158
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Choice of ACE inhibitor combinations in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: update after recent clinical trials

, , &
Pages 411-427 | Published online: 08 May 2009

References

  • SteinbrookRFacing the Diabetes Epidemic – Mandatory Reporting of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Values in New York CityN Engl J Med2006354654554816467539
  • WildSRoglicGGreenASicreeRKingHGlobal prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030Diabetes Care20042751047105315111519
  • StultsBJonesREManagement of Hypertension in DiabetesDiabetes Spectr20061912531
  • DeFronzoRAFerranniniEInsulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseDiabetes Care19911431731942044434
  • GargJPBakrisGLMicroalbuminuria: marker of vascular dysfunction, risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseVasc Med200271354312083733
  • ManciaGDe BackerGDominiczakAGuidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)J Hypertens20072561105118717563527
  • BeckmanJACreagerMALibbyPDiabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and managementJAMA2002287192570258112020339
  • SowersJREpsteinMFrohlichEDDiabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: an updateHypertension20013741053105911304502
  • RosamondWFlegalKFridayGHeart disease and stroke statistics – 2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics SubcommitteeCirculation20071155e69e17117194875
  • MovahedMRHashemzadehMJamalMMDiabetes mellitus is a strong, independent risk for atrial fibrillation and flutter in addition to other cardiovascular diseaseInt J Cardiol2005105331531816274775
  • TomsonCFordDAnsellDThe UK Renal Registry: an overviewBr J Hosp Med (Lond)2008691054854918949935
  • MMWRWRRacial differences in trends of end-stage renal disease, by primary diagnosis – United States, 1994–2004MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2007561125325617380108
  • ThomasMCAtkinsRCBlood pressure lowering for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney diseaseDrugs200666172213223417137404
  • FongDSAielloLPFerrisFL3rdKleinRDiabetic retinopathyDiabetes Care200427102540255315451934
  • TesfayeSChaturvediNEatonSEVascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathyN Engl J Med2005352434135015673800
  • MacMahonSPetoRCutlerJBlood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution biasLancet199033586927657741969518
  • ChobanianAVBakrisGLBlackHRSeventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood PressureHypertension20034261206125214656957
  • American Diabetes Association SGStandards of medical care in diabetes – 2008Diabetes Care200831Suppl 1S12S5418165335
  • UKPDS SGTight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study GroupBMJ199831771607037139732337
  • PrisantLMWeirMRPapademetriouVLow-dose drug combination therapy: an alternative first-line approach to hypertension treatmentAm Heart J199513023593667631621
  • LawMRWaldNJMorrisJKJordanREValue of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trialsBMJ20033267404142712829555
  • LacourciereYPoirierLHebertDAntihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of two fixed-dose combinations of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide compared with valsartan monotherapy in patients with stage 2 or 3 systolic hypertension: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trialClin Ther20052771013102116154480
  • TaylorAACombination drug treatment of hypertension: have we come full circle?Curr Cardiol Rep20046642142615485601
  • EpsteinMBakrisGNewer approaches to antihypertensive therapy. Use of fixed-dose combination therapyArch Intern Med199615617196919788823150
  • FrankJManaging hypertension using combination therapyAm Fam Physician20087791279128618540493
  • WilliamsBShawADurrantRCrinsonIPagliariCde LusignanSPatient perspectives on multiple medications versus combined pills: a qualitative studyQJM2005981288589316284068
  • HOPE and micro-HOPE, SGEffects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study InvestigatorsLancet2000355920025325910675071
  • NiskanenLHednerTHanssonLLankeJNiklasonAReduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients on first-line therapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with a diuretic/beta-blocker-based treatment regimen: a subanalysis of the Captopril Prevention ProjectDiabetes Care200124122091209611723089
  • TattiPPahorMByingtonRPOutcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDMDiabetes Care19982145976039571349
  • EstacioROJeffersBWHiattWRBiggerstaffSLGiffordNSchrierRWThe effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertensionN Engl J Med1998338106456529486993
  • TurnbullFNealBAlgertCEffects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trialsArch Intern Med2005165121410141915983291
  • Arauz-PachecoCParrottMARaskinPHypertension management in adults with diabetesDiabetes Care200427Suppl 1S65S6714693929
  • VibertiGWheeldonNMMicroalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effectCirculation2002106667267812163426
  • BrennerBMCooperMEde ZeeuwDEffects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathyN Engl J Med20013451286186911565518
  • LewisEJHunsickerLGClarkeWRRenoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med20013451285186011565517
  • ParvingHHLehnertHBrochner-MortensenJGomisRAndersenSArnerPThe effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med20013451287087811565519
  • BarnettAPreventing renal complications in type 2 diabetes: results of the diabetics exposed to telmisartan and enalapril trialJ Am Soc Nephrol2006174 Suppl 2S132S13516565237
  • PalmerBFImproving BP control with combined renin-angiotensin system blockade and thiazide diuretics in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus or kidney diseaseAm J Cardiovasc Drugs20088191418303933
  • WheltonPKBarzilayJCushmanWCClinical outcomes in antihypertensive treatment of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose concentration, and normoglycemia: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)Arch Intern Med2005165121401140915983290
  • PalmerBFRenal dysfunction complicating the treatment of hypertensionN Engl J Med2002347161256126112393824
  • KjeldsenSEOsIHoieggenABeckeyKGleimGWOparilSFixed-dose combinations in the management of hypertension: defining the place of angiotensin receptor antagonists and hydrochlorothiazideAm J Cardiovasc Drugs200551172215631534
  • VaughanEDJrCareyRMPeachMJAckerlyJAAyersCRThe renin response to diuretic therapyl A limitation of antihypertensive potentialCirc Res1978423376381624143
  • GreenbergADiuretic complicationsAm J Med Sci20003191102410653441
  • WilcoxCSMetabolic and adverse effects of diureticsSemin Nephrol/1999196557568
  • ZillichAJGargJBasuSBakrisGLCarterBLThiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative reviewHypertension200648221922416801488
  • KosterJCRemediMSMasiaRPattonBTongANicholsCGExpression of ATP-insensitive KATP channels in pancreatic beta-cells underlies a spectrum of diabetic phenotypesDiabetes200655112957296417065331
  • ShafiTAppelLJMillerER3rdKlagMJParekhRSChanges in serum potassium mediate thiazide-induced diabetesHypertension20085261022102918981326
  • ErikssonJWJanssonPACarlbergBHydrochlorothiazide, but not Candesartan, aggravates insulin resistance and causes visceral and hepatic fat accumulation: the mechanisms for the diabetes preventing effect of Candesartan (MEDICA) StudyHypertension20085261030103718981327
  • CarterBLEinhornPTBrandsMThiazide-induced dysglycemia: call for research from a working group from the national heart, lung, and blood instituteHypertension2008521303618504319
  • AsmarRGLondonGMO’RourkeMESafarMEImprovement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patient: a comparison with atenololHypertension200138492292611641310
  • ChanudetXDe ChampvallinsMAntihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination compared with losartan in the treatment of essential hypertensionInt J Clin Pract200155423323911406907
  • CoreaLBentivoglioMVerdecchiaPLow-dose captopril therapy in mild and moderate hypertension. Randomized comparison of twice daily vs three times daily dosesHypertension19835(5Pt 2):III1571596354933
  • VidtDGA controlled multiclinic study to compare the antihypertensive effects of MK-421, hydrochlorothiazide, and MK-421 combined with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertensionJ Hypertens Suppl198422S81S886100881
  • EsnaultVLEkhlasADelcroixCMoutelMGNguyenJMDiuretic and enhanced sodium restriction results in improved antiproteinuric response to RAS blocking agentsJ Am Soc Nephrol200516247448115615822
  • ButerHHemmelderMHNavisGde JongPEde ZeeuwDThe blunting of the antiproteinuric efficacy of ACE inhibition by high sodium intake can be restored by hydrochlorothiazideNephrol Dial Transplant1998137168216859681711
