References
- Center of Disease Control and PreventionPneumocystis pneumonia – Los AngelesMMWR1981302502526265753
- GottliebMSSchroffRSchankerHMPneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiencyN Engl J Med1981305142514316272109
- The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (2008)Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studiesLancet200837229329918657708
- PalellaFJJrDelaneyKMMoormanACDeclining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study InvestigatorsN Engl J Med19983388538609516219
- BattegayMElziLMorbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals – a shift towards comorbiditiesSwiss Med Wkly200913956457019838874
- ChagasCNova tripanozomiaze humana: estudo sobre a morfolojia e o evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n.gen.,sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homemMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz19091159218
- CariniiAFormas de eschizogonia do Trypanozoma lewisiCommun Soc Med Sao Paolo191016204
- StringerJRBeardCBMillerRFWakefieldAEA new name (Pneumocystis jirovecii) for Pneumocystis from humansEmerg Infect Dis2002889189612194762
- EdmanJCKovacsJAMasurHRibosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of fungiNature19883345195222970013
- StringerSLHudsonKBlaséMASequence from ribosomal RNA of Pneumocystis carinii compared to those of four fungi suggests an ascomycettous affinityJ Protozool19893614S16S2785181
- GigliottiFHarmsenAGWrightTWCharacterization of transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii f. sp. Muris through immunocompetent BALB/c miceInfect Immun2003713852385612819069
- ChenWGigliottiFHarmsenAGLatency is not an inevitable outcome of infection with Pneumocystis jiroveciiInfect Immun199361540654097901169
- Helweg-LarsenJLeeCHJinSClinical correlation of variations in the internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes in Pneumocystis jirovecii f. sp. HominisAIDS20011545145911242141
- HenshawNGCarsonJLCollierAMUltrastructural observations of Pneumocystis carinii attachment to the lungJ Infect Dis19851511811863871224
- RothsJBSidmanCLBoth immunity and hyperresponsiveness to Pneumocystis jirovecii result from transfer of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells into severe combined immunodeficeincy miceJ Clin Invest1992906736901353767
- WrightTWJohnstonCJHarmsenAGFinkelsteinJNChemokine gene expression uring Pneumocystis-driven pulmonary inflammationInfect Immun1999673452346010377126
- GigliottiFWrightTWImmunopathogenesis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniaExpert Rev Mol Med2005711616842636
- ItataniCAMarshallGJUltrastructural morphology and staining characteristics of Pneumocystis carinii in situ and from bronchioalveolar lavageJ Parasitol1988747007122456381
- CrucianiMMarcatiPMalenaMMeta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1 infected patientsEur Respir J20022098212412693
- CastroJGEspinozaLHIV infection and Pneumocystis Penumonia (PCP)GalandaCDAIDS-related Opportunistic InfectionsNew YorkNova Biomedical Books20096880
- ThomasCFJrLimperAHPneumocystis pneumoniaN Engl J Med20043502487249815190141
- StoverDEMeduriGUPulmonary function testsClin Chest Med198894734793044683
- GrudenJFHuangLTurnerJHigh resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nospecific radiograph findingsAm J Roentgenol19971699679759308446
- ZamanMKWootenOJSuprahmanyaBRapid non-invasive diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii from induced liquefied sputumAnn Intern Med1988109117
- KovacsJANgVLMasurHDiagnosis of Pnumocystis carinii pnumonia: improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodiesN Engl J Med19883185895932449613
- LarsenHHHuangLKovacsJAA prospective, blinded study of quantitative touch-down polymerase chain reaction using oral-wash samples for diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patientsJ Infect Dis20041891679168315116305
- DesmetSVan WijngaerdenEMaertensJSerum (1–3)-beta-Dglucan as a tool for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or hematological malignancyJ Clin Microbio20094738713874
- ShimizuYSunagaNDobashiKSerum markers in interstitial pneumonia with and without Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization: a prospective studyBMC Infect Dis200994719383170
- CrucianiMMarcatiPMalenaMMeta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1 infected patientsEur Respir J20022098298912412693
- HarrisCSpecterBLimWUnique chest radriograph features of CMV complicating PCP in HIV infected infantsInt Conf AIDS199366–119360 (Abstract N PO-B08-1347)
- CastroJMansiGEspinozaLConcurrent PCP and TB Pneumonia in HIV Infected PatientsScandinavian J Infect Dis20073910541058
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionGuidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents, Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaMMWR200958610
- HughesWTTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in childrenRev Infect Dis198246026076981176
- YoungLowell STrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of adults with pneumonia due to Pneumocystis cariniiRev Infect Dis198246086136981177
- HughesWFeldmanSChaudharySComparison of pentamidine isethionate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of Pneurnocystis carinii pneumoniaJ Pediatr197892285291304478
- WinstonDJLauWKGaleRPYoungLSTrímethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaAnn Intern Med1980927627696966901
- SattlerFRCowanRNielsenDMRuskinJTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAnn Intern Med19881092802873260759
- Helweg-LarsenJBenfieldTLEugen-OlsenJEffects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P carinii pneumoniaLancet19993541347135110533864
- HughesWTFeldmanSChaudharySCComparison of pentamidine isethionate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of Pneurnocystis carinii pneumoniaJ Pediatr197892285291304478
- ArmstrongWMeshnickSKazanjianPPneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in immunocompromised patientsMicrobes Infect20002616710717542
- SafrinSFinkelsteinDMFeinbergJComparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDSAnn Intern Med19961247928028610948
