Management of gestational diabetes mellitus

References

• Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes MellitusReport of the Expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitusDiabetes Care199720118311979203460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOType 2 diabetes in pregnancy: exposing deceptive appearancesJ Matern Fetal Neonatal Med200821318118918297573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes AssociationGestational Diabetes Mellitus (Position Statement)Diabetes Care200427Suppl 1S88S9014693936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RyanEAEnnsLRole of gestational hormones in the induction of insulin resistanceJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1988673413473292560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuhlCEtiology and pathogenesis of gestational diabetesDiabetes Care199821B19B269704223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LapollaADalfràMGMelloGEarly detection of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function with simple tests indicate future derangements in late pregnancyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200893387688018089696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PedersenJThe Pregnant Diabetic and her Newborn2nd edMunksgaardCopenhagenWilliams and WilkinsBaltimore1977211
   Google Scholar
• CaseyBMLucasMJMcIntireDDLevenoKJPregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes compared with the general obstetric populationObstet Gynaecol199790869873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KjosALBuchananTAGestational diabetes mellitusN Engl J Med19993411749175610580075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOManagement of obesity in GDM: old habits die hardJ Matern Fetal Neonatal Med200821316517118297571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimCNewtonKMKnoopRHGestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care2002251862186812351492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScottDALovemanEMcIntireLWaughNScreening for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluationHealth Technol Assess2002611117212433317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HunterDJSMilnerRGestational diabetes and birth traumaAm J Obstet Gynecol19851529189194025442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuffnellDJWestJWalkinshawSATreatments for gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancyThe Cochrane Library20084130
   Google Scholar
• HillerTAVescoKKPedulaKLBeilTLWhitlockEPPettittDJScreening for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the US Preventive Service Task ForceAnn Intern Med200814876677518490689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOYogevYMostOXenachisEMGestational diabetes: the consequences of not treatingAm J Obstet Gynaecol2005192989997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CrowtherCAHillerJEMossAJJeffriesWSRobinsonJSfor the Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial GroupEffect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomesNew Engl J Med2005352242477248615951574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MossJRCrowtherCAHillerJEWillsonKJRobinsonJSfor the Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial GroupCosts and consequences of treatment for mild gestational diabetes mellitus-evaluation from the ACHOIS randomised trialBMC Pregnancy Childbirth20077273317963528
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceCost-effectiveness of screening, diagnosis and treatment for gestational diabetes32008 Appendix D165190
   Google Scholar
• LangerOGestational diabetes: the consequences of not treatingHodMJovanovicLDi RenzoGCDeLeivaALangerOTextbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy2nd edInforma Healthcare2008107117
   Google Scholar
• MetzerBEBuchananTACoustanDRSummary and Recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Care2007302S251S26017596481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MetzgerBECoustanDMOrganizing Committee: Summary and Recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop Conference on Gestational Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Care199821Suppl 2B1611679704245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GilmerMDBeardRWBrookeFMOakleyNWCarbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. Part 1: diurnal plasma glucose profile in normal and diabetic womenBr Med J197533994021171710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CousinsLRiggLHollingsworthDBrinkGAurandJYenSSThe 24-hour excursion and diurnal rhythm glucose, insulin and C-peptide in normal pregnancyAm J Obstet Gynecol19801364834886986775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhelpsRLMetgerBEFreinkelNCarbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XVII. Diurnal profiles of plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and individual amino acids in late normal pregnancyAm J Obstet Gynecol19811407307367020420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParrettiEMecacciFPapiniMThird trimester maternal glucose levels from diurnal profiles in non diabetic pregnancies: correlation with sonographic parameters of foetal growthDiabetes Care2001241319132311473063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YogevYBen-HaroushAChenRRosennBHodMLangerODiurnal glycemic profile in obese and normal weight non diabetic pregnant womenAm J Obstet Gynecol200419194995315467570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SiegmundTRadNTRitterathCSiebertGHenrichWBuhlingKJLongitudinal changes in the continuous glucose profile measured by the CGMSR in healthy pregnant women and determination of cut-off valuesE J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol20081394652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOYogevYXenakisEMJBrustmanLOverweight and obese in gestational diabetes: the impact on pregnancy outcomeAM J Obstet Gynaecol200519217681776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic-PetersonLPetersonCMReedGFMaternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development –Diabetes in Early Pregnancy StudyAm J Obstet Gynecol19911641031111986596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De VecianaMMajorCAMorganMAPost prandial versus pre prandial blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapyN Engl J Med1995333123712417565999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-HaroushAYogevYChenRRosenBHodMLangerOThe postprandial glucose profile in the diabetic pregnanciesAm J Obstet Gynecol200419157658115343240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeguizamonGKrupitzkiHGlujovskyDOlivera RavasiMReeceEABlood glucose monitoring in gestational diabetes mellitus:1-versus 2-h blood glucose determinationsJ Matern Fetal Neonatal Med20021238438812683648
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LangerOMazzeRThe relationship between large for gestational age infants and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetesAm J Obstet Gynecol1988159147814833207126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOPrevention of macrosomiaBaillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol199153333471954717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PettittDJKnowlessWCBairdHRBennettPHGestational diabetes: infant and maternal complications of pregnancy in relation to third trimester glucose tolerance in Pima IndiansDiabetes Care198034584647389563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarthaJLMartinez-Del-FresnoPComino-DelgadoRGestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed during early pregnancyAm J Obstet Gynaecol2000182346350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbergARydhstromHKallenBKallenKImpaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy is associated with increased fetal mortality in preceding sibsActa Obstet Gynecol Scand1997762122179093133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeischerNAWeinPSheedyMTSteffenBIdentification and treatment of women with hyperglycemia diagnosed during pregnancy can significantly reduce perinatal mortality ratesAust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol19961822392478883743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KarlsonKKjellmerIThe outcome of diabetic pregnancies in relation to the mother’s blood sugar levelAm J Obstet Gynaecol1972112213220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerORodriguezDAXenachisEMJMcFarlandMBBerkusMDArrendonoMDIntensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetesAm J Obstet Gynaecol199417010361047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOA spectrum of glucose thresholds may effectively prevent complications in the pregnant diabetic patientsSemin Perinatol20022619620512099309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The HAPO Study Cooperative Research GroupHyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomeN Engl J Med2008358191991200218463375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenRYogevYBen-HaroushAJovanovicLHodMPhilipMContinuous glucose monitoring for the evaluation and improved control of gestational diabetes mellitusJ Matern Fetal Neonatal Med20031425626014738172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KerssenAdeValkHWVisserGHADay-to-day glucose variability during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: glucose profiles measured with the continuous glucose monitoringBJOG20041191992415327605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TaslimiMMNavabiKAcostaRHelmerAEl-SayedYYConcealed maternal blood glucose excursions correlate with birth weight centileJ Diab Science Technol200823456460
   Google Scholar
• MoscaAPaleariRDalfràMGReference intervals for haemoglobin A1c in pregnant women: data from an Italian Multicentric studyClin Chem2006521138114316601066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WyseLJJonesMMandelFRelationship of glycosylated hemoglobin, fetal macrosomia and birthweight macrosomiaAm J Perinatol1994112602627945618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissmann-BrennerAO’Reilly-GreenCFerberADivonMYDoes the availability of maternal HbA1c results improve the accuracy of sonographic diagnosis of macrosomia?Ultrasound Obstet Gynaecol200423466471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NielsenLREkbomPDammPHbA1c levels are significantly lower in early and late pregnancyDiabetes Care200451200120115111545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarshallSMBarthJHStandardization of HbA1c measurements: a consensus statementDiabet Med2000175610691152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG Practice Bulletin Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynaecologists. No 30Obstet Gynaecol2001983525538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association of Perinatal Medicine (EAPM)Diabetes and pregnancy update and guidelinesHodMCarrapatoM2000