  • HeegJEde JongPEvan der HemGKde ZeeuwDEfficacy and variability of the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition by lisinoprilKidney Int19893622722792550696
  • Jones-BurtonCMishraSIFinkJCAn in-depth review of the evidence linking dietary salt intake and progression of chronic kidney diseaseAm J Nephrol200626326827516763384
  • WeinbergerMHBlood pressure and metabolic responses to hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, and the combination in black and white mild-to-moderate hypertensive patientsJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol19857Suppl 1S52S552580177
  • OpieLAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the advance continuesThird EditionUniversity of Cape Town PressChapter 3, 19996467Chapter 10, 222224
  • JauchKWHartlWGuentherBWicklmayrMRettKDietzeGCaptopril enhances insulin responsiveness of forearm muscle tissue in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Invest19871754484543121350
  • KodamaJKatayamaSTanakaKItabashiAKawazuSIshiiJEffect of captopril on glucose concentration. Possible role of augmented postprandial forearm blood flowDiabetes Care19901311110911112261823
  • JacobSWarthBThiesRGrossAAugustinHJDietzeGJAcute effects of various doses of captopril on glucose metabolism in humansThird International Simposium on ACE inhibitionAmsterdam, The Netherlands1993
  • HenriksenEJJacobSAngiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and modulation of skeletal muscle insulin resistanceDiabetes Obes Metab20035421422212795654
  • PollareTLithellHBerneCAComparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertensionN Engl J Med1989321138688732671740
  • Vuorinen-MarkkolaHYki-JarvinenHAntihypertensive therapy with enalapril improves glucose storage and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusMetabolism199544185897854171
  • HOPESGEffects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study InvestigatorsLancet2000355920025325910675071
  • ALLHATSGMajor outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)JAMA2002288232981299712479763
  • ElliottWJMeyerPMIncident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysisLancet2007369955720120717240286
  • WeinbergerMHInfluence of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor on diuretic-induced metabolic effects in hypertensionHypertension19835(5Pt 2):III1321386313523
  • ShamissACarrollJPelegEGrossmanERosenthalTThe effect of enalapril with and without hydrochlorothiazide on insulin sensitivity and other metabolic abnormalities of hypertensive patients with NIDDMAm J Hypertens1995832762817794577
  • ParatiGomboniSMalaccoEAntihypertensive efficacy of zofenopril and hydrochlorothiazide and their different combinations assessed by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoringJournal of Hypertension Supplement 22005S309
  • HunterSJWiggamMIEnnisCNComparison of effects of captopril used either alone or in combination with a thiazide diuretic on insulin action in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients: a double-blind crossover studyDiabet Med199916648248710391396
  • McLaughlinDMAtkinsonABEnnisCNComparison of effects of combined ACE inhibitor and low-dose thiazide diuretic with ACE inhibitor alone on insulin action in patients with hypertension and Type 2 diabetes: a double-blind crossover studyDiabet Med200825563163418445178
  • PatelAMacMahonSChalmersJEffects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trialLancet2007370959082984017765963
  • MogensenCEVibertiGHalimiSEffect of Low-Dose Perindopril/Indapamide on Albuminuria in Diabetes: Preterax in Albuminuria Regression: PREMIERHypertension20034151063107112654706
  • PROGRESS SGEffects of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen on cardiac outcomes among patients with cerebrovascular diseaseEur Heart J200324547548412633548
  • BerthetKNealBCChalmersJPReductions in the risks of recurrent stroke in patients with and without diabetes: The PROGRESS TrialBlood Pressure200413171315083634
  • ChanJCCockramCSNichollsMGCheungCKSwaminathanRComparison of enalapril and nifedipine in treating non-insulin dependent diabetes associated with hypertension: one year analysisBMJ199230568609819851458144
  • PatelAMacMahonSChalmersJIntensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2008358242560257218539916
  • HanssonLLindholmLHEkbomTRandomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 studyLancet199935491921751175610577635
  • NosadiniRTonoloGCardiovascular and renal protection in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of calcium channel blockersJ Am Soc Nephrol200213Suppl 3S216S22312466317