- NahimanaARabodonirinaMHelweg-LarsenJSulfa Resistance and Dihydropteroate Synthase Mutants in Recurrent Pneumocystis carinii PneumoniaEmerg Infect Dis2003786486712890330
- Helweg-LarsenJBenfieldTEugen-OlsenJEffects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P carinii pneumoniaLancet19993541347135110533864
- NavinTBeardCHuangLEffect of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of P. carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV-1: a prospective studyLancet200135854554911520525
- HughesWUse of dapsone in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a reviewClin Infect Dis1998271912049675476
- HansenDGChallonerKRSmithDEDapsone intoxication: two case reportsJ Emerg Med199433473518040592
- LandersDBerginCO’LearyADapsone induced methaemoglobinaemiaInt J STD AIDS199674454478940676
- WardKEMcCarthyMWDapsone-induced methemoglobinemiaAnn Pharmacother1998325495539606476
- TomaEThorneASingerJThe CTN-PCP Study GroupClindamycin with primaquine vs trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for mild and moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial (CTN 004)Clin Infect Dis1998275245309770152
- HughesWLeoungGKramerFComparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDSN Engl J Med1993328152115278479489
- DohnMNWeinbergWGTorresRAthe Atovaquone Study GroupOral atovaquone compared with intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDSAnn Intern Med19941211741807880228
- WesternKAPereraDrSchultzMGPentamidine isethionate in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaAnn Intern Med1970736957025312203
- WhartonJMColemanDLWofsyCBLuceJMTrimethoprimsulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAnn Intern Med198610537443521428
- KleinNCDuncansonFPLenoxTHTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: results of a large prospective randomized treatment trialAIDS199263013051567574
- NielsenTLSchattenkerkJKMEJensenBNAdjunctive corticosteroid therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS: A randomized European multicenter open label studyAIDS19925726731
- MontanerJSLawsonLMLevittNCorticosteroids prevent early deterioration in patients with moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)Ann Intern Med199011314202190515
- Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndromeN Engl J Med1990323150015042136587
- PowlesMALiberatorPAndersonJEfficacy of MK-991 (L-743,872), a semisynthetic pneumocandin, in murine models of Pneumocystis cariniiAntimicrob Agents Chemo19984219851989
- AnnaloroCDella VolpeAUsardiPLambertenghiDGCaspofungin treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia during conditioning for bone marrow transplantationEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis200625525416365723
- Xiang-dongMCheng-liQBingHECaspofungin in salvage treatment of severe pneumocystis pneumonia: case report and literature reviewChin Med J200912299699919493430
- UtiliRDurante-MangoniEBasilicoCEfficacy of caspofungin addition to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipientsTransplantation20078468568817893600
- MillerRFAllenECopasAImproved survival for HIV infected patients with severe Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is independent of highly active antiretroviral therapyThorax20066171672116601092
- CurtisJRYarnoldPRSchwartzDNImprovements in outcomes of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaAm J Resp Crit Care Med200016239339810934059
- MorrisACreasmanJTurnerJIntensive care of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during the era of highly antiretroviral therapyAm J Resp Crit Care Med200216626226712153955
- WislezMBergotEAntoineMAcute respiratory failure following HAART introduction in patients treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med200116484785111549544
- MorrisAWachtercRMLuceImproved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaAIDS200317738012478071
- ZolopaARAndersenJKomarowLEarly antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: A multicenter randomized strategy trialPLoS ONE20094e557519440326
- HuangLQuartinAJonesDHavlirDVIntensive care of patients with HIV infectionN Engl J Med200635517318116837681
- ChuSHansonDLCiesielskiCWardJWProphylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia at higher CD4+ T-Cell countsJAMA19952738487869553
- YaleSHLimperAHPneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapyMayo Clin Proc1996715138538233
- CurtisJRYarnoldPRSchwartzDNImprovements in outcomes of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaAm J Resp Crit Care Med200016239339810934059
- CrothersKBeardCBTurnerJSeverity and outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia containing Pneumocystis jiroveci dihydropteroate Synthase gene mutationsAIDS20051980180515867494
- SchneiderMMHoepelmanAIEeftinck SchattenkerkJKA controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infectionN Engl J Med1992327183618411360145
- HardyWDFeinbergJFinkelsteinDMA controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or aerosolized pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndromeN Engl J Med1992327184218481448121
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionGuidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescentsMMWR200958No. RR-4
- JensenBNNielsenTLBackerVAerosolized pentamidine for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia: A controlled, randomized trialAIDS19936472477
- ChanCMontanerJLefebvreEAAtovaquone suspension compared with aerosolized pentamidine for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodef iciency virus–infected subjects intolerant of trimethoprim or sulfonamidesJ Infect Dis199918036937610395851
- El-SadrWMMurphyRLYurikTMAtovaquone compared with dapsone for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who cannot tolerate trimethoprim, sulfonamides, or bothN Engl J Med1998339188918959862944
- D’EgidioaGEKravcikaSCooperaCLPneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis is not required with a CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/ ml when viral replication is suppressedAIDS2007211711171517690568
- EspinozaLAPneumocystis pneumoniaKnoxMDHIV/ AIDS Primary Care GuideWilliston, VTCrown House Pub2006