66
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Comprehensive cardiovascular risk management – what does it mean in practice?

, &
Pages 587-603 | Published online: 28 Dec 2022

References

  • Alm-RoijerCFridlundBStagmoMKnowing your risk factors for coronary heart disease improves adherence to advice on lifestyle changes and medicationJ Cardiovasc Nursing200621E24E31
  • [AHA] American Heart AssociationInternational cardiovascular disease statistics2003Dallas, TexasAmerican Heart Association
  • AnsellBJEvidence for a combined approach to the management of hypertension and dyslipidemiaAm J Hypertens20051812495716245413
  • AsmarRVolSPannierBHigh blood pressure and associated cardiovascular risk factors in FranceJ Hypertens20011917273211593091
  • AvornJMonetteJLacourAPersistence of use of lipid-lowering medications:a cross-national studyJAMA19982791458629600480
  • BacklundLBringJStrenderJ-EHow accurately do general practitioners and students estimate coronary risk in hypercholesterolaemic patientsPrimary Health Care Research and Development2004514552
  • BaigentCKeechAKearneyPMEfficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statinsLancet200536612677816214597
  • BaoWSrinivasanSRWattigneyWAPersistence of multiple cardiovascular risk clustering related to syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood. The Bogalusa Heart StudyArch Intern Med1994154184278053753
  • BarterPThe inflammation: lipoprotein cycleAtheroscler Suppl20056152015823492
  • BarthJCritchleyJBengelJEfficacy of psychosocial interventions for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease:a systematic review and meta-analysisAnn Behav Med200632102016827625
  • BautistaLEVeraLMArenasIAIndependent association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha) and essential hypertensionJ Hum Hypertens2005191495415361891
  • BhattDLStegPGOhmanEMInternational prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosisJAMA2006295180916403930
  • BlankRLaSalleJReevesRSingle-pill therapy in the treatment of concomitant hypertension and dyslipidemia (The Amlodipine/Atorvastatin Gemini Study)J Clin Hypertens2005726473
  • BolandLLFolsomARSorliePDOccurrence of unrecognized myocardial infarction in subjects aged 45 to 65 years (the ARIC study)Am J Cardiol2002909273112398956
  • BonettiPOLermanLOLermanAEndothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic riskArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2003231687512588755
  • BoothGLKapralMKFungKRelation between age and cardiovascular disease in men and women with diabetes compared with non-diabetic people: a population-based retrospective cohort studyLancet2006368293616815377
  • CabanaMDRandCSPoweNRWhy don’t physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvementJAMA199928214586510535437
  • CampbellNCThainJDeansHGSecondary prevention clinics for coronary heart disease: randomized trial of effect on healthBMJ1998316143479572758
  • CannonCPBraunwaldMDMcCabeCHIntensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary symptomsN Engl J Med2004350149550415007110
  • ChapmanRHBennerJSPetrillaAAPredictors of adherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapyArch Intern Med200516511475215911728
  • ChiuveSEMcCulloughMLSacksFMHealthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among menCirculation2006114160716818808
  • ChobanianAVBakrisGLBlackHRThe seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 ReportJAMA200328925607212748199
  • ConroyRMPyoralaKFitzgeraldAPEstimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE projectEur Heart J200324987100312788299
  • De BackerGAmbrosioniEBorch-JohnsenKEuropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical PracticeEur Heart J20032416011012964575
  • De MuylderRLorantVPaulusDObstacles to cardiovascular prevention in general practiceActa Cardiol2004591192515139651
  • DrouinDCampbellNRKaczorowskiJImplementation of recommendations on hypertension: the Canadian Hypertension Education ProgramCan J Cardiol200622595816755314
  • EdelmanDOddoneEZLiebowitzRSA multidimensional integrative medicine intervention to improve cardiovascular riskJ Gen Intern Med2006217283416808774
  • EgedeLEImplementing behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to modify cardiovascular risk in adults with diabetesCardiovasc Rev Rep20032430612
  • EmbersonJRWhincupPHMorrisRWReassessing the contribution of serum total cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking to the aetiology of coronary heart disease: impact of regression dilution biasEur Heart J20032417192614522566
  • EmbersonJWhincupPMorrisRWEvaluating the impact of population and high-risk strategies for The primary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseEur Heart J2004254849115039128
  • ErhardtLRPearsonTABruckertEGuidelines and their implementation: a discussion document focused on the best appraches to drive improvementVascular Disease Prevention20041166774
  • EUROASPIRE I and II GroupClinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines:a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. EUROASPIRE I and II Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce EventsLancet2001357995100111293642
  • FaergemanOChallenges to best practice: Why are guidelines not implementedEur Heart J Suppl19991Suppl JJ12J17
  • FelmedenDCSpencerCGBlannADLow-density lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular risk in hypertension: relationship to endothelial dysfunction and effects of treatmentHypertension2003415283312623954
  • GaedePVedelPLarsenNMultifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med20033483839312556541
  • GilesTDBerkBCBlackHRExpanding the definition and classification of hypertensionJ Clin Hypertens2005750512
  • GohlkeHKWinterMKaroffMCARRISMA: a new tool to optimize cardiovascular risk management in primary prevention [abstract]Circulation2005123794 Abstract
  • GreenlandPKnollMDStamlerJMajor risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease eventsJAMA2003290891712928465
  • GrimmRJnrSvendsenKCardiovascular risk meter: A device for rapid estimation of cardiovascular disease mortality in clinical settingsJ Clin Hypertens20068Suppl A 5A236P-577MP-55 abstract
  • GroverSAHemmelgarnBJosephLThe role of global risk assessment in hypertension therapyCan J Cardiol2006226061316755316
  • HaffnerSMLehtoSRonnemaaTMortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarctionN Engl J Med1998339229349673301
  • HoPMRumsfeldJSMasoudiFAEffect of medication nonadherence on hospitalization and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitusArch Intern Med2006a16618364117000939
  • HoPMSpertusJAMasoudiFAImpact of medication therapy discontinuation on mortality after myocardial infarctionArch Intern Med2006b1661842717000940
  • HobbsFDErhardtLAcceptance of guideline recommendations and perceived implementation of coronary heart disease prevention among primary care physicians in five European countries: the Reassessing European Attitudes about Cardiovascular Treatment (REACT) surveyFam Pract20021959660412429661
  • HuxleyRBarziFWoodwardMExcess of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studiesBMJ200633273816371403
  • International Diabetes FederationDiabetes Atlas3 [online]. URL: http://www.eatlas.idf.org/media/
  • JacksonRLawesCMBennettDATreatment with drugs to lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol based on an individual’s absolute cardiovascular riskLancet20053654344115680460
  • JohnsonMLPietzKBattlemanDSTherapeutic goal attainment in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemiaMed Care200644394616365611
  • Joint British SocietiesJBS 2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practiceHeart200591Suppl 5v1v5216365341
  • JuliusSKjeldsenSEWeberMOutcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trialLancet200436320223115207952
  • KannelWBFifty years of Framingham Study contributions to understanding hypertensionJ Hum Hypertens2000a14839010723112
  • KannelWBRisk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham StudyAm J Hypertens2000b133S10S10678282
  • KhanNAMcAlisterFARabkinSWThe 2006 Canadian hypertension education program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part II – TherapyCan J Cardiol2006225839316755313
  • KnappPRaynorDKBerryDCComparison of two methods of presenting risk information to patients about the side effects of medicinesQual Saf Health Care2004131768015175486
  • LawMRWaldNJThompsonSGBy how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart diseaseBMJ1994308367728043072
  • LernerDJKannelWBPatterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham populationAm Heart J1986111383903946178
  • LiaoDMoJDuanYThe joint effect of hypertension and elevated LDL-cholesterol on CHD is beyond additiveEur Heart J200425abstract suppl235 abstract #1377
  • Lloyd-JonesDMLeipEPLarsonMGPrediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of ageCirculation2006113791816461820
  • LynchTMedication costs as a primary cause of nonadherence in the elderlyConsult Pharm200621143616524358
  • MacGregorKHandleyMWongSBehavior-change action plans in primary care: a feasibility study of cliniciansJ Am Board Fam Med2006192152316672674
  • MacMahonSRodgersABlood pressure, antihypertensive treatment and stroke riskJ Hypertens Suppl199412S5S147769492
  • McManusBINTERHEART: nine factors that could save your lifeHealthc Q200582815715328
  • McMurrayJThe health economics of the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypertensionAm J Hypertens19991299S104S10555609
  • ManciaGTotal cardiovascular risk:a new treatment conceptJ Hypertens Suppl200624S17S2416601556
  • ManciaGDe BackerGDominiczakA2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)J Hypertens20072511058717563527
  • Medical Research CouncilWhy 6g? A summary of the scientific evidence for the salt intake target2006CambridgeMedical Research Council
  • MeyerGMervalRTedguiAEffects of pressure-induced stretch and convection on low-density lipoprotein and albumin uptake in the rabbit aortic wallCirc Res199679532408781486
  • MurrayCJLopezADAlternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease StudyLancet199734914985049167458
  • NatarajanSLiaoYCaoGSex differences in risk for coronary heart disease mortality associated with diabetes and established coronary heart diseaseArch Intern Med200316317354012885690
  • National Cholesterol Education ProgramExecutive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)JAMA200128524869711368702
  • NeatonJDWentworthDSerum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research GroupArch Intern Med199215256641728930
  • NissenSETuzcuEMSchoenhagenPEffect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis:a randomized controlled trialJAMA200429110718014996776
  • O’MearaJGKardiaSLArmonJJEthnic and sex differences in the prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among hypertensive adults in the GENOA studyArch Intern Med200416413131815226165
  • PiloteLHoVLavoieFCost-effectiveness of lipid-lowering treatment according to lipid levelCan J Cardiol200521681716003451
  • PlummerCJWhat’s in the CARDSDiab Med20062371114
  • PrimatestaPPoulterNRLipid concentrations and the use of lipid lowering drugs:evidence from a national cross sectional surveyBMJ20003211322511090516
  • PuskaPComprehensive cardiovascular community control programmes in Europe1988CopenhagenWHO Regional Office for Europe EURO Reports and Studies 106
  • PuskaPVartiainenETuomilehtoJChanges in premature deaths in Finland:successful long-term prevention of cardiovascular diseasesBull World Health Organ199876419259803593
  • RakugiHYuHKamitaniALinks between hypertension and myocardial infarctionAm Heart J1996132213218677859
  • RaynerMEuropean Cardiovascular Disease Statistics2000
  • ReavenGMLithellHLandsbergLHypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities – the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal systemN Engl J Med1996334374818538710
  • Rodriguez-PorcelMLermanLOHerrmannJHypercholesterolemia and hypertension have synergistic deleterious effects on coronary endothelial functionArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2003238859112663373
  • RosamondWFlegalKFridayGHeart disease and stroke statistics–2007 update:a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics SubcommitteeCirculation2007115e69e17117194875
  • SafranGNeumanPSchoenCPrescription drug coverage and seniors: findings from a 2003 national surveyHealth Aff2005Jan-JunSuppl Web ExclusivesW5-152W5-166
  • SamuelssonOWilhelmsenLAnderssonOKCardiovascular morbidity in relation to change in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels in treated hypertension. Results from the primary prevention trial in Goteborg, SwedenJAMA19872581768763625987
  • SeverPSDahlöfBPoulterNRPrevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trialLancet200336111495812686036
  • SimpsonEBeckCRichardHDrug prescriptions after acute myocardial infarction:dosage, compliance, and persistenceAm Heart J20031454384412660666
  • SoumeraiSBPierre-JacquesMZhangFCost-related medication nonadherence among elderly and disabled Medicare beneficiaries:a national survey 1 year before the medicare drug benefitArch Intern Med200616618293517000938
  • StamlerJVaccaroONeatonJDDiabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention TrialDiabetes Care199316434448432214
  • SullivanLMMassaroJMD’AgostinoRBSrPresentation of multivariate data for clinical use:The Framingham Study risk score functionsStat Med20042316316015122742
  • ThomasFBeanKGuizeLCombined effects of systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol on cardiovascular mortality in young (<55 years) men and womenEur Heart J2002235283511922642
  • ThomasTSImproving care with nurse case managers:practical aspects of designing lipid clinicsAm J Cardiol19978062H65H
  • ThomsenTFDavidsenMIbsenHA new method for CHD prediction and prevention based on regional risk scores and randomized clinical trials; PRECARD and the Copenhagen Risk ScoreJ Cardiovasc Risk20018291711702035
  • TurnbullFEffects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events:results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trialsLancet200336215273514615107
  • VartiainenEPuskaPPekkanenJChanges in risk factor explain changes in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in FinlandBMJ19943092378044063
  • VasanRSBeiserASeshadriSResidual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart StudyJAMA200228710031011866648
  • WaldNJLawMRA strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%BMJ2003326141912829553
  • WeiLWangJThompsonPAdherence to statin treatment and readmission of patients after myocardial infarction:a six year follow up studyHeart2002882293312181210
  • WildSRoglicGGreenAGlobal prevalence of diabetes:estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030Diabetes Care20042710475315111519
  • WilsonPWD’AgostinoRBLevyDPrediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categoriesCirculation1998971837479603539
  • WongNDLopezVTangSPrevalence, treatment, and control of combined hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in the United StatesAm J Cardiol200698204816828593
  • [WHO] World Health OrganizationCardiovascular disease:prevention and control2005GenevaWorld Health Organization
  • YoonKHLeeJHKimJWEpidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in AsiaLancet20063681681817098087
  • YusufSHawkenSOunpuuSEffect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):case-control studyLancet20043649375215364185
  • ZimmermanEMHorton-La ForgeBDetection and prevention of cardiac risk factors:health risk assessment and targeted follow-up in a managed care populationJ Cardiovasc Nurs19961127389069029

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.