 131 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164221922411463591
  • WeitzenblumEHirthCDucoloneAMirhomRRasaholinjanaharyJEhrhartMPrognostic value of pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax198136107527587330793
  • Oswald-MammosserMWeitzenblumEQuoixEPrognostic factors in copd patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Importance of pulmonary artery pressureChest19951075119311987750305
  • NaeijeRPulmonary hypertension associated with copdCrit Care20015586589
  • TimmsRMWilliamsGWthe Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial GroupHemodynamic response to oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAnn Intern Med.198510229363966742
  • WrightJLLevyRDChurgAPulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Current theories of pathogenesis and their implications for treatmentThorax200560760560915994270
  • BarberaJRiverolaARocaJPulmonary vascular abnormalities and ventilation-perfusion relationships in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med199414924234298306040
  • RubinLJBadeschDBBarstRJthe Bosentan Randomized Trial of Endothelin Antagonist Therapy Study GroupBosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertensionN Engl J Med20023461289690311907289
  • HumbertMSitbonOSimonneauGTreatment of pulmonary arterial hypertensionN Engl J Med2004351141425143615459304
  • NaeijeRPulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseProc Am Thorac Soc200521202216113464
  • WilkinsonTMAPatelISWilksMDonaldsonGCWedzichaJAAirway bacterial load and decline in patients with chronic FEV1 obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med200316781090109512684248
  • DonaldsonGCSeemungalTARPatelISLloyd-OwenSJWilkinsonTMAWedzichaJALongitudinal changes in the nature, severity and frequency of copd exacerbationsEur Respir J200322693193614680081
  • BanerjeeDKhairOAHoneybourneDImpact of sputum bacteria on airway inflammation and health status in clinical stable COPDEur Respir J200423568569115176680
  • SethiSMaloneyJGroveLWronaCBerensonCSAirway inflammation and bronchial bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2006173999199816474030
  • PatelISSeemungalTARWilksMLloyd-OwenSJDonaldsonGCWedzichaJARelationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of copd exacerbationsThorax200257975976412200518
  • WhiteAJGompertzSBayleyDLResolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitisThorax200358868068512885984
  • SouthernKWBarkerPMAzithromycin for cystic fibrosisEur Respir J200424583483815516680
  • ManSFConnettJEAnthonisenNRWiseRATashkinDPSinDDC-reactive protein and mortality in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax20066184985316738034
  • ZureikMBANeukirchCCourbonDBeanKThomasFDucimetierePReduced pulmonary function is associated with central arterial stiffness in menAm J Respir Crit Care Med20011642181218511751184
  • SinDDManSEWhy are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCirculation20031071514151912654609
  • SoysethVBrekkePHSmithPOmlandTStatin use is associated with reduced mortality in COPDEur Respir J200729227928317050558
  • ManciniGBJEtminanMZhangBLevesqueLEFitzGeraldJMBrophyJMReduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Am Coll Cardiol200647122554256016781387
  • JohnstonAManninoDHaganGDavisKKiriVRelationship between lung function impairment and incidence or recurrence of cardiovascular events in a middle aged cohortThorax2008 Epub ahead of print
  • TabakCFHeederikDKromhoutDMenottiAFruit and fish consumption: A possible explanation for population differences in copd mortality (the seven countries study)Eur J Clin Nutr1998528198259846595
  • GrievinkLSOckeMCVan’t VeerPKromhoutDDietary intake of antioxidant (pro)-vitamins, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function: The morgen studyThorax1998531661719659349
  • ScholsAMWJSJVolovicsLWoutersEFMWeight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease199815717911797
  • Gray-DonaldKGLShapiroSHMacklemPTJGMNutritional status and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med19961539619668630580
  • FerreiraIMBrooksDLacasseYGoldsteinRSNutritional support for individuals with copd: A meta-analysisChest2000117367267810712990
  • ScholsAMNutritional and metabolic modulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease managementEur Respir J.20032246 suppl81S86S
  • FuldJPKilduffLPNederJACreatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax200560753153715994258
  • SteinerMCBartonRLSinghSJMorganMDLNutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trialThorax200358974575112947128
  • CreutzbergECScholsAMWJWeling-ScheepersCAPMBuurmanWAWoutersEFMCharacterization of nonresponse to high caloric oral nutritional therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2000161374575210712317
  • ScholsAMWJ SPDingemansMCMostertRFrantzenPJWoutersEFMPrevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable copd eligible for pulmonary rehabilitationAm Rev Respir Dis1993
  • MostertR GAWeling-ScheepersCWoutersEFMScholsAMWTissue depletion and health related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseRespir Med20009485986711001077
  • MacDougallJDSuttonJROperation everest ii: Structural adaptations in skeletal muscle in response to extreme simulated altitudeActa Physiol Scand19911424214271927554
  • DecramerM LLFagardRRogiersPCorticosteroids contribute to muscle weakness in chronic airflow obstructionAm J Respir Crit Care Med199415011168025735
  • ScholsAMWJ BWStaal-van den BrekelAJDentenerMAWoutersEFMEvidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax1996518198248795671
  • GoskerHRWoutersEFvan der VusseGJScholsAMSkeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: Underlying mechanisms and therapy perspectivesAm J Clin Nutr20007151033104710799364
  • SinDDMSIs inflammation good, bad or irrelevant for skeletal muscles in copdThorax200863959618234651
  • GreenRHSinghSJWilliamsJMorganMDLA randomised controlled trial of four weeks versus seven weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax200156214314511209104
  • IonescuAASchoonEOsteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEur Respir J.20032246 supplS6475
  • SlemendaCWLongcopeCJohnstonCCJrCigarette smoking, obesity, and bone massJ Bone Miner Res1989457377412816518
  • McEvoyCEEnsrudKEBenderEAssociation between corticosteroid use and vertebral fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med199815737047099517579
  • VriezeAWijkstraPJWempeJBLow bone mineral density in copd patients related to worse lung function, low weight and decreased fat-free massOsteoporos Int2007189119720217347789
  • RianchoJGonzalez MaciasJDel ArcoCAmadoJFreijanesJAntonMVertebral compression fractures and mineral metabolism in chronic obstructive lung diseaseThorax198742129629663438885
  • LeechJDulbergCKellieSRelationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in womenAm Rev Respir Dis199014168712297189
  • GluckOColiceGRecognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseasesChest200412551859187615136401
  • ReidDHughesRALaanRFEfficacy and safety of daily rise-dronate in the treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in men and women: A randomized trialeuropean corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis treatment studyJ Bone Miner Res2000151006101310841169
  • CohenSLevyRMKellerMRisedronate therapy prevents corticosteroid-induced bone loss: A twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studyArthritis Rheum1999422309231810555025
  • SaagKGEmkeyRSchnitzerTJThe Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study GroupAlendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosisN Engl J Med199833952922999682041
  • LauEMChanYHLiMAlendronate for the prevention of bone loss in patients on inhaled steroid therapyBone200129650651011728919
  • WinettRAPotential health-related benefits of resistance trainingPreventive Med200133503513
  • BrenesGAAnxiety and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, impact, and treatmentPsychosom Med20036596397014645773
  • AydinIODepression, anxiety comorbidity, and disability in tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: Applicability of ghq-12Gen Hosp Psychiatry200123778311313075
  • SmollerJWPollackMHSystromDKradinRLSertraline effects on dyspnea in patients with obstructive airways diseasePsychosomatics19983924299538672
  • KunikMERoundyKVeazeyCSurprisingly high prevalence of anxiety and depression in chronic breathing disordersChest20051271205121115821196
  • SabroeIParkerLCCalverleyPMADowerSKWhyteMKBPathological networking: A new approach to understanding COPDThorax200762873373817687100
  • HoffmanEASimonBAMcLennanGState of the art. A structural and functional assessment of the lung via multidetector-row computed tomography: Phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseProc Am Thorac Soc20063651953216921136
  • CurtisJLFreemanCMHoggJCThe immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Insights from recent researchProc Am Thorac Soc20074751252117878463
  • CelliBRRogerSMitchell lecture. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes and their clinical relevanceProc Am Thorac Soc20063646146516921104