  • OpieLHCalcium channel blockers in hypertension: reappraisal after new trials and major meta-analysesAm J Hypertens200114101074108111710789
  • AvanziniFTognoniGINSIGHT and NORDIL. International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment. Nordic Diltiazem StudyLancet2000356924519278author reply 1928192911130404
  • PittBByingtonRPFurbergCDEffect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT InvestigatorsCirculation2000102131503151011004140
  • ZanchettiARoseiEADal PaluCLeonettiGMagnaniBPessinaAThe Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thicknessJ Hypertens19981611166716769856368
  • FoltsJDSchaferAILoscalzoJWillersonJTMullerJEA perspective on the potential problems with aspirin as an antithrombotic agent: a comparison of studies in an animal model with clinical trialsJ Am Coll Cardiol19993322953039973006
  • PumphreyCWFusterVDewanjeeMKChesebroJHVlietstraREKayeMPComparison of the antithrombotic action of calcium antagonist drugs with dipyridamole in dogsAm J Cardiol19835135915956823873
  • FogariRAnkle oedema and sympathetic activationDrugs200565Suppl 2212716398059
  • FogariRZoppiACorradiLPretiPMalalamaniGDMugelliniAEffects of different dihydropyridine calcium antagonists on plasma norepinephrine in essential hypertensionJ Hypertens200018121871187511132613
  • SmithACTotoRBakrisGLDifferential effects of calcium channel blockers on size selectivity of proteinuria in diabetic glomerulopathyKidney Int19985438898969734613
  • HayashiKNagahamaTOkaKEpsteinMSarutaTDisparate effects of calcium antagonists on renal microcirculationHypertens Res199619131368829821
  • HayashiKOzawaYFujiwaraKWakinoSKumagaiHSarutaTRole of actions of calcium antagonists on efferent arterioles – with special references to glomerular hypertensionAm J Nephrol200323422924412840599
  • HayashiKWakinoSSuganoNOzawaYHommaKSarutaTCa2+ channel subtypes and pharmacology in the kidneyCirc Res2007100334235317307972
  • HarrisDThomasMJohnsonDNichollsKGillinAThe CARI guidelines. Prevention of progression of kidney diseaseNephrology (Carlton)200611Suppl 1S219716684077
  • BrouwerRMBolliPErnePConenDKiowskiWBuhlerFRAntihypertensive treatment using calcium antagonists in combination with captopril rather than diureticsJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol19857Suppl 1S88S912580183
  • ChrysantSGBakrisGLAmlodipine/benazepril combination therapy for hypertensive patients nonresponsive to benazepril monotherapyAm J Hypertens200417759059615233978
  • CushmanWCCohenJDJonesRPMarburyTCRhoadesRBSmithLKComparison of the fixed combination of enalapril/diltiazem ER and their monotherapies in stage 1 to 3 essential hypertensionAm J Hypertens199811(1Pt 1):23309504446
  • FitschaPMeisnerWHitzenbergerGEvaluation of isradipine and captopril alone or in combination for the treatment of hypertensionJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol199118Suppl 3S12S141720478
  • JamersonKANwoseOJean-LouisLSchofieldLPurkayasthaDBaronMInitial angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/calcium channel blocker combination therapy achieves superior blood pressure control compared with calcium channel blocker monotherapy in patients with stage 2 hypertensionAm J Hypertens200417649550115177521
  • ManciaGOmboniSGrassiGCombination treatment in hypertension: the VeraTran StudyAm J Hypertens199710(7Pt 2):153S158S9231892
  • NeutelJMSmithDHWeberMASchofieldLPurkayasthaDGatlinMEfficacy of combination therapy for systolic blood pressure in patients with severe systolic hypertension: the Systolic Evaluation of Lotrel Efficacy and Comparative Therapies (SELECT) studyJ Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)2005711641646quiz 64764816278521
  • PhilippTSmithTRGlazerRTwo multicenter, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine and valsartan in combination and as monotherapy in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertensionClin Ther200729456358017617280
  • TedescoMANataleFCalabroREffects of monotherapy and combination therapy on blood pressure control and target organ damage: a randomized prospective intervention study in a large population of hypertensive patientsJ Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)20068963464116957425
  • FerrierCFerrariPWeidmannPKellerUBeretta-PiccoliCRiesenWFAntihypertensive therapy with Ca2+. Antagonist verapamil and/or ACE inhibitor enalapril in NIDDM patientsDiabetes Care199114109119141773691
  • BakrisGMolitchMHewkinADifferences in glucose tolerance between fixed-dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndromeDiabetes Care200629122592259717130190
  • DahlofBSeverPSPoulterNRPrevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trialLancet2005366948989590616154016
  • Rubio-GuerraAFArceo-NavarroAVargas-AyalaGRodriguez-LopezLLozano-NuevoJJGomez-HarperCTThe effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on proteinuria in normotensive adults with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care20042771688169115220247
  • FogariRDerosaGZoppiAEffect of delapril/manidipine vs olmesartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination on insulin sensitivity and fibrinogen in obese hypertensive patientsIntern Med200847536136618310964
  • BaronADBrechtelGWallacePEdelmanSVRates and tissue sites of non-insulin- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in humansAm J Physiol1988255(6 Pt 1):E769E7743059816
  • DrazninBSussmanKEEckelRHKaoMYostTShermanNAPossible role of cytosolic free calcium concentrations in mediating insulin resistance of obesity and hyperinsulinemiaJ Clin Invest1988826184818523143744
  • ChengAFrishmanWHUse of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as monotherapy and in combination with diuretics and calcium channel blockersJ Clin Pharmacol19983864774919650536
  • FrishmanWHRamCVMcMahonFGComparison of amlodipine and benazepril monotherapy to amlodipine plus benazepril in patients with systemic hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. The Benazepril/Amlodipine Study GroupJ Clin Pharmacol19953511106010668626878
  • KaplanNMImplications for cost-effectiveness. Combination therapy for systemic hypertensionAm J Cardiol19957685955977677084
  • BakrisGLTotoRDMcCulloughPARochaRPurkayasthaDDavisPEffects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD studyKidney Int200873111303130918354383
  • MitalSLokeKESlaterJPAddonizioLGersonyWMHintzeTHSynergy of amlodipine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption in normal canine and failing human heartsAm J Cardiol19998312A92H98H
  • SiragyHMXueCWebbRLBeneficial effects of combined benazepril-amlodipine on cardiac nitric oxide, cGMP, and TNF-alpha production after cardiac ischemiaJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol200647563664216775501
  • ZhangXXuXNasjlettiAHintzeTHAmlodipine enhances NO production induced by an ACE inhibitor through a kinin-mediated mechanism in canine coronary microvesselsJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol200035219520210672850
  • WeirMRTargeting mechanisms of hypertensive vascular disease with dual calcium channel and renin-angiotensin system blockadeJ Hum Hypertens2007211077077917597800
  • FogariRPretiPLazzariPEffect of benazepril amlodipine combination on fibrinolysis in hypertensive diabetic patientsEur J Clin Pharmacol200359427127512830340
  • NeutelJMSmithDHWeberMAEffect of antihypertensive monotherapy and combination therapy on arterial distensibility and left ventricular massAm J Hypertens2004171374214700510
  • WinerNFolkerAMurphyJAEffect of fixed-dose ACE-inhibitor/calcium channel blocker combination therapy vs ACE-inhibitor monotherapy on arterial compliance in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetesPrev Cardiol200582879215860983
  • BakrisGLWeirMRAchieving goal blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: conventional versus fixed-dose combination approachesJ Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)20035320220912826783
  • AgrawalRMarxAHallerHEfficacy and safety of lercanidipine versus hydrochlorothiazide as add-on to enalapril in diabetic populations with uncontrolled hypertensionJ Hypertens200624118519216331117
  • TobeSKawecka-JaszczKZannadFVetrovecGPatniRShiHAmlodipine added to quinapril vs quinapril alone for the treatment of hypertension in diabetes: the Amlodipine in Diabetes (ANDI) trialJ Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)20079212012717272962
  • Roca-CusachsASchmiederRETriposkiadisFEfficacy of manidipine/delapril versus losartan/hydrochlorothiazide fixed combinations in patients with hypertension and diabetesJ Hypertens200826481381818327093
  • HanssonLZanchettiACarruthersSGEffects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study GroupLancet19983519118175517629635947
  • TuomilehtoJRastenyteDBirkenhagerWHEffects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial InvestigatorsN Engl J Med1999340967768410053176
