Morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny of Takayama xiamenensis sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) from the East China Sea

REFERENCES

• Bergholtz T., Daugbjerg N., Moestrup Ø. & Fernández-Tejedor M. 2006. On the identity of Karlodinium veneficum and description of Karlodinium armiger sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), based on light and electron microscopy, nuclear-encoded LSU rDNA, and pigment composition. Journal of Phycology 42: 170–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrada G., Casotti R., Modigh M. & Saggiomo V. 1991. Presence of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) in a coastal Mediterranean lagoon. Journal of Plankton Research 13: 229–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugbjerg N., Hansen G., Larsen J. & Moestrup Ø. 2000. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39: 302–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson K., Miller P., Wilding T.A., Shutler J., Bresnan E., Kennington K. & Swan S. 2009. A large and prolonged bloom of Karenia mikimotoi in Scottish waters in 2006. Harmful Algae 8: 349–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delwiche C.F. 1999. Tracing the thread of plastid diversity through the tapestry of life. the American Naturalist 154: S164–S177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S., Botes L., Nash G., Wright S.W. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2003. Takayama gen. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new genus of unarmored dinoflagellates with sigmoid apical grooves, including the description of two new species. Journal of Phycology 39: 1233–1246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2004. Karenia asterichroma sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new dinoflagellate species associated with finfish aquaculture mortalities in Tasmania, Australia. Phycologia 43: 624–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Salas M.F., Laza-Martínez A. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2008. Novel unarmored dinoflagellates from the toxigenic Family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales): five new species of Karlodinium and one new Takayama from the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Phycology 44: 241–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar R.C. 2004. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 1792–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu H., Sun J., Zou Y., Fang Q. & Lan D. 2006. Morphology, growth and molecular character of Takayama pulchella from Xiamen Harbor. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26: 1021–1027. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Guillard R.R.L. & Ryther J.H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea Cleve. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 8: 229–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood A., Steidinger K., Truby E., Bergquist P., Bergquist P., Adamson J. & Mackenzie L. 2004. Comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three new species of the genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand. Journal of Phycology 40: 165–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou J. 2006. Studies on molecular probes detection of harmful algae and its application. Ph.D. thesis. Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. 73 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kite G.C. & Dodge J.D. 1988. Cell and chloroplast ultrastructure in Gyrodinium aureolum and Gymnodinium galatheanum. Two marine dinoflagellates containing an unusual carotenoid. Sarsia 73: 131–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen J. 1994. Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters I. The genus Gymnodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 33: 24–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen J. 1996. Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters II. Genus Gyrodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 35: 342–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilly E.L., Halanych K.M. & Anderson D.M. 2007. Species boundaries and global biogeography of the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 43: 1329–1338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moestrup Ø., Lindberg K. & Daugbjerg N. 2009. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates IV: the genus Biecheleria gen. nov. Phycological Research 57: 203–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada D. 2008. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25: 1253–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnepf E. & Elbrächter M. 1988. Cryptophycean-like double membrane-bound chloroplast in the dinoflagellate, Dinophysis Ehrenb.: evolutionary, phylogenetic and toxicological implications. Botanica Acta 101: 196–203.
   Google Scholar
• Schnepf E. & Elbrächter M. 1999. Dinophyte chloroplasts and phylogeny—a review. Grana 38: 81–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholin C.A., Herzog M., Sogin M. & Anderson D.M. 1994. Identification of group-and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene. Journal of Phycology 30: 999–1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siano R., Kooistra W.H.C.F., Montresor M. & Zingone A. 2009. Unarmoured and thin-walled dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Naples, with the description of Woloszynskia cincta sp. nov. (Dinophyceae, Suessiales). Phycologia 48: 44–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spurr A.R. 1969. A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 26: 31–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Truby E.W. & Roberts D.S. 1998. First report of Gymnodinium pulchellum (Dinophyceae) in North America and associated fish kills in the Indian River, Florida. Journal of Phycology 34: 431–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steidinger K., Truby E. & Dawes C. 1978. Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. I. General description. Journal of Phycology 14: 72–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama H. 1985. Apical grooves of unarmored dinoflagellates. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan 32: 129–140.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M. & Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731–2739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y.Z., Kong L., Morse R.E., Gobler C.J. & Holmes M.J. 2012. Report of a bloom-forming dinoflagellate Takayama acrotrocha from tropical coastal waters of singapore. Journal of Phycology 48: 455–466.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor F. 1992. The taxonomy of harmful marine phytoplankton. Giornale Botanico italiano 126: 209–219.
   Google Scholar
• Tengs T., Dahlberg O.J., Shalchian-Tabrizi K., Klaveness D., Rudi K., Delwiche C.F. & Jakobsen K.S. 2000. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the 19' hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates have tertiary plastids of haptophyte origin. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 718–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z., Hodgkiss I. & Hansen G. 2005. Karenia longicanalis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): a new bloom-forming species isolated from Hong Kong, May 1998. Botanica Marina 44: 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Yang Z.B., Takayama H., Matsuoka K. & Hodgkiss I. 2000. Karenia digitata sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new harmful algal bloom species from the coastal waters of west Japan and Hong Kong. Phycologia 39: 463–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar