98
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism with LMWHs and new anticoagulants

&
Pages 693-704 | Published online: 04 Sep 2009

References

  • WhiteRHThe epidemiology of venous thromboembolismCirculation200310723 Suppl 11418
  • HeitJAVenous thromboembolism: disease burden, outcomes and risk factorsJ Thromb Haemost200531611161716102026
  • AndersonFASpencer FA. Risk factors for venous thromboembolismCirculation2003107I9I1612814980
  • BlannADLipGYHVenous thromboembolismBr Med J200633221521916439400
  • HeparinJHirsh HeparinN Engl J Med1991324156515742027360
  • BullerHRSohneMMiddeldorpSTreatment of venous thromboembolismJ Thromb Haemost200531554156016102019
  • TurpieAGChinBSLipGYVenous thromboembolism: pathophysiology, clinical features and preventionBr Med J200232588789012386044
  • Schmidt-MulheimABeitrage zur Kenntnis des peptones under seiner physiologischen BedeutungArchiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie Physiologische Abteilung18803356
  • DoyonMRapports du foie avec la coagulation du sangJournal de Physiologie et de Pathologie General191214229240
  • McLeanJThe thromboplastinics action of cephalinAm J Physiol191641250257
  • HowellWHHeparin and anticoagulationAm J Physiol192363434435
  • JorpesJEThe chemistry of heparinBiochem J1935291817183016745848
  • CrafoordCPreliminary report on post-operative treatment with heparin as a preventative of thrombosisActa Chir Scand193779407426
  • BestCHPreparation of heparin and its use in the first clinical caseCirculation195919798613619024
  • BrinkhousKMSmithHPWarnerEDSeegersWHThe inhibition of blood clotting: an unidentified substance which acts in conjunction with heparin to prevent the conversion of prothrombin to thrombinAm J Physiol1939125683687
  • BeelerDRosenbergRJordanRFractionation of low molecular weight heparin species and the interaction with antithrombinJ Biol Chem197925429022913429327
  • BarrowcliffeTWJohnsonEAEggletonCAKemball-CookGThorneDPAnticoagulant activities of high and low molecular weight heparin fractionsBr J Haematol197941573583435404
  • KakkarVVDjazaeriBFokMScullyMFWestwickJLow molecular weight heparin and prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosisBr Med J19822843753796800465
  • HirshJOfosuFBuchananMRationale behind the development of low molecular weight heparin derivativesSemin Thromb Haemost1985111316
  • RoemischJGrayEHoffmannJNWiedermannCJAntithrombin: a new look at the actions of a serine protease inhibitorBlood Coag Fibrinolysis200213657670
  • SalzmanEWRosenbergRDSmithMHLindonJNFavreauLEffects of heparin and heparin fractions on platelet aggregationJ Clin Invest19806564736243142
  • BlajchmanMAYoungEOfusuFAEffects of unfractionated heparin, dermatan sulphate and low molecular weight heparin on vessel wall permeability in rabbitsAnn NY Acad Sci19895562452542544126
  • LindahlUHookMGlycosaminoglycans and their binding to biological macromoleculesAnn Rev Biochem197847385417354500
  • CipolleRSeifertRNeilanBZaskeDEHasusEHeparin kinetics: variables related to disposition and dosageClin Pharmacol Ther1981293873937471609
  • ShojaniaAMTetreaultJTurnbullJLThe variations between heparin sensitivity of different lots of activated partial thromboplastin time reagent produced by the same manufacturerAm J Clin Pathol19888919233337049
  • HyersTMAgnelliGHullRDAntithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic diseaseChest2001119176S193S11157648
  • TurpieAGGChinBSPLipGYHVenous thromboembolism: treatment strategiesBr Med J200232594895012399348
  • BarrittDWJordanSCAnticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolus: a controlled clinical trialLancet1960171381309131213797091
  • KernohanRJToddCHeparin therapy in thromboembolic diseaseLancet1966174386216234159671
  • SalzmanEWDeykinDShaprioMRRosenbergRManagement of heparin therapy: controlled prospective trialN Engl J Med1975292104610501091856
  • HullRDRaskobGEHirshJContinuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosisN Engl J Med1986315110911143531862
  • BrandjesDPMHeijboerHBullerHRde RijkMJagtHten CateJWAcenocoumarol and heparin compared with acenocoumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximal vein thrombosisN Engl J Med1992327148514891406880
  • SchulmanSRhedinASLindmarkerPA comparison of six weeks of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of anticoagulation trial study groupN Engl J Med1995332166116657760866
  • TurpieAGHirschJProphylaxis and therapy of venous thromboembolismCRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci197910247274380902
  • GallusAJackamanJTillettJMillsWWycherleyASafety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive proximal venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolusLancet198628519129312962878173
  • WeismannRETobinRWArterial embolism occurring during systemic heparin therapyArch Surg195876219227
  • ChongBHHeparin induced thrombocytopeniaJ Thromb Haemost200311471147812871282
  • WarkentinTEHeparin induced thrombocytopenia. A ten year retrospectiveAnnu Rev Med19995012914710073268
  • WarkentinTECurrent agents for the treatment of patients with heparin induced thrombocytopeniaCurr Opin Pulm Med2002840541212172444
  • XiaoZTherouxPPlatelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low molecular weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitorCirculation1998972512569462526
  • YusufSMehtaSRChrolaviciusSComparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromesN Engl J Med20063541464147616537663
  • WarkentinTELevineMNHirshJHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low molecular weight heparin or unfractionated heparinN Engl J Med1995332133013357715641
  • SquiresJWPinchLWHeparin induced spinal fracturesJAMA197924124172418439319
  • SacklerJPLiuLHeparin induced osteoporosisBr J Radiol197346458460
  • GinsbergJSKowalchukGHirschJHeparin effect on bone densityThromb Haemost1990642862892270535
  • EdesTESunderrajanEVHeparin-induced hyperkalaemiaArch Intern Med1985145107010724004433
  • DukesGEJrSandersSWRussoJJrTransaminase elevations in patients receiving bovine or porcine heparinAnn Intern Med19841006466506712030
  • HirschJDalenJEDeykinDPollerLHeparin: Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, safetyChest1992102Suppl337S351S1327666
  • TurpieAGGCan we differentiate the low molecular weight heparins?Clin Cardiol200023Suppl II4I710680037
  • OffordRPerryDAnticoagulationLondon, UKScience Press2002
  • HirshJWarkentinTEShaughnessySGHeparin and low molecular weight heparin. Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, safetyChest2001119Suppl64S94S11157643
  • LensingAWAPrinsMHDavidsonBLHirshJTreatment of deep vein thrombosis with low molecular weight heparins. A meta-analysisArch Intern Med19951556016077887755
  • LeizoroviczASimonneauGDecoususHBoisselJPComparison of efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in initial treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a meta analysisBr Med J19943096486518086990
  • SiragusaSCosmiBPiovellaFHirschJGinsbergGLow molecular weight heparins an unfractionated in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism. Results of a meta-analysisAm J Med19961002692778629671
  • Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. The Columbus InvestigatorsN Engl J Med19973376576629280815
  • SimonneauGSorsHCharbonnierBfor the THESEE study groupA comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolismN Engl J Med19973376636699278462
  • GouldMKDembitzerADDoyleRLLow molecular weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsAnn Intern Med199913080080910366369
  • NorrbyKHeparin and angiogenesis: a low-molecular-weight fraction inhibits and a high-molecular-weight fraction stimulates angiogenesis systemicallyHaemostasis199323Suppl 11411497684350
  • SjälanderAJanssonJHBergqvistDErikssonHCarlbergBSvenssonPEfficacy and safety of anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical inpatients: a meta-analysisJ Intern Med2008263526018088252
  • LevineMGentMHirschJA comparison of low molecular weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep vein thrombosisN Engl J Med19963346776818594425
  • KoopmanMMWPrandoniPPiovellaFTreatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous LMWH administered at homeN Engl J Med19963346826878594426
  • OmranHHammerstinglCSchmidtHvon der ReckeGPaarWDLüderitzBA prospective and randomised comparison off the safety and effects of therapeutic levels of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in chronically anticoagulated patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterisationThromb Haemost20039026727112888874
  • JacksonMRClagettGPAntithrombotic therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive diseaseChest2001119283S299S11157655
  • LeeAYThe role of low molecular weight heparins in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patientsCurr Opin Pulm Med2003935135512904702
  • LeeAYLevineMNBakerRILow-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancerN Engl J Med200334914615312853587
  • KhoranaAAThe NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines on Venous Thromboembolic Disease: strategies for improving VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized cancer patientsOncologist2007121361137018055857
  • LevineMNLeeAYKakkarAKFrom Trousseau to targeted therapy: New insights and innovations in thrombosis and cancerJ Thromb Haemost200311456146312871280
  • FolsomARCushmanMTsaiMYA prospective study of venous thromboembolism in relation to factor V Leiden and related factorsBlood2002992720272511929758
  • SchulmanSUnresolved issues in anticoagulant therapyJ Thromb Haemost200311464147012871281
  • KnightCJPanseartMWilsonDJIncreased platelet responsiveness following coronary stentingEur Heart J199819123912489740346
  • The British National FormularyIssue 57. 2009. Available from http://www.bnf.org/ Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • TurpieAGBauerKAErikssonBILassenMRFondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studiesArch Intern Med20021621833184012196081
  • HirshJGuyattGAlbersGWAntithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. American College of Chest Physicians. Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)Chest20081336 Suppl71S109S Errata in: Chest. 2008;134:473 and Chest. 2008;134:892.18574259
  • British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee Pulmonary Embolism Guideline Development GroupBritish Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee Pulmonary embolism guidelineThorax20035847048312775856
  • The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Available from http://www.sign.ac.uk/ Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • BaglinTBarrowcliffeTWCohenAGreavesMGuidelines on the use and monitoring of heparinBr J Haematol2006133193416512825
  • Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Guideline 28. Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the puerperium: Acute managementLondon UKRoyal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology2001Available from http://www.rcog.org.uk/ Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • Report of the Independent Expert Working Group on the prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients. Department of Health. Available from http://www.doh.gov.uk/ Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceGuideline 46. VTE: Reducing the risk of VTE (DVT and PE) in in-patients undergoing surgery. 2008. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/ Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • TanKTLipGYFondaparinuxCurr Pharm Des20051141541915725062
  • GrossPLWeitzJINew anticoagulants for treatment of venous thromboembolismArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol20082838038618296593
  • CrowtherMAWarkentinTEBleeding risk and the management of bleeding complications in patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy: focus on new anticoagulant agentsBlood20081114871487918309033
  • HirshJO’DonnellMEikelboomJWBeyond unfractionated heparin and warfarinCirculation200711655256017664384
  • KhooCWTayKHShantsilaELipGYHNovel oral anticoagulantsInt J Clin Pract20096363064119222611
  • ShantsilaELipGYApixaban, an oral, direct inhibitor of activated Factor XaCurr Opin Investig Drugs2008910201033
  • KakarPWatsonTLipGYRivaroxabanDrugs Today20074312913617380210
  • StangierJRathgenKStahleHGansserDRothWThe pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of dabigatran etexilate, a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in healthy male subjectsBr J Clin Pharmacol20076429230317506785
  • ErikssonBIDahlOEAhnfeltLDose escalating safety study of a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, in patients undergoing total hip replacement: BISTRO IJ Thromb Haemost200421573158015333033
  • ErikssonBIDahlOEBullerHRBISTRO II Study GroupA new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, compared with enoxaparin for prevention of thromboembolic events following total hip or knee replacement: The BISTRO II randomized trialJ Thromb Haemost2005310311115634273
  • EzekowitzMDReillyPANehmizGDabigatran with or without concomitant aspirin compared with warfarin alone in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (PETRO Study)Am J Cardiol20071001419142617950801
  • ErikssonBIDahlOERosencherNRE-NOVATE Study GroupDabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trialLancet200737094995617869635
  • ErikssonBIDahlOERosencherNRE-MODEL Study GroupOral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trialJ Thromb Haemost200752178218517764540
  • GinsbergJSDavidsonBLRE-MOBILIZE Writing Committee. Oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs North American enoxaparin regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty surgery200924119
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceFinal appraisal determination. Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of VTE after hip or knee replacement surgery in adults2008Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/ Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • EikleboomJEWeitzJIDabigatran etexilate for prevention of venous thromboembolismThromb Haemost2009101doi:10.1160/TH08-10-0708.
  • KubitzaDBeckaMVoithBZuehlsdorfMWensingGSafety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of single doses of BAY59-7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitorClin Pharmacol Ther20057841242116198660
  • PerzbornEStrassburgerJWilmenAIn vitro and in vivo studies of the novel antithrombotic agent BAY 59-7939 – an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitorJ Thromb Haemost2005351452115748242
  • ErikssonBIBorrisLCFriedmanRJRECORD1 Study GroupRivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplastyN Engl J Med20083582765277518579811
  • KakkarAKBrennerBDahlOERECORD2 InvestigatorsExtended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled studyLancet20083719632313918582928
  • LassenMRAgenoWBorrisLCRECORD3 InvestigatorsRivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplastyN Engl J Med20083582776278618579812
  • AgnelliGGallusAGoldhaberSZthe ODIXa-DVT Study InvestigatorsTreatment of proximal deep-vein thrombosis with the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939): the ODIXa-DVT studyCirculation200711618018717576867
  • BullerHRLensingAWAPrinsMHthe Einstein-DVT Dose-Ranging Study InvestigatorsA dose-ranging study evaluating once-daily oral administration of the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban in the treatment of patients with acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: the Einstein-DVT Dose-Ranging StudyBlood20081122242224718621928
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceFinal appraisal determination. Rivaroxaban for the prevention of VTE after hip or knee replacement in adultsMarch 5, 2009. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=download&o=43417 Accessed March 10, 2009.
  • WongPCCrainEJXinBApixaban, an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro, antithrombotic and antihemostatic studiesJ Thromb Haemost2008682082918315548
  • LassenMRDavidsonBLGallusAPineoGAnsellJDeitchmanDThe efficacy and safety of apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, as thromboprophylaxis in patients following total knee replacementJ Thromb Haemost200752368237517868430
  • BullerHDeitchmanDPrinsMSegersABotticelli InvestigatorsEfficacy and safety of the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban for symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. The Botticelli DVT dose-ranging studyJ Thromb Haemost200861313131818541000
  • TurpieAGBauerKADavidsonBLEXPERT Study GroupA randomized evaluation of betrixaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, for prevention of thromboembolic events after total knee replacement (EXPERT)Thromb Haemost2009101687619132191
  • National Patients Safety AgencyPatient Safety Alert 18. Actions that can make anticoagulant therapy safer2008. Available from: http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/health/alerts Accessed March 15, 2009.
  • Department of Health. The VTE Implementation Working Group. September 18, 2008. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthprotection/Bloodsafety/DH_082132
  • WeitzJIHirshJSamamaMMAmerican College of Chest PhysiciansNew antithrombotic drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based. Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)Chest20081336 Suppl234S256S Erratum in Chest. 2008;134:473.18574267