   Google Scholar
• GarnerPOkunNKeelyEA randomised controlled trial of strict glycemic control and tertiary level obstetric care versus routine obstetric care in the management of gestational diabetes: a pilot studyAm J Obstet Gynaecol1997177190195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LandonMBThomESpongCYThe National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network randomized clinical trial in progressDiabetes Care200730Suppl 2S194S19917596471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LarcipreteGValensiseHVasapolloBFetal subcutaneous tissue thickness (SCTT) in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnanciesUltrasound Obstet Gynecol20032259159714689531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-HaroushAYogevYHodMFetal weight estimation in diabetic pregnancies and suspected fetal macrosomiaJ Perinat Med20043211312115085885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ColmanAMaharajDHuttonJTuohyJReliability of ultrasound estimation of fetal weight in term singleton pregnanciesNZ Med J2006119U2146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BenacerrafBRGelmanRFrigolettoFDSonographically estimated fetal weights: accuracy and limitationAm J Obstet Gynecol1988159111811213055999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PredanicMChoAIngridFPellettieriJUltrasonographic estimation of fetal weightJ Ultrasound Med20022149550012008811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShermanDJArieliSTovbinJSiegelGCaspiEBukovskyIA comparison of clinical and ultrasonic estimation of fetal weightObstetrics and Gynecology19989122122179469278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KernaghanDOlaBFraserRBFarrellTOwenPFetal size and growth velocity in the prediction of the large for gestational age (LGA) infant in a glucose impaired populationEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol200761322:189192 Epub 2006 Aug 2216930805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PatesJAMcIntireDDCaseyBMLevenoKJPredicting macrosomiaJ Ultrasound Medicine2008273943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UotilaJDastidarPHeinonenTRyminPPunnonenRLaasonenEMagnetic resonance imaging compared to ultrasonography in fetal weight and volume estimation in diabetic and normal pregnancyActa Obstet Gynecol Scand20007925525910746838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeWDeterRLEmersoleJDHuangRBlanckaertKRomeroRBirth weight prediction by three-dimensional ultrasonography: fractional limb volumeJ Ultrasound Med2001201283129211762540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeiznerIMashiachRSonography in diabetic pregnanciesHodMJovanovicLDi RenzoGCDeLeivaALangerOTextbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy2nd edInforma Healthcare2008253258
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer-GrafUMKiosSLFauzanOHA randomized trial evaluating a predominantly fetal growth-based strategy to guide management of gestational diabetes in Caucasian womenDiabetes Care20042729730214747203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BonomoMCetinIPisoniMPFlexible treatment of gestational diabetes modulated on ultrasound evaluation of intrauterine growth: a controlled randomized clinical trialDiab Metab200430237243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbramowiczJSSaroshRAbramowiczSFetal cheek-to-cheek diameter in the prediction mode of deliveryAm J Obstet Gynaecol200519212051213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernsteinIMCatalanoPMInfluence of foetal fat on the ultrasound estimation of foetal weight in diabetic mothersObstet Gynaecol199279561563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParrettiECarignaniICioniRSonographic evaluation of fetal growth and body composition in women with different degrees of normal glucose metabolismDiabetes Care2003262741274814514573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReaderDSplettPGundersonEImpact of gestational diabetes mellitus nutrition practice guidelines implemented by registered dieticians on pregnancy outcomeJ Am Diet Assoc20061061426143316963348
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Food and Nutrition BoardNutrition during pregnancyPart 1: weight gain Part 2: nutrient supplementsWashington DCInstitute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences1990
   Google Scholar
• KnoopRHMageeMSRaisysVBenettiTMetabolic effects of hypocaloric diets in management of gestational diabetesDiabetes199140Suppl 21651711748251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MageeMSKnoppRHBenedettiTJMetabolic effects of 1200 kcal diet in obese pregnant women with gestational diabetesDiabetes1990342342402227131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RizzoTMetgerBEBurnsWJCorrelations between antepartum maternal metabolism and child intelligenceN Engl J Med19913259119161881416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaeABondDEvansSNorthFRobertmanBWaltersBA randomized controlled trial of dietary energy restriction in the management of obese women with gestational diabetesAust NZJ Obstet Gyn200040416422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlgertSShraggPHollingsworthDRModerate caloric restriction in obese women with gestational diabetesObstet Gynaecol198565487491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GillenlTapsellLCMartinGSThe type and frequency of consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods may play a role in the clinical expression of insulin resistance during pregnancy. Nutrition and DieteticsJ Diet Assoc Australia2002592135143
   Google Scholar
• NolanJImproved glucose tolerance in gestational diabetic women on a low fat, high unrefined carbohydrate dietAust N Zel J Obstet Gynaecol1984243174177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CeysensGRouillerDBoulvainMExercise for diabetic pregnant womenCochrane Database Syst. Rev3CD004225200616856038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DyckRKlompHTanLTurnellRWBoctorMAA comparison of rates, risk factors and outcomes of gestational diabetes between aboriginal and non aboriginal women in the Saskatoon health districtDiabetes Care20022548749311874935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DempseyJButlerCSorensenTKA case-control study of maternal recreational physical activity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitusDiab Res Clin Pract200466203215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes AssociationMedical management of pregnancy complicated by diabetesADA Clinical Education Series3rd ed2000126128
   Google Scholar
• LapollaADalfràMGFedeleDInsulin therapy in pregnancy complicated by diabetes: are insulin analogs a new tool?Diabetes Metab Res Rev20052124125215818714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di CianniGTorloneELencioniEPerinatal outcomes associated with the use of glargine during pregnancyDiabet Med20082599399618959615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoskovicRFeigDSDerewlanyLKnieBPortnoiGKorenGTransfer of insulin across the human placenta: in vitro perfusion studiesDiabetes Care20032651390139412716794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JovanovicJIlicSPettittDJMetabolic and immunologic effects of insulin lispro in gestational diabetesDiabetes Care1999221422142710480503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PettittDJOspinaPHowardCZisserHJovanovicLEfficacy, safety and lack of immunogenicity of insulin aspart compared with regular human insulin for women with gestational diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine2007241129113517888133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HofmannTHorstmannGStammbergerIEvaluation of the reproductive toxicity and embryotoxicity of insulin glargine (Lantus) in rats and rabbitsInt J Toxicol200221318118912055019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PriceNBartlettGGillmerMDUse of insulin glargine during pregnancy: a case-control pilot studyBJOG200711445345717261126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElliotBDLangerOSchenkerSJohnsonRDPrihodaTComparative placental transport of oral hypoglycemic agents in humans: a model of human placental drug transferAm J Obstet Gynaecol1994171653660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangerOYogevYXenachisEMJRosennBInsulin and glyburide therapy: dosage, severity level of gestational diabetes, and pregnancy outcomeAm J Obstet Gynaecol2005192134139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoltRIClarkePParryECColemanMAGThe effectiveness of glibenclamide in women with gestational diabetesDiabetes Obes Metab20081090691118093212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobsonGFRamosGAChingJYKirbyRSFerraraAFieldDRComparison of glyburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetes in a large managed care organizationAm J Obstet Gynaecol2005193118124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HagueWMDavorenPMMcIntyreDNorrisRXiaonianXCharlesBMetformin crosses the placenta: a modulator for fetal insulin resistanceBMJ 4 December2003
   Google Scholar
• RowanJAHagueWMGaoWBattinMRMooreMPfor the MIG Trial InvestigatorsMetformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetesN Engl J Med20083582003201518463376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GlueckCJWangPKobayashiSPhillipsHSieve-SmithLMetformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndromeFertil Steril200277352052511872206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GlueckCJGoldenbergNPranikoffJLoftspringMSieveLWangPHeight, weight and motor-social development during the first 18 months of life in 126 infants born to 109 mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome who conceived on and continued metformin through pregnancyHum Reprod20041961323133015117896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de VecianaMTrailPALauTKDulaneyKA comparison of oral acarbose and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitusObstet Gynecol2002995S
   Google Scholar
• ChanLYYeungJHLauTKPlacental transfer of rosiglitazone in the first trimester of human pregnancyFert Steril200583955958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HilesRABawdonREPetrellaEMEx vivo human placental transfer of the peptides pramlintide and exenatideHum Exp Toxicol2003221262362814992323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar