121
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Plant Sterols as Dietary Adjuvants in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk: Theory and Evidence

, , &
Pages 157-162 | Published online: 24 Dec 2022

References

  • AndersonASCoxDNMcKellarSTake Five, a nutrition education intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intakes: impact on attitudes towards dietary changeBrit J Nutr199880133409828754
  • AnonymousRandomised trial of cholesterol-lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)Lancet1994344138397968073
  • [AIHW] Australian Institute of Health and WelfareNational Cardiovascular Disease Database2004Canberra 2005
  • AyeshRWestrateJADrewittPNSafety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacteria enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarineFood Chem Toxocol199937112738
  • BakerVAHepburnPAKennedySJSafety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 1. Assessment of oestrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assaysFood Chem Toxocol1999371322
  • BujaLMDoes atherosclerosis have an infectious etiology?Circulation19969487238790018
  • CliftonPMNoakesMRossDHigh dietary intake of phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant sterol levels with no additional cholesterol-loweringJ Lipid Res2004451493915145979
  • CliftonPMNoakesMSullivanDCholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cerealEur J Clin Nutr200458503914985690
  • GyllingHMiettinenTACholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures ans with variable fat intakeMetabolism1999485758010337856
  • GyllingHRadhakrishanRMiettinenTAReduction of serum cholesterol in post menopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarineCirculation1997984226319416886
  • HallikainenMSarkkinenESUusitupaMIEffects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrarions of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrationsEur J Clin Nutr199953966910602355
  • HallikainenMASarkkinenESGyllingHComparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low fat dietEur J Clin Nutr2000547152511002384
  • HardingAAn insurance break for margarine2004New York, NY, USAMSNBC
  • HaskellWLCardiovascular disease prevention and lifestyle interventions: effectiveness and efficacyJ Cardiovasc Nurs2003182455514518600
  • HendriksHWestrateJAvan VlietTSpreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol-lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjectsEur J Clin Nutr1999533192710334658
  • HepburnPAHornerSASmithMSafety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Sunchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters – a novel functional foodFood Chem Toxocol19993752132
  • [IAS] International Atherosclerosis SocietyHarmonized clinical guidelines on the prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease2003Hamburg, GermanyInternational Atherosclerosis Society128
  • JandacekRJWebbMRMattsonFHEffect of an aqueous phase on the solubility of cholesterol in an oil phaseJ Lipid Res19771820310845502
  • JenkinsDJKendallCWMarchieADirect comparison of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods with a statin in hypercholesterolemic participantsAm J Clin Nutr200581380715699225
  • JenkinsDJAKendallCWCMarchieAEffects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and c-reactive proteinJAMA2003290502912876093
  • JonesPHDavidsonMHSteinEAComparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR Trial)Am J Cardiol2003921526012860216
  • JonesPJRaeini-SarjazMNtaniosFmodulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol estersJ Lipid Res20004169770510787430
  • KatanMBGrundySMJonesPEfficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levelsMayo Clin Proc2003789657812911045
  • KeysAAndersonJTGrandeFPrediction of serum cholesterol responses of man to changes in fat in the dietLancet1957ii9596613482259
  • KochharSInfluence of processing on sterols of edible vegetable oilsProg Lipid Res198322161886356149
  • KuhlmannKLindtnerOBauchASimulation of prospective phytosterol intake in Germany by novel functional foodsBrit J Nutr2005933778515877878
  • KwiterovichPJThe effect of dietary fat, antioxidants, and pro-oxidants on blood lipids, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosisJ Am Diet Assoc199797S31419216565
  • MensinkRPEbbingSLindhoutMEffects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrationsAtherosclerosis20021602051311755939
  • MiettinenTARailoMLepantaloMPlant sterols in serum and in atherosclerotic plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomyJ Am Coll Cardiol200545179480115936608
  • MiettinenTAStrandbergTEGyllingHNoncholesterol sterols and cholesterol-lowering by long-term simvastatin treatment in coronary patients: Relation to basal serum cholesterolArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2000201340610807752
  • [NCEP] Expert panel on detection evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adultsExecutive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (Adult Treatment Panel III)JAMA200128524869711368702
  • NeilVAMeijerGWRoeLRandomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spreadAtherosclerosis20011563293711395029
  • [NHF] National Heart FoundationLipid management guidelines – 2001Med J Aust2001175S136
  • NoakesMCliftonPNtaniosFAn increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrationsAm J Clin Nutr200275798611756063
  • NorménLHolmesDFrohlichJPlant sterols and their role in combined use with statins for lipid loweringCurr Opin Investig Drugs2005630716
  • PatchCSTapsellLCWilliamsPGPlant sterol/stanol prescription is an effective treatment strategy for managing hypercholesterolemia in outpatient clinical practiceJ Am Diet Assoc2005105465315635344
  • PoveyRWellensBConnerMAttitudes towards meat, vegetarian and vegan diets: an examination of the role of ambivalenceAppetite200137152611562154
  • RamsayLEYeoWWJacksonPRDietary reduction of serum cholesterol concentration: time to think againBMJ199130395371954418
  • RaulioSNurtillaAMannonenLAdding phytosterols and -stanols to food – modelling the amount received by Finnish adultsPub Nat Food Agency200110322
  • RossRThe pathogenesis of atherosclerosisN Eng J Med198631448894
  • SacksFMPfefferMAMoyeLAThe effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levelsN Eng J Med199633510019
  • SchaeferEJLipoproteins, nutrition, and heart diseaseAm J Clin Nutr20027519121211815309
  • [SCF] Scientific Committee on FoodGeneral view of the scientific committee on food on the long-term effects of the intake of elevated levels of phytosterols from multiple dietary sources, with particular attention to the effects of β-carotene2002Brussels, BelgiumCommission E
  • SimojokiMLuotoRUutelaAConsistency of use of plant stanol ester margarine in FinlandPub Health Nutr2004763814972073
  • SimojokiMLuotoRUutelaAUse of plant stanol ester margarine among persons with and without cardiovascular disease: Early phases of the adoption of a functional food in FinlandNutr J2005414752891
  • SimonsLAAdditive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemiaAm J Cardiol2002907374012356387
  • SteinbergDParthasarathySCarewTEBeyond cholesterol – modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicityN Eng J Med198932091520
  • TangJLArmitageJMLancasterTSystematic review of dietary intervention trials to lower blood total cholesterol in free living subjectsBMJ19983161213209552999
  • ThompsonGRO'NeillFSeedMWhy some patients respond poorly to statins and how this might be remediedEur Heart J200223200611792134
  • ThomsenABHansenHBChristiansenCEffect of free plant sterols in low-fat milk on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjectsEur J Clin Nutr2004588607015164106
  • UlbrichtTLVSouthgateDATCoronary heart disease: seven dietary factorsLancet199133898581681350
  • VanhanenHCholesterol malabsorption caused by sitosterol ester feeding and meomycin in pravastatin-treated hypercholesterolaemic patientsEur J Pharmacol19944716976
  • VolpeRNiittynenLKorpelaREffects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemiaBrit J Nutr200186233911502237
  • von BaeyerHHopfenmullerWRiedelEAtherosclerosis: current concepts of pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention based on trial outcomesClin Nephrol200360S314812940532
  • Waalkens-BerendsenDHWolterbeekAPWijnandsMVSafety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study in rats with phytosterol esters - a novel functional foodFood Chem Toxocol19993768396
  • WestrateJAAyeshRBauer-PlankCSafety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarineFood Chem Toxocol199937106371
  • WilundKRYuLXuFNo association between plasma levels of plant sterols and atherosclerosis in mice and menArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol20042423263215514206
  • [WHO] World Health OrganizationGlobal strategy on diet, physical activity and health [online]2005 Accessed 1 November 2005 URL: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/cvd/en
  • ZemanFJClinical nutrition and dietetics1991New York, USAMacmillan