  • PepineCJHandbergEMCooper-DeHoffRMA calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trialJAMA2003290212805281614657064
  • BakrisGLGaxiolaEMesserliFHClinical Outcomes in the Diabetes Cohort of the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril StudyHypertension200444563764215381674
  • RuggenentiPFassiAIlievaAPPreventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2004351191941195115516697
  • OstergrenJPoulterNRSeverPSThe Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial: blood pressure-lowering limb: effects in patients with type II diabetesJ Hypertens200826112103211118854748
  • JamersonKWeberMABakrisGLBenazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patientsN Engl J Med2008359232417242819052124
  • BakrisGLWeirMRDeQuattroVMcMahonFGEffects of an ACE inhibitor/calcium antagonist combination on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathyKidney Int1998544128312899767545
  • FogariRPretiPZoppiAEffects of amlodipine fosinopril combination on microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patientsAm J Hypertens200215121042104912460699
  • Martinez-MartinFJSaiz-SatjesMAdd-on manidipine versus amlodipine in diabetic patients with hypertension and microalbuminuria: the AMANDHA studyExpert Rev Cardiovasc Ther20086101347135519018688
  • PerazellaMASetaroJFRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: fundamental aspects and clinical implications in renal and cardiovascular disordersJ Nucl Cardiol200310218419612673184
  • SchmiederREHilgersKFSchlaichMPSchmidtBMRenin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular riskLancet200736995681208121917416265
  • McKelvieRSYusufSPericakDComparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study InvestigatorsCirculation1999100101056106410477530
  • PfefferMAMcMurrayJJVelazquezEJValsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or bothN Engl J Med2003349201893190614610160
  • AguilarDSolomonSDKoberLNewly diagnosed and previously known diabetes mellitus and 1-year outcomes of acute myocardial infarction: the VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion (VALIANT) trialCirculation200411012157215815364810
  • YusufSTeoKKPogueJTelmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular eventsN Engl J Med2008358151547155918378520
  • MannJFESchmiederREMcQueenMRenal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trialThe Lancet20083729638547553
  • JenningsDLKalusJSColemanCIManierskiCYeeJCombination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysisDiabet Med200724548649317367311
  • AndersenNHPoulsenPLKnudsenSTLong-term dual blockade with candesartan and lisinopril in hypertensive patients with diabetes: the CALM II studyDiabetes Care200528227327715677778
  • TutuncuNBGurlekAGedikOEfficacy of ACE inhibitors and ATII receptor blockers in patients with microalbuminuria: a prospective studyActa Diabetol200138415716111855793
  • OnuigboMOnuigboNLate-onset renal failure from angiotensin blockade (LORFFAB) in 100 CKD patientsInternational Urology and Nephrology200840123323918196471
  • OnuigboMAReno-prevention vs. reno-protection: a critical reappraisal of the evidence-base from the large RAAS blockade trials after ontarget – a call for more circumspectionQJM2008
  • VerdecchiaPAngeliFMazzottaGGentileGReboldiGThe renin angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease: role of aliskiren in risk reductionVasc Health Risk Manag20084597198119183745
  • UresinYTaylorAAKiloCEfficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertensionJournal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System200784190200
  • TaylorATschopeDKiloCIbramGFangHSatlinAAdding aliskiren to ramipril improves 24-hour blood pressure control compared to ramipril alone in patients with diabetes and hypertensionJ Hypertens200624Suppl 4S81Abstract P4.268.
  • RachmaniRLeviZSlavachevskyIHalf-OnnERavidMEffect of an alpha-adrenergic blocker, and ACE inhibitor and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and on renal function in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and albuminuria. A randomized cross-over studyNephron19988021751829736816
  • FogariRCorradiLZoppiAAddition of manidipine improves the antiproteinuric effect of candesartan in hypertensive patients with type II diabetes and microalbuminuriaAm J Hypertens200720101092109617903693
  • BakrisGLWilliamsMDworkinLPreserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working GroupAm J Kidney Dis200036364666110977801