Cholesterol lowering for secondary prevention: What statin dose should we use?

References

• The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research GroupMajor outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT-LLT)JAMA20022882998300712479764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaysHStatin safety: An overview and assessment of the data – 2005Am J Cardiol200697Suppl6C26C
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BissonnetteSHabibRSampalisFEfficacy and tolerability of ezetimibe 10 mg/day co administered with statins in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia who do not achieve target LDL-C while on statin monotherapy: A Canadian, multicentre, prospective study – the Ezetrol Add-On StudyCan J Cardiol20062210354417036098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension SocietyDiabetesUKJBS 2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practiceHeart200591Suppl 5v15216365341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BrownBGZhaoXQChaitASimvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or their combination for the prevention of coronary diseaseN Engl J Med200134515839211757504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CannonCPBraunwaldEMcCabeCHIntensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromesN Engl J Med2004350149550415007110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CharlesECOlsonKLSandhoffBGEvaluation of cases of severe statin-related transaminitis within a large health maintenance organizationAm J Med20051186182415922693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenZPetoRCollinsRSerum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrationsBMJ1991303276821888927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ CollaboratorsEfficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statinsLancet200536612677816214597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ColhounHMBetteridgeDJDurringtonPNPrimary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet20043646859615325833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavignonJBeneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statinsCirculation20041093943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeedwaniaPBarterPCarmenaRReduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets StudyLancet20063689192816962881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de LemosJABlazingMAWiviottSDEarly intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trialJAMA200429213071615337732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DownsJRClearfieldMWeisSPrimary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPSJAMA19982791615229613910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GISSI Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico)Results of the low-dose (20 mg) pravastatin GISSI Prevenzione trial in 4271 patients with recent myocardial infarction: do stopped trials contribute to overall knowledge?Ital Heart J200018102011302109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GrundySMCleemanJIMerzCNImplications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III GuidelinesCirculation20041102273915249516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMThe issue of statin safety. Where do we stand?Circulation20051113016915911705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaywardRAHoferTPVijanSNarrative review: Lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: A solvable problemAnn Intern Med20061455203017015870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative GroupMRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet200236072212114036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoldaasHFellstromBJardineAGEffect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trialLancet200336120243112814712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JadadARMooreRACarrollDAssessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?Control Clin Trials1996171128721797
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JonesPHDavidsonMHSteinEASTELLAR study groupComparison and efficacy of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across dosesAm J Cardiol2003921526012860216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JosanKMajumdarSRMcAlisterFAThe efficacy and safety of intensive statin therapy: A meta-analysis of randomized trialsCMAJ2007 under review
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KashaniAPhillipsCOFoodyJMRisks associated with statin therapy. A systematic overview of randomized clinical trialsCirculation200611427889717159064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KhanNAMcAlisterFARabkinSWThe 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 2 – TherapyCan J Cardiol2006225839316755313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRosaJCGrundySMWatersDDTreating to new targets (TNT) InvestigatorsIntensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary diseaseN Engl J Med200535214253515755765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LawMRWaldNJRudnickaARQuantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ20033261423
   Google Scholar
• LiemAHvan BovenAJVeegerNJFluvastatin On Risk Diminishment after Acute myocardial infarction (FLORIDA) study groupEffect of fluvastatin on ischaemia following acute myocardial infarction: a randomized trialEur Heart J2002231931712473255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study GroupPrevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levelsN Engl J Med19983391349579841303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannSJLetter to the editorJAMA20062952477816757715
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NissenSETuzcuEMSchoenhagenPEffect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized control trialJAMA200429110718014996776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NissenSEHigh-dose statins in acute coronary syndromes. Not just lipid levelsJAMA20062921365715337731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’KeefeJHCordainLHarrisWHOptimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dl. Lower is better and physiologically normalJ Am Coll Cardiol2004432142615172426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pablos MendezABarrRGSheaSRun-in periods in randomized trials: implications for the application of results in clinical practiceJAMA199827922259438743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PadwalRStrausSEMcAlisterFACardiovascular risk factors and their impact on the decision to treat hypertension: an evidence-based reviewBMJ20013229778011312234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PasternakRCSmithSCBairey-MerzCNACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statinsJ Am Coll Cardiol2002405677212142128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PedersenTRFaergemanOKasteleinJJHigh-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trialJAMA200529424374516287954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PittBWatersDBrownWVAggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery diseaseN Engl J Med199934170610395630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial InvestigatorsThe effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass graftsN Engl J Med1997336153628992351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonJGSmithBMaheshwariNPleiotropic effects of statins: benefit beyond cholesterol reduction? A meta-regression analysisJ Am Coll Cardiol20054618556216286171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SacksFMPfefferMAMoyeLAfor the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial InvestigatorsThe effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levelsN Engl J Med1996335100198801446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study GroupRandomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)Lancet1994344138397968073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzGGOlssonAGEzekowitzMDEffects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trialJAMA20012851711811277825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SerruysPWde FeyterPMacayaCFluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trialJAMA200228732152212076217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeverPSDahlofBPoulterNRPrevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trialLancet200336111495812686036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShepherdJBlauwGJMurphyMBPravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trialLancet200236016233012457784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShepherdJCobbeSMFordIPrevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemiaN Engl J Med1995333130177566020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmildeTJvan WillsenSWollersheimHEffect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomized, double-blind trialLancet20013575778111558482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SteinEStenderSMataPAchieving lipoprotein goals in patients at high risk with severe hypercholesterolemia: efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with atorvastatinAm Heart J20041484475515389231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StonePHLloyd-JonesDMKinlaySEffect of intensive lipid lowering, with or without antioxidant vitamins, compared with moderate lipid lowering on myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the Vascular Basis for the treatment of myocardial ischemia studyCirculation200511117475515809368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) InvestigatorsHigh-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attackN Engl J Med20063555495916899775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TaylorAJKentSMFlahertyPJARBITER: Arterial biology for the investigation of the treatment effects of reducing cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thicknessCirculation200210620556012379573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonPDClarksonPKarasRHStatin-associated myopathyJAMA200328916819012672737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerschurenWMJacobsDRBloembergBPSerum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five year follow-up of the seven countries studyJAMA199527413167596000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WiviottSDCannonCPMorrowDACan low-density lipoprotein be too low? The safety and efficacy of achieving very low low-density lipoprotein with intensive statin therapy. A PROVE-IT TIMI 22 SubstudyJ Am Coll Cardiol2005461411616226163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar