Update on the clinical utility of fenofibrate in mixed dyslipidemias: mechanisms of action and rational prescribing

References

• AdkinsJCFauldsD1997Micronised fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemiaDrugs54615339339964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikh-AliAAKuvinJTKarasRH2004Risk of adverse events with fibratesAm J Cardiol94935815464682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnsquerJCFoucherCRattierS2005Fenofibrate reduces progression to microalbuminuria over 3 years in a placebo-controlled study in type 2 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS)Am J Kidney Dis454859315754270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AthyrosVGPapageorgiouAAAthyrouVV2002Atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemiaDiabetes Care25119820212087019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BansalSBuringJERifaiN2007Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in womenJAMA2983091617635891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarterPGottoAMLa RosaJC2007HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular eventsN Engl J Med35713011017898099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarterPJRyeKA2008Is there a role for fibrates in the management of dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome?Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol28394617717290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BergmanAJMurphyGBurkeJ2004Simvastatin does not have a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction with fenofibrate in humansJ Clin Pharmacol4410546215317833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BestJDO’NealDN2000Diabetic dyslipidemia. Current treatment recommendationsDrugs5911011110852642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirjmohunRSHuttenBAKasteleinJJP2005Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing coumpounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Am Coll Cardiol451859715653014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurgessDHuntDLiL2007 on behalf of the FIELD InvestigatorsEffects of fenofibrate on silent myocardial infarction, hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes and amputation in type 2 diabetes: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) studyCirculation116Suppl II838
   Google Scholar
• BuseJBGinsbergHNBakrisGL2007 for the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes AssociationPrimary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes AssociationCirculation1151142617192512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CannonCPSteinbergBAMurphySA2006Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapyJ Am Coll Cardiol484384516875966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapellWHDe SouzaCAPoirierP2003Short-term triglyceride lowering with fenofibrate improves vasodilator function in subjects with hypertriglyceridemiaArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol233071312588776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChangJTStaffaJAParksM2004Rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and gemfibrozil combination therapyPharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety1341726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChapmanMJ2006Fibrates: therapeutic reviewBr J Diabetes Vasc Dis6118
   Google Scholar
• ChinettiGLestavelSBocherV2001PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathwayNat Med753811135616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholesterol Treatment Trialist’s (CTT) Collaborators2005Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statinsLancet36612677816214597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CorsiniABellostaSDavidsonMH2005Pharmacokinetic interactions between statins and fibratesAm J Cardiol96Suppl44K49K16226935
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CuiYBlumenthalRSFlawsJA2001Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortalityArch Intern Med1611413911386890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavidsonMHArmaniAMcKenneyJM2007Safety considerations with fibrate therapyAm J Cardiol993C18C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [DAIS] Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study Investigators2001Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention StudyLancet3579051011289345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DierkesJWestphalSLuleyC2003Fenofibrate-induced hyperhomocysteinaemia. Clinical implications and managementDrug Safety26819112534325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DurringtonP2003DyslipidaemiaLancet3627173112957096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DurringtonPNTuomilethoJHamannA2004Rosuvastatin and fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes patients with combined hyperlipidaemiaDiab Res Clin Pract6413751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EllenRLBMcPhersonR1998Long-term efficacy and safety of fenofibrate and a statin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemiaAm J Cardiol814A60B65B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text2007Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practiceEur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil14Suppl 2S1S113
   Google Scholar
• FarnierM2003Combination therapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and a fibric acid derivative. A critical review of potential benefits and drawbacksAm J Cardiovasc Drugs31697814727929
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FarnierM2007Ezetimibe plus fenofibrate: a new combination therapy for the management of mixed hyperlipidaemia?Expert Opin Pharmacother813455217563268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarnierMDejagerSthe French Fluvastatin Study Group2000Effect of combined fluvastatin-fenofibrate therapy compared with fenofibrate monotherapy in severe primary hypercholesterolemiaAm J Cardiol8553711078237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarnierMFreemanMWMacdonnelG2005Efficacy and safety of the coadministration of ezetimibe with fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidaemiaEur Heart J2689790515781429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarnierMRothEGil-ExtremeraBfor the Ezetimibe/Simvastatin + Fenofibrate Study Group2007Efficacy and safety of the coadministration of ezetimibe/simvastatin with fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemiaAm Heart J153335e1335e817239698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FazioSLinton McRF2004The role of fibrates in managing hyperlipidemia: mechanisms of action and clinical efficacyCurr Atheroscl Rep614857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FrickMHEloOHaapaK1987Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart diseaseN Engl J Med3171237453313041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FruchartJCDuriezP2006Mode of action of fibrates in the regulation of triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol metabolismDrugs Today42396416511610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FruchartJCStaelsBDuriezP2001The role of fibric acids in atherosclerosisCurr Atheroscl Rep38392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GenestJFrohlichJSteinerG2004Effect of fenofibrate-mediated increase in plasma homocysteine on the progression of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Cardiol938485315050487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsbergHNBondsDELovatoLC2007Evolution of the lipid trial protocol of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trialAm J Cardiol99Suppl56i67i
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GordonTCastelliWPHjortlandMC1977High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham StudyAm J Med6270714193398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GordonDJProbstfieldJLGarrisonRJ1989High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studiesCirculation798152642759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrahamDJStaffaJAShatinD2004Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugsJAMA29225859015572716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMCleemanJIMerzCNB2004a for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education ProgramImplications or recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelinesCirculation1102273915249516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMHansenBSmithSCJr2004b for the American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and The American Diabetes AssociationClinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific issues related to managementCirculation109551614757684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMVegaGLYuanZ2005Effectiveness and tolerability of simvastatin plus fenofibrate for combined hyperlipidemia (the SAFARI trial)Am J Cardiol95462815695129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuerinMBruckertEDolphinPJ1996Fenofibrate reduces plasma cholesteryl ester transfer from HDL to VLDL and normalizes the atherogenic dense LDL profile in combined hyperlipidemiaArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol16763728640404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GustavsonLESchweitzerSMKoehne-VossS2005The effects of multiple doses of fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin and its 3alpha-hydroxy isomeric metaboliteJ Clin Pharmacol459475316027406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HottelartCEl EsperNRoseF2002Fenofibrate increases creatinemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinineNephron925364112372935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesPHDavidsonMH2005Reporting rate of rhabdomyolysis with fenofibrate + statin versus gemfibrozil + any statinAm J Cardiol95120215619408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KanekoTFujiSMatsumotoA2002Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells by basic fibroblast growth factor and its modification by fibric acidArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol228556012006402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KasteleinJJPvan der SteegWAHolmeI2008Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatmentCirculation1173002918519851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeatingGMCroomKF2007Fenofibrate. A review of its use in primary dyslipidaemia, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitusDrugs671215317209672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeatingGMOrmrodD2002Micronised fenofibrate. An updated review of its clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemiaDrugs6219094412215067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeechT2006American Heart Association Annual Scientific SessionsChicago2006
   Google Scholar
• KohKKHanSHQuonMJ2005Beneficial effects of fenofibrate to improve endothelial dysfunction and raise adinopectin levels in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemiaDiabetes Care2814192415920062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiamisGBairaktariETElisafMS1999Effect of fenofibrate on serum uric acid levelsAm J Kidney Dis3459410469875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBridePE2007Triglycerides and risk for coronary heart diseaseJAMA298336817635897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenneyJMFarnierMLoKW2006Safety and efficacy of long-term co-administration of fenofibrate and ezetimibe in patients with mixed hyperlipidemiaJ Am Coll Cardiol471584716630994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenneyJJonesMAbbyS2005Safety and efficacy of colesevelam hydrochloride in combination with fenofibrate for the treatment of mixed hyperlipidemiaCurr Med Res Opin2114031216197659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaisonPMennenLSapinhoD2002A pharmacoepidemiological assessment of the effect of statins and fibrates on fibrinogen concentrationAtherosclerosis1601556011755933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MardonesPPilonABoulyM2003Fibrates down-regulate hepatic scavenger receptor class B type 1 protein expression in miceJ Biol Chem27878849012511553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinPDDaneALShneckDW2003An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover trial of the effects of coadministration of rosuvastatin and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetic properties of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in healthy male volunteersClin Ther254597112749507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MayHTAndersonJLPearsonRR2008Comparison of effects of simvastatin alone versus fenofibrate alone versus simvastatin plus fenofibrate on lipoprotein subparticle profiles in diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia (from the Diabetes and Combined Lipid Therapy Regimen study)Am J Cardiol101486918312763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MikaelLGGenestJJrRozenR2006Elevated homocysteine reduces apolipoprotein A-I expression in hyperhomocysteinemic mice and in males with coronary artery diseaseCirc Res985647116439690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerMCannonCPMurphySA2008 for the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 InvestigatorsImpact of triglycerides levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trialJ Am Coll Cardiol517243018279736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MuhlesteinJBMayHTJensenFR2006The reduction of inflammatory biomarkers by statin, fibrate, and combination therapy among diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia. The DIACOR (Diabetes and Combined Lipid Therapy Regimen) studyJ Am Coll Cardiol4839640116843192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [NCEP] Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)2001JAMA28524869711368702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NissenSETuzcuEMSchoenhagenP2004Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized controlled trialJAMA29110718014996776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NordestgaardBGBennMSchnohrP2007Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and womenJAMA29829930817635890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PanWJGustavsonLEAchariR2000Lack of a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction between fenofibrate and pravastatin in healthy volunteersJ Clin Pharmacol403162310709162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PaumelleRStaelsB2008Cross-talk between statins and PPARα in cardiovascular diseases: clinical evidence and basic mechanismsTrends Cardiovasc Med1873818436144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PlayfordDAWattsGFBestJD2002Effect of fenofibrate on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation in type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Cardiol901254712450611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrueksaritanontTSubramanianRFangX2002bGlucuronidation of statins in animals and humans: a novel mechanism of statin lactonizationDrug Metab Dispos305051211950779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrueksaritanontTTangCQiuY2002aEffects of fibrates on metabolism of statins in human hepatocytesDrug Metab Dispos301280712386136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RidkerPMRifaiNCookNR2005Non-HDL-cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in womenJAMA2943263316030277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsSJCollinsDWittesJT2001 for the VA-HIT Study GroupRelation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events – VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trialJAMA28515859111268266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosensonRSKuskinALWolffDA2008Fenofibrate reduces fasting and postprandial inflammatory responses among hypertriglyceridemia patients with the metabolic syndromeAtherosclerosis198381818242616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubinsHBRobinsSJCollinsD2002Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT)Arch Intern Med162259760412456232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarwarNDaneshJEiriksdottirG2007Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studiesCirculation115450817190864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScottRd’EmdenMBestJ2007 on behalf of the FIELD InvestigatorsFeatures of metabolic syndrome indentify individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high risk for cardiovascular events and greater absolute benefits of fenofibrateCirculation116Suppl II838
   Google Scholar
• ShekAFerrillMJ2001Statin-fibrate combination therapyAnn Pharmacother359081711485144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StaelsBDallongevilleJAuwerxJ1998Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolismCirculation982088939808609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StefanuttiCBucciADi GiacomoS2004Efficacy, safety and tolerability of combined low-dose simvastatin-fenofibrate treatment in primary mixed hyperlipidaemiaClin Drug Invest2446577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StoneNJBilekSRosenbaumS2005Recent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III update: adjustments and optionsAm J Cardiol9653E59E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SyvanneMWhittallRATurpeinenU2004Serum homocysteine concentrations, gemfibrozil treatment, and progression of coronary atherosclerosisAtherosclerosis1722677215019536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SzaparyPORaderDJ2004The triglyceride-high density lipoprotein axis: an important target of therapy?Am Heart J1482112115308990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ACCORD Study Group2007Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial: design and methodsAm J Cardiol99Suppl21i33i
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The FIELD study investigators2005Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD Study):randomised controlled trialLancet36618496116310551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)2007Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summaryEur Heart J288813617220161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TribbleDLFarnierMMacdonellG2008Effects of fenofibrate and ezetimibe, both as monotherapy and in coadministration, on cholesterol mass within lipoprotein subfractions and low-density lipoprotein peak particle size in patients with mixed hyperlipidemiaMetab Clin Experim57796801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsimichodimosVBairaktariEElisafM2002Fibrate-induced increase in serum urea and creatinine levelsNephrol Dial Transplant1768211917069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UndasABrozekJSzczeklikA2005Homocysteine and thrombosis: from basic science to clinical evidenceThromb Haemost949071516363230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VakkilainenJSteinerGAnsquerJC2003Relationships between low-density lipoprotein particle size, plasma lipoproteins, and progression of coronary artery disease: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS)Circulation1071733712665498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VegaGLMaPTSCaterNB2003Effects of adding fenofibrate (200 mg/day) to simvastatin (10 mg/day) in patients with combined hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndromeAm J Cardiol919566012686335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WierzbickiASMikhailidisDPWrayR2003Statin-fibrate combination therapy for hyperlipidaemia: a reviewCurr Med Res Opin1911412661773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Statistics2008 www.who.int/whosis
   Google Scholar
• ZambonAGervoisPPaulettoP2006Modulation of hepatic inflammatory risk markers of cardiovascular diseases by PPAR-alpha activators: clinical and experimental evidenceArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol269778616424352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar