Acute pain management in children

References

• MalviyaSPolanerDMBerdeCAcute painCoteCJLermanJTodresIDA practice of anesthesia for infants and childrenPhiladelphiaSaunders Elsevier2009939978
   Google Scholar
• VergheseSTHannallahRSPostoperative Pain Management in ChildrenAnesthesiology Clinics N Am200523163184
   Google Scholar
• O’RoukeDThe measurement of pain in infants, children, and adolescents: from policy to practicePhys Ther20048456057015161421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voepel-LewisTMerkelSTaitARThe reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairmentAnesth Analg20029551224122912401598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirminghamPKTobinMJFisherDMInitial and subsequent dosing of rectal acetaminophen in children- a 24-hour pharmacokinetic study of new dose recommendationsAnesthesiology20019438538911374595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MontgomeryCJMcCormackJPReichertCCPlasma concentrations after high-dose (45 mg.kg-1) rectal acetaminophen in childrenCan J Anaesth1995429829868590508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BerdeCBSethnaNFAnalgesics for the treatment of pain in childrenN Engl J Med20023471094110312362012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndersonBJHolfordNHWoollardGAPerioperative pharmacodynamics of acetaminophen analgesia in childrenAnesthesiology1999904114219952146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RomsingJHertelSHarderAExamination of acetaminophen for outpatient management of postoperative pain in childrenPaediatr Anaesth199882352399608969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BremerichDHNeidhartGHeimannKProphylactically-administered rectal acetaminophen does not reduce postoperative opioid requirements in infants and small children undergoing elective cleft palate repairAnesth Analg20019290791211273923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HannallahRS“Outpatient Anesthesia”CotéCTodresIDA practice of anesthesia for infants and childrenPhiladelphiaWB Saunders20015567
   Google Scholar
• HeubiJEBarbacciMBZimmermanHJTherapeutic misadventures with acetaminophen: hepatotoxicity after multiple doses in childrenJ Pediatr199813222279469995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapiciFIngelmoPMDavidsonARandomized controlled trial of duration of analgesia following intravenous or rectal acetaminophen after adenotonsillectomy in childrenBr J Anaesth200810025125518211998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PickeringAEBridgeHSNolanJDouble-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in childrenBr J Anaesth200288727711881888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoshiWConnellyNRReubenSSAn evaluation of the safety and efficacy of administering rofecoxib for postoperative pain managementAnesth Analg200397353812818939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalmbergABYakshTLHyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P receptor blocked by spinal cyclooxygenase inhibitionScience1992257127612791381521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der MarelCDAndersonBJRomsingJDiclofenac and metabolite pharmacokinetics in childrenPaediatr Anaesth20041444345115153204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HallSCTonsillectomies, ketorolac, and the march of progressCan J Anaesth1996435445488773857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChamieKChiAHuBContemporary open ureteral reimplantation without morphine: assessment of pain and outcomesJ Urol200918231147115119625056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParkJMHouckCSSethnaNFKetorolac suppresses postoperative bladder spasms after pediatric ureteral reimplantationAnesth Analg200091111510866879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SplinterWMRhineEJRobertsDWKetorolac tromethamine increases bleeding after tonsillectomy in childrenCan J Anaesth1996435605638773860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarretEFlahaultASamamaC-MEffects of postoperative, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs on bleeding risk after tonsillectomyAnesthesiology2003981497150212766664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoinicheSRomsingJDahlJBNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of operative site bleeding after tonsillectomy: a quantitative systemic reviewAnesth Analg200396687712505926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DawsonGSSeidmanPRamadanHHImproved postoperative pain control in pediatric adenotonsillectomy with dextromethorphanLaryngoscope20011111223122611568544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoseJBGuyRCohenDEPreoperative oral dextromethorphan does not reduce pain or analgesic consumption in children after adenotonsillectomyAnesth Analg19998874975310195517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AliSMShahrbanoSUlhaqTSTramadol for pain relief in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison with dextromethorphanLaryngoscope200811891547154918496149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FinkelJCRoseJBSchmitzMLAn evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of oral tramadol hydrochloride tablets for the treatment of post surgical pain in childrenAnesth Analg200294469473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EngelhardtTSteelEJohnstonGTramadol for pain relief in children undergoing tonsillectomy: a comparison with morphinePaeditric Anaesth200313249252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CourtneyMJCabraalDTramadol vs diclofenac for post-tonsillectomy analgesiaArch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg200112738538811296045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ArcioniRRoccaMDRomanoSOndansetron inhibits the analgesic effects of tramadol: a possible 5-HT3 spinal receptor involvement in acute pain in humansAnesth Analg2002941553155712032025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SempleDRussellSDoyleEComparison of morphine sulphate and codeine phosphate in children undergoing adenotonsillectomyPaeditric Anaesth19999135138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GalinkinJLFaziLMCuyRMUse of intranasal fentanyl in children undergoing myringotomy and tube placement during halothane and sevoflurane anesthesiaAnesthesiology2000931378138311149429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FinkelJFCohenITHannallahRSThe effect of intranasal fentanyl on the emergence characteristics after sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing surgery for bilateral myringotomy tube placementAnesth Analg2001921164116811323340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetersJWBHoekstraBIENGAbu-SaadHHPatient controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trialPaeditric Anaesth19999235241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YildizKTercanEDogruKComparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without a background infusion after appendectomy in childrenPaeditric Anaesth200313427431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaxwellLGKaufmannSCBitzerSThe effects of a small-dose naloxone infusion on opioid induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, controlled studyAnesth Analg200510095395815781505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonaldAJCooperMGPatient-controlled analgesia – an appropriate method for pain control in childrenPediatric Drugs2001327328411354699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SutterKAShawBAGerardiJAComparison of morphine patient-controlled analgesia with and without ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in pediatric orthopedic surgeryAm J Orthop19992835135810401901
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MonittoCLGreenbergRSKost-ByerlySThe safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of ageAnesth Analg20009157357910960379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KanagasundaramSACooperMGLaneLJNurse-controlled analgesia using a patient-controlled analgesia device: an alternative strategy in the management of severe cancer pain in childrenJ Paediatr Child Health1997333523559323628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BerdeCBToxicity of local anesthetics in infants and childrenJ Pediatr1993122S14208487131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiceLJHannallahRSPediatric Regional AnesthesiaMotoyamaEKSmith’s anesthesia for infants and childrenSt. LouisMosby1990393425
   Google Scholar
• DalensBHasnouaiACaudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery-success rate and adverse effects in 750 consecutive patientsAnesth Analg19896883862913854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HannallahRSBroadmanLMBelmanABComparison of Caudal and Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Nerve Blocks for Control of Post-orchiopexy pain in Pediatric Ambulatory SurgeryAnesthesiology1987668328342884900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BusoniPAndreuccettiTThe spread of caudal analgesia in children-a mathematical modelAnaesth Intens Care198614140144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArmitageENLocal anesthetic techniques for prevention of postoperative painBr J Anaesth1986587908003524642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VergheseSMostelloLPatelRITesting the anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in childrenAnesth Analg2002941161116411973180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MazoitJXDensonDDSamiiKPharmacokinetics of bupivacaine following caudal anesthesia in infantsAnesthesiology1988683873913344993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EyresRLHastingsCBrownTCKPlasma bupivacaine concentrations in children during caudal epidural analgesiaAnaesth Intensive Care19831120226859502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BromagePRAging and epidural dose requirementsBr J Anaesth196941101610225365518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KraneEJJacobsonLELynnAMCaudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: A comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphineAnesth Analg1987666476533605674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JamaliSMoninSBegonCClonidine in pediatric caudal anesthesiaAnesth Analg1994786636668135384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WolfARValleyRDFearDWBupivacaine for caudal analgesia in infants and children: the optimal effective concentrationAnesthesiology1988691021063291644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VergheseSHannallahRRiceLCaudal anesthesia in children: effect of volume vs concentration of bupivacaine in blocking spermatic cord traction response during orchidopexyAnesth Analg2002951219122412401597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HongJYHanSWKimWOA Comparison of high volume/high concentration ropivacaine in caudal analgesia for pediatric orchidopexyAnesth Analg20091091073107819762734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TobiasJDRasmussenGEHolcombGWIIIContinuous caudal anesthesia with chloroprocaine as an adjunct to general anesthesia in neonatesCan J Anaesth19964369728665639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van NierckJBax- VermeireBMGeurtsJWEpidurography in premature infantsAnesthesia199045722725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GunterGBEngCThoracic epidural anesthesia via the caudal approach in childrenAnesthesiology1992769359381599114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsuiBCTarkkilaPGuptaSConfirmation of caudal needle placement using nerve stimulationAnesthesiology19999137437810443599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsuiBCHSealRKollerJThoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidanceAnesth Analg20029532633012145046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc NeelyJKTrentadueNCRusyLMCulture of bacteria for lumbar and caudal epidural catheters used for postoperative analgesia in childrenReg Anesth Pain Med199722428431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BubeckJBoosKKrauseHSubcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural cathetersAnesth Analg20049968969315333395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VasLNaregalPSanzgiriSSome vagaries of neonatal lumbar epidural anesthesiaPaediatr Anaesth200010114115
   Google Scholar
• ValairuchaSSeefelderCHouckCSThoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: the importance of radiographic confirmationPaediatric Anaesth200212424428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BosenbergATEpidural analgesia for major neonatal surgeryPaediatric Anaesth19988114115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBrideWJDickerRAbajianJCContinuous thoracic epidural infusions for postoperative analgesia after pectus deformity repairJ Pediatr Surg1996311051078632259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FukunagaTKitamuraSKinouchiKAnesthetic management for the correction of pectus excavatum using pectus bar under video-assistanceMasui J Anesthesiology200150171174
   Google Scholar
• PetersonKLDe CampilWMPikeNAA report of 220 cases of regional anesthesia in pediatric cardiac surgeryAnesth Analg2000901014101910781445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TobiasJDLoweSO’ DellNThoracic epidural anesthesia in infants and childrenCan J Anaesth1993408108128403172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KraneEJDalensBJMuratIThe safety of epidurals placed during general anesthesiaReg Anesth Pain Med1998234334389773693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KasaiTYaegashiKHiroseMSpinal cord injury in a child caused by an accidental dural puncture with a single-shot thoracic epidural needleAnesth Analg200396656712505925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WillschkeHMarhoferPBosenbergAEpidural Catheter placement in Children: comparing a novel approach using ultrasound guidance and a standard loss-of-resistance techniqueBr J Anaesth20069720020716720672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArmsDMSmithJTOsteyeeJPostoperative analgesia for pediatric spine surgeryOrthopedics1998215395449606693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirminghamPKWheelerMSureshSPatient Controlled Epidural Analgesia in children: can they do it?Anesth Analg20039668669112598244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AntokEBordetFDufloFPatient- controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous epidural infusion with ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in childrenAnesth Analg2003971608161114633528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirminghamPKSureshSAmbrosyAParent-assisted or nurse-assisted epidural analgesia: is this feasible in pediatric patients?Paediatr Anaesth2009111084108919807886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AramLKraneEJKozloskiLJTunneled epidural catheters for prolonged analgesia in pediatric patientsAnesth Analg2001921432143811375820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BerdeCBConvulsions associated with pediatric regional anesthesiaAnesth Analg1992751641661632529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LermanJStrongHALe DezKMEffects of age on the serum concentration of alpha–1 acid glycoprotein and the binding of lidocaine in pediatric patientsClin Pharmacol Ther1989462192252758731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De NegriPIvaniGTirriTA comparison of epidural bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine on postoperative analgesia and motor blockadeAnesth Analg200499454815281501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NancarroCRuttenAJRuncimanWBMyocardial and cerebral drug concentrations and the mechanisms of death after fatal intravenous doses of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine in the sheepAnesth Analg1989692762832774223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IvaniGRopivacaine: is it time for children?Paediatr Anaesth20021238338712060322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GunterJBBenefits and risks of local anesthetics in infants and childrenPediatric Drugs2002464967212269841
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HuangYFPryorMEMatherLECardiovascular and central nervous system effects of intravenous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheepAnesth Analg1998867978049539605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnserminoMKBasuRVandebeekCNonopioid additives to local anesthetics for caudal blockade in children: a systematic review. PaeditricAnesthesia200313561573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de BeerDAHThomasMLCaudal additives in children-solutions or problems?Br J Anaesth20039048749812644422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonJFernandoRSun WaiWYChemical stability of bupivacaine, lidocaine and epinephrine in pH-adjusted solutionsAnesthesia200055853858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapognaGCellenoDLaudanoDAlkalinization of local anesthetics. Which block which local anesthetic?Reg Anesth Pain Med199520369377
   Google Scholar
• RosenKRRosenDACaudal epidural morphine for control of pain following open-heart surgery in childrenAnesthesiology1989704184212923290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EisenachJJCDe KockMMKlimschaWMAlpha sub 2-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia: a clinical review of clonidine. (1964–1995)Anesthesiology1996856556748853097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El- HennawyAbd- ElwahabAMAbd ElmaksoudAMAddition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in childrenBr J Anaesth200910326827419541679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaadawyIBokerAElshahawyMAEffect of dexmedetomidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine in a caudal block in pediatricsActa Anaesthesiol Scand20095325125619076110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeberFWulfHCaudal bupivacaine and S(+)-ketamine for postoperative analgesia in childrenPaediatric Anaesth200313244248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LocatelliBGFrawleyGSpottiAAnalgesic effectiveness of caudal levobupivacaine and ketamineBr J Anaesth200810070170618344552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BatraYKAryaVKMahajanRDose response study of caudal neostigmine for postoperative analgesia in paediatric patients undergoing genitourinary surgeryPaediatr Anaesth20031351552112846708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuranAMemisDBasaranUNCaudal ropivacaine and neostigmine in pediatric surgeryAnesthesiology20039871972212606917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrakashSTyagiRGogiaAREfficacy of three doses of tramadol with bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in paediatric inguinal herniotomyBr J Anaesth200697338535816798773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChoudhuriAHDharmaniPKumariNComparison of caudal epidural bupivacaine with bupivacaine plus tramadol and bupivacaine plus ketamine for postoperative analgesia in childrenAnaesth Intensive Care20083617417918361007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HongJYLeeIHShinSKCaudal midazolam does not affect sevoflurane requirements and recovery in pediatric day-case hernioplastyActa Anaesthesiol Scand2008521411141419025535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VergheseSTCaudal/Epidural Anesthesia in Children: Parts 1 and 2EisenkraftJBProgress in AnesthesiologySan AntonioDannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation200499108127136
   Google Scholar
• WeintraudMMarhoferPBosenbergAIlioinguinal/Iliohypogastric blocks in children: Where do we administer the local anesthetic without direct visualization?Anesth Analg2008106899318165559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EcoffeyCPediatric Regional Anesthesia.-UpdateCurr Opin Anaesthesiol20072023223517479027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar