References
- MasonABanerjeeSEapenVZeitlinHRobertsonMMThe prevalence of Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school populationDev Med Child Neurol1998402922969630255
- KadesjoBGillbergCTourette′s disorder: epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school childrenJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry20003954855510802971
- KurlanRComoPGMillerBThe behavioral spectrum of tic disorders: a community-based studyNeurology20025941442012177376
- FreemanRDFastDKBurdLKerbeshianJRobertsonMMSandorPAn international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3500 individuals in 22 countriesDev Med Child Neurol20004243644710972415
- BerardelliACurraAFabbriniGGilioFManfrediMPathophysiology of tics and Tourette syndromeJ Neurol200325078178712883917
- SwainJEScahillLLombrosoPJKingRALeckmanJFTourette syndrome and tic disorders:A decade of progressAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry200746947968
- SingerHSMinzerKNeurobiology of Tourette’s syndrome: concepts of neuroanatomic localization and neurochemical abnormalitiesBrain Dev200325Suppl 1S70S8414980376
- Müller-VahlKRKaufmannJGrosskreutzJDenglerREmrichHMPeschelTPrefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex abnormalities in Tourette Syndrome: evidence from voxel-based morphometry and magnetization transfer imagingBMC Neurosci2009104719435502
- SingerHSTourette’s syndrome: from behaviour to biologyLancet Neurol2005414915915721825
- MinkJWBasal ganglia dysfunction in Tourette syndrome: a new hypothesisPediatr Neurol20012519019811587872
- YoonDYGauseCDLeckmanJFSingerHSFrontal dopaminergic abnormality in Tourette syndrome: a postmortem analysisJ Neurol Sci2007255505617337006
- EapenVCrncecRTourette syndrome in children and adolescents: special considerationsJ Psychosom Res20096752553219913657
- LeckmanJFTourette’s síndromeLancet20023601577158612443611
- ShprecherDKurlanRThe management of ticsMov Disord200924152419170198
- JankovicJTreatment of hyperkinetic movement disordersLancet Neurol2009884485619679276
- Martínez-GraneroMAMontañésFGarcía-PérezATreatment of Tourette syndrome and its comorbidity: experience with 17 casesNeurologia20052067868516317589
- PringsheimTMarrasCPimozide for tics in Tourette’s syndromeCochrane Database Syst Rev20092CD00699619370666
- ShapiroEShapiroAKFulopGControlled study of haloperidol, pimozide and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndromeArch Gen Psychiatry1989467227302665687
- SilvaRRMuñozDMDanielWBarickmanJFriedhoffAJCauses of haloperidol discontinuation in patients with Tourette′s disorder: management and alternativesJ Clin Psychiatry1996571291358617698
- ScahillLChappellPBKimYSA placebo-controlled study of guanfacine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorderAm J Psychiatry20011581067107411431228
- BlochMHPanzaKELanderos-WeisenbergerALeckmanJFMeta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disordersJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry20094888489319625978
- DionYAnnableLSandorPChouinardGRisperidone in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Psychopharmacol200222313911799340
- ScahillLLeckmanJFSchultzRTKatsovichLPetersonBSA placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in Tourette syndromeNeurology2003601130113512682319
- BruggemanRvan der LindenCBuitelaarJKGerickeGSHawkridgeSMTemlettJARisperidone versus pimozide in Tourette`s disorder: a comparative double-blind parallel-group studyJ Clin Psychiatry200162505611235929
- OnofrjMPaciCD’AndreamatteoGTomaLOlanzapine in severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a 52-week double-blind cross-over study vs low-dose pimozideJ Neurol200024744344610929273
- BudmanCLGayerALesserMShiQBruunRDAn open-label study of the treatment efficacy of olanzapine for Tourette’s disorderJ Clin Psychiatry20016229029411379844
- McConvilleBJSorterMTTreatment challenges and safety considerations for antipsychotic use in children and adolescents with psychosesJ Clin Psychiatry200465Suppl 6202915104523
- De HertMSchreursVSweersKTypical and atypical antipsychotics differentially affect long-term incidence rates of the metabolic syndrome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: a retrospective chart reviewSchizophr Res200810129530318299188
- MeyerJMKoroCEThe effects of antipsychotic therapy on serum lipids: a comprehensive reviewSchizophr Res20047011715246458
- BlochMHEmerging treatments for Tourette’s disorderCurr Psychiatry Rep20081032333018627671
- KalanithiPSAZhengWKataokaYAltered parvalbumin-positive neuron distribution in basal ganglia of individuals with Tourette syndromeProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2005102133071331216131542
- AndersonSAEisenstatDDShiLRubensteinJLRInterneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genesScience19972784744769334308
- LeckmanJFWalkerDECohenDJPremonitory urges in Tourette’s syndromeAm J Psychiatry1993150981028417589
- SwerdlowNRKarbanBPloumYSharpRGeyerMAEastvoldATactile prepuff inhibition of startle in children with Tourette’s syndrome: in search of an “fMRI-friendly” startle paradigmBiol Psychiatry20015057858511690592
- ZiemannUPaulusWRothenbergerADecreased motor inhibition in Tourette’s disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulationAm J Psychiatry1997154127712849286189
- AwaadYTics in Tourette syndrome: new treatment optionsJ Child Neurol19991431631910342599
- SingerHSWendlandtJKriegerMGiulianoJBaclofen treatment in Tourette syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trialNeurology20015659960411245709
- JankovicJJimenez-ShahedJBrownLWA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in the treatment of Tourette syndromeJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry201081707319726418
- UlloaCMTowfighASafdiehJReview of levetiracetam, with a focus on the extended release formulation, as adjuvant therapy in controlling partial-onset seizuresNeuropsychiatr Dis Treat2009546747619777068
- FarooqMUBhattAMajidAGuptaRKhasnisAKassabMYLevetiracetam for managing neurologic and psychiatric disordersAm J Health Syst Pharm20096654156119265183
- PoulainPMargineanuDGLevetiracetam opposes the action of GABA-A antagonists in hypothalamic neuronesNeuropharmacology20024234635211897113
- RigoJMHansGNguyenLThe anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA- and glycine-gated currentsBr J Pharmacol200213665967212086975
- NoyerMGillardMMatagneAHénichartJPWülfertEThe novel antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (ucb L059) appears to act via a specific binding site in CNS membranesEur J Pharmacol19952861371468605950
- LynchBALambengNNockaKThe synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetamProc Natl Acad Sci U S A20041019861986615210974
- CrowderKMGuntherJMJonesTAAbnormal neurotransmission in mice lacking synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A)Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A199996152681527310611374
- CramerJADe RueKDevinskyOEdrichPTrimbleMRA systematic review of the behavioral effects of levetiracetam in adults with epilepsy, cognitive disorders, or an anxiety disorder during clinical trialsEpilepsy Behav2003412413212697136
- KossoffEHBergeyGKFreemanJMViningEPLevetiracetam psychosis in children with epilepsyEpilepsia2001421611161311879376
- LeckmanJFRiddleMAHardinMTThe Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: Initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severityJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry1989285665732768151
- AwaadYMichonAMMinarikSUse of levetiracetam to treat tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndromeMov Disord20052071471815704204
- AwaadYMichonAMMinarikSLong-term use of levetiracetam to treat tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndromeJ Pediatr Neurol20075209214
- Smith-HicksCLBridgesDDPaynterNPSingerHSA double blind randomized placebo control trial of levetiracetam in Tourette syndromeMov Disord200722176477017566124
- HedderickEFMorrisCMSingerHSDouble-blind, crossover study of clonidine and levetiracetam in Tourette syndromePediatr Neurol20094042042519433274
- Fernández-JaénAFernández-MayoralasDMMuñoz-JareñoNCalleja-PérezBAn open-label, prospective study of levetiracetam in children and adolescents with Tourette syndromeEur J Paediatr Neurol20091354154519211282
- AwaadYMichonAMMinarikSRizkTLevetiracetam in Tourette syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Pediatr Neurol20097257263
- OulisPKarapouliosEMasdrakisWGLevetiracetam in the treatment of antipsychotics-resistant Tourette syndromeWorld J Biol Psychiatry2007812
- Seijo-MartínezMMosquera-MartínezJARomero-YusteSCruz-MartinezJIschemic stroke and epilepsy in a patient with Tourette’s syndrome: Association with the antiphospholipid syndrome and good response to levetiracetamOpen Neurol J20082323419018305
- MuralidharanABhagwagarZPotential of levetiracetam in mood disorders: a preliminary reviewCNS Drugs20062096997917140277
- SimonNMWorthingtonJJDoyleACAn open-label study of levetiracetam for the treatment of social anxiety disorderJ Clin Psychiatry2004651219122215367048
- PiazziniAChifariRCaneviniMPTurnerKFontanaSPCangerRLevetiracetam: an improvement of attention and of oral fluency in patients with partial epilepsyEpilepsy Res20066818118816332430
- Tourette’s Syndrome Study GroupTreatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trialNeurology20025852753611865128
- LeckmanJFHardinMTRiddleMAStevensonJOrtSICohenDJClonidine treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndromeArch Gen Psychiatry1991483243282009034