1,036
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Foot ulcers in the diabetic patient, prevention and treatment

, , &
Pages 65-76 | Published online: 28 Dec 2022

References

  • Introduction. Healing chronic wounds: technologic solutions for today and tomorrowAdv Skin Wound Care200013Suppl245
  • Living skin substitute can heal diabetic foot ulcer woundsFDA Consum2000346
  • Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetesDiabetes Care20032633334114633825
  • Incidence of end-stage renal disease among persons with diabetes—United States, 1990–2002MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep200554109710016267496
  • AbbottCACarringtonALThe North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohortDiabet Med2002193778412027925
  • ArmstrongDGLoss of protective sensation: a practical evidence-based definitionJ Foot Ankle Surg199938798010028476
  • ArmstrongDGThe 10-g monofilament: the diagnostic divining rod for the diabetic foot? [editorial] [In Process Citation]Diabetes Care20002388710895835
  • ArmstrongDGAthanasiouKAThe edge effect: how and why wounds grow in size and depthClin Podiatr Med Surg19981051089463771
  • ArmstrongDGJudeEBThe Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Wound HealingJ Amer Podiatr Med Assn2002In Press
  • ArmstrongDGLaveryNegative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre, randomised controlled trialLancet2005366949817041016291063
  • ArmstrongDGLaveryLAOutcomes of subatmospheric pressure dressing therapy on wounds of the diabetic footOstomy Wound Manage20024864811993062
  • ArmstrongDGLaveryLAIt is not what you put on, but what you take off: techniques for debriding and offloading the diabetic foot woundClin Infect Dis200439S92915306986
  • ArmstrongDGLipskyBAAdvances in the treatment of diabetic foot infectionsDiabetes Technol Ther200461677715117583
  • ArmstrongDGPetersEJIs there a critical level of plantar foot pressure to identify patients at risk for neuropathic foot ulceration?J Foot Ankle Surg19983730379710782
  • ArmstrongDGStacpoole-SheaSLengthening of the achilles tendon in diabetic patients who are at high risk for ulceration of the footJ Bone Joint Surg (Am)199981A535810225799
  • BirkeJAFranksDFirst ray joint limitation, pressure, and ulceration of the first metatarsal head in diabetes mellitusFoot Ankle199516277847633584
  • BirkeJANovickAMethods of treating plantar ulcersPhys Ther199171116221989007
  • BlankeWHallernBVSharp wound debridement in local anaesthesia using EMLA cream: 6 years’ experience in 1084 patientsEur J Emerg Med2003102293112972901
  • BlockPThe diabetic foot ulcer: a complex problem with a simple treatment approachMilit Med19811466446
  • BonhamPAGet the LEAD out: noninvasive assessment for lower extremity arterial disease using ankle brachial index and toe brachial index measurementsJ Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs200633304116444101
  • BoultonAJThe pathogenesis of diabetic foot problems: an overviewDiabet Med199613Suppl 1S12168741822
  • BoultonAJVileikyteLThe diabetic foot: the scope of the problem [In Process Citation]J Fam Pract200049Suppl 11S3811093553
  • BoultonAJMConnorHBoultonAJMWardJDThe importance of abnormal foot pressure and gait in causation of foot ulcersThe foot in diabetes1987ChilchesterJohn Wiley and Sons1126
  • BoultonAJMBowkerJHUse of plaster casts in the management of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcersDiabetes Care19869149523698780
  • BoykoEJAhroniJHA prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot StudyDiabetes Care19992210364210388963
  • BrandPWEllenbergMRifkinHThe diabetic footDiabetes mellitus, theory and practice1983New YorkMedical Examination Publishing80328
  • BrandPWJahssMThe insensitive foot (including leprosy)Disorders of the Foot and Ankle1991PhiladelphiaSaunders21705
  • BrooksBDeanRTBI or not TBI: that is the question. Is it better to measure toe pressure than ankle pressure in diabetic patients?Diabet Med2001185283211553180
  • CavanaghPRLipskyBATreatment for diabetic foot ulcersLancet2005366949817253516291067
  • CavanaghPRUlbrechtJSBiomechanical aspects of diabetic foot disease: aetiology, treatment, and preventionDiabet Med199613Suppl 1S17228741823
  • ColemanWBrandPWThe total contact cast, a therapy for plantar ulceration on insensitive feetJ Am Podiatr Med Assoc19847454852
  • CoppiniDVYoungPJOutcome on diabetic foot complications in relation to clinical examination and quantitative sensory testing: a case-control studyDiabet Med199815765719737806
  • DangCNBoultonAJChanging perspectives in diabetic foot ulcer managementInt J Low Extrem Wounds2003241215866821
  • DonaghueVMChrzanJSEvaluation of a collagen-alginate wound dressing in the management of diabetic foot ulcersAdv Wound Care199811114199729942
  • DuckworthTBettsRPThe measurement of pressure under the footFoot and Ankle198231307152398
  • EdmondsMEConnorHBoultonAJMWardJDExperience in a multidisciplinary diabetic foot clinicThe foot in diabetes1987ChichesterJohn Wiley and Sons12131
  • EgintonMTBrownKRA prospective randomized evaluation of negative-pressure wound dressings for diabetic foot woundsAnn Vasc Surg200317645914534844
  • EmbilJMPappKRecombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (becaplermin) for healing chronic lower extremity diabetic ulcers: an open-label clinical evaluation of efficacyWound Repair Regen20008162810886806
  • FalangaVThe chronic wound: impaired healing and solutions in the context of wound bed preparationBlood Cells Mol Dis200432889414757419
  • FernandoDJSMassonEARelationship of limitedjoint mobility to abnormal foot pressures and diabetic foot ulcerationDiabetes Care1991148111991444
  • FrykbergRGLaveryLARole of neuropathy and high foot pressures in diabetic foot ulceration [In Process Citation]Diabetes Care1998211714199773736
  • GibbonsG.EliopoulosG. M.KozakGPHoarCSRowbothamJLInfection of the Diabetic FootManagement of Diabetic Foot Problems1984PhiladelphiaWB Saunders97102
  • GinHRigalleauVComparison between monofilament, tuning fork and vibration perception tests for screening patients at risk of foot complicationDiabetes Metab2002284576112522325
  • GoldnerMGThe fate of the second leg in the diabetic amputeeDiabetes19609100313850722
  • GoughAClappertonMRandomised placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infectionLancet1997350908185599310604
  • GreggEWSorliePPrevalence of lower-extremity disease in the US adult population ≥40 years of age with and without diabetes: 1999-2000 national health and nutrition examination surveyDiabetes Care2004271591715220233
  • HelfandAEAssessing and preventing foot problems in older patients who have diabetes mellitusClin Podiatr Med Surg2003205738212952054
  • HelmPAWalkerSCTotal contact casting in diabetic patients with neuropathic foot ulcerationsArch Phys Med Rehabil19846569136497615
  • HelmPAWalkerSCRecurrence of neuropathic ulcerations following healing in a total contact castArch Phys Med Rehabil199172967701953319
  • HopfHWHumphreyLMAdjuncts to preparing wounds for closure: hyperbaric oxygen, growth factors, skin substitutes, negative pressure wound therapy (vacuum-assisted closure)Foot Ankle Clin200166618212134577
  • JudeEBRogersAAMatrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression in diabetic and venous ulcersDiabetologia200144Suppl 1A3
  • KatzIAHarlanAA randomized trial of two irremovable off-loading devices in the management of plantar neuropathic diabetic foot ulcersDiabetes Care200528555915735187
  • KominskySJThe ambulatory total contact cast. The high risk foot in diabetes mellitus1991F. R. New YorkChurchill Livingstone44955
  • LadwigGPRobsonMCRatios of activated matrix metallo-proteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in wound fluids are inversely correlated with healing of pressure ulcersWound Repair Regen200210263711983004
  • LaveryLAArmstrongDGPractical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulcerationArch Intern Med199815815862
  • LaveryLAArmstrongDGHealing Rates of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Associated with Midfoot Fracture Due to Charcot’s Arthropathy.”Diabetic Medicine19971446499017353
  • LaveryLAArmstrongDGPredictive value of foot pressure assessment as part of a population-based diabetes disease management programDiabetes Care20032610697312663575
  • LaveryLALaveryDCIncreased foot pressures after great toe amputation in diabetesDiabetes Care199518146028722070
  • LaveryLAVelaSAReducing dynamic foot pressures in high-risk diabetic subjects with foot ulcerations. A comparison of treatmentsDiabetes Care199619818218842597
  • LaveryLAWunderlichRPDisease management for the diabetic foot: effectiveness of a diabetic foot prevention program to reduce amputations and hospitalizationsDiabetes Res Clin Pract20057031716126121
  • LewisRWhitingPA rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of debriding agents in treating surgical wounds healing by secondary intentionHealth Technol Assess20015113111399237
  • LitzelmanDKSlemendaCWReduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trialAnn Intern Med199311936418498761
  • MaloneJMSnyderMPrevention of amputation by diabetic educationAm J Surg19891585203 discussion 523–42589581
  • MasonJO’KeeffeCA systematic review of foot ulcer in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. II: treatmentDiabet Med19991688990910588519
  • MayfieldJAReiberGEA foot risk classification system to predict diabetic amputation in pima indiansDiabetes Care19961970498799623
  • MayfieldJAReiberGEDo foot examinations reduce the risk of diabetic amputation?J Fam Pract20004949950410923547
  • MayfieldJAReiberGEPreventive foot care in people with diabetesDiabetes Care200326Suppl 1S78912502623
  • MendoncaDACoskerTVacuum-assisted closure to aid wound healing in foot and ankle surgeryFoot Ankle Int200526761616174508
  • MorelandMEKilbourneAMDiabetes preventive care and non-traumatic lower extremity amputation ratesJ Healthc Qual20042612715468650
  • MyersonMPapaJThe total contact cast for management of neuropathic plantar ulceration of the footJ Bone Joint Surg199274A26191311710
  • NwomehBCLiangHXMMP-8 is the predominant collagenase in healing wounds and nonhealing ulcersJ Surg Res199981189959927539
  • OlaleyeDPerkinsBAEvaluation of three screening tests and a risk assessment model for diagnosing peripheral neuropathy in the diabetes clinicDiabetes Res Clin Pract2001541152811640995
  • OmughaNJonesAMThe management of hard-to-heal necrobiosis with PROMOGRANBr J Nurs200312Suppl 15S142012937381
  • ParameswaranGIBrandKPulse oximetry as a potential screening tool for lower extremity arterial disease in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitusArch Intern Med2005165442615738375
  • PecoraroREReiberGEPathways to diabetic limb amputation: basis for preventionDiabetes Care199013513212351029
  • PetersEJLaveryLAEffectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic FootDiabetes Care2001241442711473084
  • PhamHTArmstrongDGScreening techniques to identify the at risk patients for developing diabetic foot ulcers in a prospective multicenter trialDiabetes Care2000236061110834417
  • PhamHTEconomidesPAThe role of endothelial function on the foot. Microcirculation and wound healing in patients with diabetesClin Podiatr Med Surg19981585939463769
  • PinzurMSSlovenkaiMPGuidelines for diabetic foot care: recommendations endorsed by the Diabetes Committee of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle SocietyFoot Ankle Int2005261131915680122
  • PlankJHaasWEvaluation of the impact of chiropodist care in the secondary prevention of foot ulcerations in diabetic subjectsDiabetes Care2003261691512766095
  • Ragnarson TennvallGApelqvistJHealth-economic consequences of diabetic foot lesionsClin Infect Dis200439Suppl 2S132915306992
  • ReesRSRobsonMCBecaplermin gel in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyWound Repair Regen19997141710417749
  • ReiberGEJ. BowkerHPfeiferMAEpidemiology of foot ulcers and amputations in the diabetic footThe Diabetic Foot2001St. LouisMosby1332
  • ReiberGEVileikyteLCausal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settingsDiabetes Care1999221576210333919
  • Rith-NajarianSJStoluskyTIdentifying diabetic patients at risk for lower extremity amputation in a primary health care settingDiabetes Care199215138691425105
  • RonnemaaTHamalainenHEvaluation of the impact of podiatrist care in the primary prevention of foot problems in diabetic subjectsDiabetes Care199720183379405902
  • SchaperNCApelqvistJThe international consensus and practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic footCurr Diab Rep20033475914611743
  • SchweglerBBoniT[Practical management of diabetic foot]Ther Umsch2002594354212235737
  • SinacoreDRMuellerMJDiabetic plantar ulcers treated by total contact castingPhys Ther198767154373310052
  • SinghNArmstrongDGPreventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetesJAMA20052932172815644549
  • SmithDWeinbergerMA controlled trial to increase office visits and reduce hospitalization in diabetic patientsJ General Int Med198722328
  • SormanEEdwallLL[Examination of peripheral sensibility. Vibration test is more sensitive than monofilament test]Lakartidningen20029913394011998167
  • SteedDLClinical evaluation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor for the treatment of lower extremity diabetic ulcers. Diabetic Ulcer Study GroupJ Vasc Surg1995217187823364
  • SteedDLDebridementAm J Surg200418771S74S15147995
  • SteedDLDonohoeDEffect of extensive debridement and treatment on the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Ulcer Study GroupJ Am Coll Surg19961836148673309
  • StocklKVanderplasACosts of lower-extremity ulcers among patients with diabetesDiabetes Care20042721293415333473
  • ThompsonFJVevesAA team approach to diabetic foot care- the Manchester experienceFoot199117582
  • UccioliLFagliaEManufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcersDiabetes Care199518137688721941
  • Van DammeHLimetR[The diabetic foot]Rev Med Liege2005605162516035320
  • VevesAFalangaVGraftskin, a human skin equivalent, is effective in the management of noninfected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. Apligraf Diabetic Foot Ulcer StudyDiabetes Care200124290511213881
  • VevesAMurrayHJThe risk of foot ulceration in diabetic patients with high foot pressure: a prospective studyDiabetolgica1992356603
  • VinFTeotThe healing properties of Promogran in venous leg ulcersJ Wound Care2002113354112430368
  • WalkerSCHelmPAChronic diabetic neuropathic foot ulcerations and total contact casting: healing effectiveness and outcome probability [abstract]Arch Phys Med Rehabil198566574
  • WalkerSCHelmPATotal contact casting and chronic diabetic neuropathic foot ulcerations: healing rates by wound locationArch Phys Med Rehabil198768217213566513
  • WuSCCrewsRTThe pivotal role of offloading in the management of neuropathic foot ulcerationCurr Diab Rep20055423916316592
  • WysockiABStaiano-CoicoLWound fluid from chronic leg ulcers contains elevated levels of metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9J Invest Dermatol19931016488392530
  • YagerDRZhangLYWound fluids from human pressure ulcers contain elevated matrix metalloproteinase levels and activity compared to surgical wound fluidsJ Invest Dermatol199610774388875960
  • YoungMJBreddyJLThe prediction of diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration using vibration perception thresholds. A prospective studyDiabetes Care199417557608082524