References
- von SteinbüchelRVorläufige Mitteilung über die Anwendung des Skopolamin-Morphium-Injektionen in der GeburtshilfeZentrallblatt Gyn19023013041306
- CatonDThe history of obstetric anesthesiaChestnutDHPolleyLSTsenLCWongCAObstetric Anesthesia Principles and Practice4th edPhiladelphiaElsevier Mosby2009313
- HingsonRAEdwardsWBContinuous caudal analgesia: An analysis of the first ten thousand confinements thus managed with the report of the authors’ first thousand casesJAMA1943123538546
- MelzackRThe myth of painless childbirth (the John J. Bonica lecture)Pain19841943213376384895
- WongCAObstetric PainBallantyneJCRathmellJPFishmanSMBonica’s Management of Pain4th edPhiladelphiaLippincott Williams & WilkinsIn press
- PanPEisenachJCThe pain of childbirth and its effect on the mother and the fetusChestnutDHPolleyLSTsenLCWongCAObstetric Anesthesia Principles and Practice4th edPhiladelphiaElsevier Mosby2009387404
- SheinerESheinerEKShoham-VardiIThe relationship between parity and labor painInt J Gynaecol Obstet19986332872889989900
- HessPEPrattSDSoniAKSarnaMCOriolNEAn association between severe labor pain and cesarean deliveryAnesth Analg200090488188610735793
- AlexanderJMSharmaSKMcIntireDDWileyJLevenoKJIntensity of labor pain and cesarean deliveryAnesth Analg20019261524152811375838
- LangAJSorrellJTRodgersCSLebeckMMAnxiety sensitivity as a predictor of labor painEur J Pain200610326327015987671
- HennebornWJCoganRThe effect of husband participation on reported pain and probability of medication during labor and birthJ Psychosom Res19751932152221104819
- KennellJKlausMMcGrathSRobertsonSHinkleyCContinuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital: a randomized controlled trialJAMA199126517219722012013951
- BonicaJJPrinciples and Practice of Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia2PhiladelphiaFA Davis1969
- LedermanRPMcCannDSWorkBJrHuberMJEndogenous plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in last-trimester pregnancy and laborAm J Obstet Gynecol1977129158900169
- ShniderSMAbboudTArtalRHenriksenEHStefaniSJLevinsonGMaternal catecholamines decrease during labor after lumbar epidural analgesiaAm J Obstet Gynecol198314713156614080
- LedermanRPLedermanEWorkBMcCannDSAnxiety and epinephrine in multiparous labor: Relationship to duration of labor and fetal heart rate patternAm J Obstet Gynecol198515388708774073158
- MoirDDWillocksJManagement of incoordinate uterine action under continuous epidural analgesiaBr Med J1967339640020791300
- BallardCGStanleyAKBrockingtonIFPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirthBr J Psychiatry199516645255287795928
- SimkinPBoldingAUpdate on nonpharmacologic approaches to relieve labor pain and prevent sufferingJ Midwifery Womens Health200449648950415544978
- FieldTPregnancy and labor alternative therapy researchAltern Ther Health Med2008145283418780582
- TournaireMTheau-YonneauAComplementary and alternative approaches to pain relief during laborEvid Based Complement Alternat Med20074440941718227907
- HetheringtonSEA controlled study of the effect of prepared childbirth classes on obstetric outcomesBirth199017286902363771
- ScottJRRoseNBEffect of psychoprophylaxis (Lamaze preparation) on labor and delivery in primiparasN Engl J Med19762942212051207772428
- PattonLLEnglishECHambletonJDChildbirth preparation and outcomes of labor and delivery in primiparous womenJ Fam Pract19852043753783981097
- FabianHMRadestadIJWaldenstromUChildbirth and parenthood education classes in Sweden. Women’s opinion and possible outcomesActa Obstet Gynecol Scand200584543644315842207
- SimkinPPO’HaraMNonpharmacologic relief of pain during labor: systematic reviews of five methodsAm J Obstet Gynecol20021865 Suppl NatureS131S15912011879
- HodnettEDGatesSHofmeyrGJSakalaCContinuous support for women during childbirthCochrane Database Syst Rev20073CD00376617636733
- McGrathSKKennellJHA randomized controlled trial of continuous labor support for middle-class couples: effect on cesarean delivery ratesBirth2008352929718507579
- DowswellTBedwellCLavenderTNeilsonJPTranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief in labourCochrane Database Syst Rev20092CD00721419370680
- CluettERNikodemVCMcCandlishREBurnsEEImmersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birthCochrane Database Syst Rev20042CD00011115106143
- HuntleyALCoonJTErnstEComplementary and alternative medicine for labor pain: a systematic reviewAm J Obstet Gynecol20041911364415295342
- SmithCACollinsCTCynaAMCrowtherCAComplementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labourCochrane Database Syst Rev20064CD00352117054175
- SkilnandEFossenDHeibergEAcupuncture in the management of pain in laborActa Obstet Gynecol Scand2002811094394812366485
- RamneroAHansonUKihlgrenMAcupuncture treatment during labour – a randomised controlled trialBJOG2002109663764412118641
- BorupLWurlitzerWHedegaardMKesmodelUSHvidmanLAcupuncture as pain relief during delivery: a randomized controlled trialBirth200936151219278378
- NesheimBIKingeRBergBAcupuncture during labor can reduce the use of meperidine: a controlled clinical studyClin J Pain200319318719112792557
- HantoushzadehSAlhusseiniNLebaschiAHThe effects of acupuncture during labour on nulliparous women: a randomised controlled trialAust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol2007471263017261096
- YentisSThe use of Entonox® for labour pain should be abandonedInt J Obstet Anesth2001102528
- RosenMRecent advances in pain relief in childbirth. I. Inhalation and systemic analgesiaBr J Anaesth19714398378484941920
- RooksJPNitrous oxide for pain in labor – why not in the United States?Birth20073413517324171
- DeckardtRFembacherPMSchneiderKTGraeffHMaternal arterial oxygen saturation during labor and delivery: pain-dependent alterations and effects on the newbornObstet Gynecol198770121253601266
- ReedPNColquhounADHanningCDMaternal oxygenation during normal labourBr J Anaesth19896233163182930673
- YeoSTHoldcroftAYentisSMStewartABassettPAnalgesia with sevoflurane during labour: ii. Sevoflurane compared with Entonox for labour analgesiaBr J Anaesth200798111011517158129
- OlofssonCEkblomAEkman-OrdebergGHjelmAIrestedtLLack of analgesic effect of systemically administered morphine or pethidine on labour painBr J Obstet Gynaecol1996103109689728863693
- BrickerLLavenderTParenteral opioids for labor pain relief: a systematic reviewAm J Obstet Gynecol20021865 Suppl NatureS94S10912011876
- NelsonKEEisenachJCIntravenous butorphanol, meperidine, and their combination relieve pain and distress in women in laborAnesthesiology200510251008101315851889
- HillJBAlexanderJMSharmaSKMcIntireDDLevenoKJA comparison of the effects of epidural and meperidine analgesia during labor on fetal heart rateObstet Gynecol2003102233333712907109
- CaldwellJWakileLANotarianniLJMaternal and neonatal disposition of pethidine in childbirth – a study using quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometryLife Sci1978227589596625200
- RayburnWLeushcenMPEarlRWoodsMLorkovicMGaston-JohanssonFIntravenous meperidine during labor: A randomized comparison between nursing and patient-controlled administrationObstet Gynecol19897457027042682412
- PodlasJBrelandBDPatient-controlled analgesia with nalbuphine during laborObstet Gynecol19877022022043601283
- NikkolaEMEkbladUUKernoPOAlihankaJMSalonenMAOIntravenous fentanyl PCA during labourCan J Anaesth19974412124812559429041
- BalkiMKasodekarSDhumneSBernsteinPCarvalhoJCRemifentanil patient-controlled analgesia for labour: optimizing drug delivery regimensCan J Anaesth200754862663317666715
- BlairJMDobsonGTHillDAMcCrackenGRFeeJPPatient controlled analgesia for labour: a comparison of remifentanil with pethidineAnaesthesia2005601222715601268
- VolikasIMaleDA comparison of pethidine and remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labourInt J Obstet Anesth2001102869015321621
- ScottLJPerryCMRemifentanil: a review of its use during the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesiaDrugs200565131793182316114980
- OlufolabiAJBoothJVWakelingHGGlassPSPenningDHReynoldsJDA preliminary investigation of remifentanil as a labor analgesicAnesth Analg200091360660810960385
- VolmanenPAkuralEIRaudaskoskiTAlahuhtaSRemifentanil in obstetric analgesia: a dose-finding studyAnesth Analg200294491391711916796
- BucklinBAHawkinsJLAndersonJRUllrichFAObstetric anesthesia workforce survey: twenty-year updateAnesthesiology2005103364565316129992
- National Health Service Maternity Statistics 2005–062007 http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/hospital-care/maternity/nhs-maternity-statistics-2005-06. Accessed June 11, 2009.
- HawkinsJLKooninLMPalmerSKGibbsCPAnesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979–1990Anesthesiology19978622772849054245
- PaechMJThe King Edward Memorial Hospital 1,000 mother survey of methods of pain relief in labourAnaesth Intensive Care19911933933991767909
- WongCAScavoneBMPeacemanAMThe risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in laborN Engl J Med2005352765566515716559
- AlbrightGACardiac arrest following regional anesthesia with etidocaine or bupivacaineAnesthesiology1979514285287484889
- D’AngeloRDAndersonMTPhillipJEisenachJCIntrathecal sufentanil compared to epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesiaAnesthesiology1994806120912158010467
- PanPHBogardTDOwenMDIncidence and characteristics of failures in obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveriesInt J Obstet Anesth200413422723315477051
- NorrisMCFogelSTConway-LongCCombined spinal-epidural versus epidural labor analgesiaAnesthesiology200195491392011605932
- NageotteMPLarsonDRumneyPJSidhuMHollenbachKEpidural analgesia compared with combined spinal-epidural analgesia during labor in nulliparous womenN Engl J Med199733724171517199392696
- PertCBKuharMJSnyderSHOpiate receptor: autoradiographic localization in rat brainProc Natl Acad Sci U S A1976731037293733185626
- VercauterenMMeertTFIsobolographic analysis of the interaction between epidural sufentanil and bupivacaine in ratsPharmacol Biochem Behav19975812372429264097
- PolleyLSColumbMOWagnerDSNaughtonNNDose-dependent reduction of the minimum local analgesic concentration of bupivacaine by sufentanil for epidural analgesia in laborAnesthesiology19988936266329743398
- LyonsGColumbMHawthorneLDresnerMExtradural pain relief in labour: bupivacaine sparing by extradural fentanyl is dose dependentBr J Anaesth19977854934979175960
- JustinsDMFrancisDHoultonPGReynoldsFA controlled trial of extradural fentanyl in labourBr J Anaesth19825444094147039646
- KennedyRLBellJUMillerRPUptake and distribution of lidocaine in fetal lambsAnesthesiology19907234834892310029
- KatzJABridenbaughPOKnarrDCHeltonSHDensonDDPharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of epidural ropivacaine in humansAnesth Analg199070116212297100
- PolleyLSColumbMONaughtonNNWagnerDSvan de VenCJRelative analgesic potencies of ropivacaine and bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in labor: implications for therapeutic indexesAnesthesiology199990494495010201661
- BeilinYGuinnNRBernsteinHHZahnJHossainSBodianCALocal anesthetics and mode of delivery: bupivacaine versus ropivacaine versus levobupivacaineAnesth Analg2007105375676317717236
- LeeBBNgan KeeWDNgFFLauTKWongELEpidural infusions of ropivacaine and bupivacaine for labor analgesia: a randomized, double-blind study of obstetric outcomeAnesth Analg20049841145115215041615
- LacassieHJHabibASLacassieHPColumbMOMotor blocking minimum local anesthetic concentrations of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in laborReg Anesth Pain Med200732432332917720117
- Van de VeldeMDreelinckRDuboisJDetermination of the full dose-response relation of intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine, combined with sufentanil, for labor analgesiaAnesthesiology2007106114915617197857
- SteinbergRBPowellGHuXHDunnSMEpidural sufentanil for analgesia for labor and deliveryReg Anesth19891452252282577252
- BaderAMFragnetoRTeruiKArthurGRLoferskiBDattaSMaternal and neonatal fentanyl and bupivacaine concentrations after epidural infusion during laborAnesth Analg19958148298327574018
- PorterJSBonelloEReynoldsFThe effect of epidural opioids on maternal oxygenation during labour and deliveryAnaesthesia199651108999038984859
- SinatraRSSevarinoFBChungJHComparison of epidurally administered sufentanil, morphine, and sufentanil-morphine combination for postoperative analgesiaAnesth Analg19917245225271826073
- MintyRGKellyLMintyAHammettDCSingle-dose intrathecal analgesia to control labour pain: is it a useful alternative to epidural analgesia?Can Fam Physician200753343744217872679
- VasudevanASnowmanCESundarSSargeTWHessPEIntrathecal morphine reduces breakthrough pain during labour epidural analgesiaBr J Anaesth200798224124517210732
- HessPEVasudevanASnowmanCPrattSDSmall dose bupivacainefentanyl spinal analgesia combined with morphine for laborAnesth Analg200397124725212818975
- CuratoloMPetersen-FelixSArendt-NielsenLZbindenAMEpidural epinephrine and clonidine: segmental analgesia and effects on different pain modalitiesAnesthesiology19978747857949357879
- SalinasFVPharmacology of drugs used for spinal and epidural anesthesia and analgesiaWongCASpinal and Epidural AnesthesiaNew YorkMcGraw-Hill200776109
- BogodDGRosenMReesGAExtradural infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at 10 mL/hr to women during laborBr J Anaesth19875933253303828182
- HicksJAJenkinsJGNewtonMCFindleyILContinuous epidural infusion of 0.075% bupivacaine for pain relief in labourAnaesthesia19884342892923377149
- GamblingDRMcMorlandGJYuPLaszloCComparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia and conventional intermittent “top-up” injections during laborAnesth Analg19907032562612305976
- CurryPDPacsooCHeapDGPatient-controlled epidural analgesia in obstetric anaesthetic practicePain19945711251288065789
- GamblingDRYuPColeCMcMorlandGHPalmerLA comparative study of patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and continuous infusion epidural analgesia (CIEA) during labourCan J Anaesth19883532492543289769
- van der VyverMHalpernSJosephGPatient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous infusion for labour analgesia: a meta-analysisBr J Anaesth200289345946512402726
- VallejoMCRameshVPhelpsALSahNEpidural labor analgesia: continuous infusion versus patient-controlled epidural analgesia with background infusion versus without a background infusionJ Pain200781297097517686658
- HalpernSHCarvalhoBPatient-controlled epidural analgesia for laborAnesth Analg2009108392192819224805
- CollisREBaxandallMLSrikantharajahIDEdgeGKadimMYMorganBMCombined spinal epidural analgesia with ability to walk throughout labourLancet199334188477677688095677
- ParryMGFernandoRBawaGPSPoultonBBDorsal column function after epidural and spinal blockade: implications for the safety of walking following low-dose regional analgesia for labourAnaesthesia1998533823879613305
- WongCAScavoneBMLoffrediMWangWYPeacemanAMGanchiffJNThe dose-response of intrathecal sufentanil added to bupivacaine for labor analgesiaAnesthesiology20009261553155810839903
- HermanNLChoiKCAffleckPJAnalgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during laborAnesth Analg199989237838310439751
- AsokumarBNewmanLMMcCarthyRJIvankovichADTumanKJIntrathecal bupivacaine reduces pruritus and prolongs duration of fentanyl analgesia during labor: a prospective, randomized controlled trialAnesth Analg1998876130913159842818
- ShniderSMAbboudTKArtalRHenriksenEHStefaniSJLevinsonGMaternal catecholamines decrease during labor after lumbar epidural anesthesiaAm J Obstet Gynecol1983147113156614080
- ClarkeVTSmileyRMFinsterMUterine hyperactivity after intrathecal injection of fentanyl for analgesia during labor: a cause of fetal bradycardia?Anesthesiology199481410837943823
- NielsenPEEricksonJRAbouleishEIPerriattSSheppardCFetal heart rate changes after intrathecal sufentanil or epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia: incidence and clinical significanceAnesth Analg19968347427468831313
- MardirosoffCDumontLBoulvainMTramerMRFetal bradycardia due to intrathecal opioids for labour analgesia: a systematic reviewBr J Obstet Gynaecol20021093274281
- AlbrightGAForsterRMDoes combined spinal-epidural analgesia with subarachnoid sufentanil increase the incidence of emergency cesarean delivery?Reg Anesth19972254004059338900
- Van de VeldeMTeunkensAHanssensMVandermeerschEVerhaegheJIntrathecal sufentanil and fetal heart rate abnormalities: a double-blind, double placebo-controlled trial comparing two forms of combined spinal epidural analgesia with epidural analgesia in laborAnesth Analg20049841153115915041616
- MercierFJDounasMBouazizHLhuissierCBenhamouDIntravenous nitroglycerin to relieve intrapartum fetal distress related to uterine hyperactivity: a prospective observational studyAnesth Analg1997845111711209141942
- CamannWRHortvetLAHughesNBaderAMDattaSMaternal temperature regulation during extradural analgesia for labourBr J Anaesth19916755655681751270
- LiebermanELangJMFrigolettoFJrRichardsonDKRingerSACohenAEpidural analgesia, intrapartum fever, and neonatal sepsis evaluationPediatrics19979934154199041298
- KapustaLConfinoEIsmajovichBRosenblumYDavidMPThe effect of epidural analgesia on maternal thermoregulation in laborInt J Gynaecol Obstet19852331851892865179
- PanzerOGhazanfariNSesslerDIShivering and shivering-like tremor during labor with and without epidural analgesiaAnesthesiology19999061609161610360859
- WeinigerCFWandSNadjariMPost-void residual volume in labor: a prospective study comparing parturients with and without epidural analgesiaActa Anaesthesiol Scand200650101297130316978160
- OlofssonCIEkblomAOEkman-OrdebergGEIrestedtLEPost-partum urinary retention: a comparison between two methods of epidural analgesiaEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol199771131349031957
- ChoiPTGalinskiSETakeuchiLLucasSTamayoCJadadARPDPH is a common complication of neuraxial blockade in parturients: a meta-analysis of obstetrical studiesCan J Anaesth200350546046912734154
- LoughnanBACarliFRomneyMDoreCJGordonHEpidural analgesia and backache: a randomized controlled comparison with intramuscular meperidine for analgesia during labourBr J Anaesth200289346647212402727
- RussellRDundasRReynoldsFLong term backache after childbirth: prospective search for causative factorsBMJ19963127043138413888646094
- BreenTWRansilBJGrovesPAOriolNEFactors associated with back pain after childbirthAnesthesiology199481129348042807
- HowellCJKiddCRobertsWA randomised controlled trial of epidural compared with non-epidural analgesia in labourBJOG20011081273311213000
- HessPEPrattSDLucasTPPredictors of breakthrough pain during labor epidural analgesiaAnesth Analg200193241441811473872
- RaminSMGamblingDRLucasMJSharmaSKSidawiJELevenoKJRandomized trial of epidural versus intravenous analgesia during laborObstet Gynecol19958657837897566849
- FerouzFNorrisMCLeightonBLRisk of respiratory arrest after intrathecal sufentanilAnesth Analg1997855108810909356104
- O’MearaOPBrazieJVNeonatal intoxication after paracervical block [letter]N Engl J Med19682782011271128
- LeightonBLHalpernSHWilsonDBLumbar sympathetic blocks speed early and second stage induced labor in nulliparous womenAnesthesiology19999041039104610201675
- ScudamoreJHYatesMJPudendal block – a misnomer?Lancet19661742723244159157
- ChaseDBradyJPVentricular tachycardia in a neonate with mepivacaine toxicityJ Pediatr1977901127129830877
- ClimieCRThe place of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia in the management of abnormally prolonged labourMed J Aust1964244745014201723
- ReichAMParavertebral lumbar sympathetic block in labor: a report on 500 deliveries by a fractional procedure producing continuous conduction anesthesiaAm J Obstet Gynecol19516161263127614838024
- LeightonBLHalpernSHThe effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: a systematic reviewAm J Obstet Gynecol20021865 Suppl NatureS69S7712011873
- SharmaSKMcIntireDDWileyJLevenoKJLabor analgesia and cesarean delivery: an individual patient meta-analysis of nulliparous womenAnesthesiology2004100114214814695735
- PanniMKSegalSLocal anesthetic requirements are greater in dystocia than in normal laborAnesthesiology200398495796312657859
- ChestnutDHVincentRDMcGrathJMChoiWWBatesJNDoes early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are receiving intravenous oxytocin?Anesthesiology1994906119312008010465
- ChestnutDHMcGrathJMVincentRDDoes early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are in spontaneous labor?Anesthesiology1994806120112088010466
- OhelGGonenRVaidaSBarakSGaitiniLEarly versus late initiation of epidural analgesia in labor: does it increase the risk of cesarean section? A randomized trialAm J Obstet Gynecol2006194360060516522386
- Comparative Obstetric Mobile Epidural Trial Study Group UKEffect of low-dose mobile versus traditional epidural techniques on mode of delivery: a randomised controlled trialLancet20013589275192311454372
- EltzschigHKLiebermanESCamannWRRegional anesthesia and analgesia for labor and deliveryN Eng J Med20033484319332
- BirnbachDJOjeaLSCombined spinal-epidural (CSE) for labor and deliveryInt Anesthesiol Clin2002404274812409932