REFERENCES
- Cheplick G.P. 1997. Responses to severe competitive stress in a clonal plant: differences between genotypes. Oikos 79: 581–591.
- Collado-Vides L. 2002a. Clonal architecture in marine macroalgae: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Evolutionary Ecology 15: 531–545.
- Collado-Vides L. 2002b. Morphological plasticity of Caulerpa prolifera in relation to growth form in a coral reef lagoon. Botanica Marina 45: 123–129.
- Collado-Vides L. & Robledo D. 1999. Morphology and photosynthesis of Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) in relation to growth form. Journal of Phycology 35: 325–330.
- Correa J.A. & McLachlan J. 1991. Endophytic algae of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta). III. Host specificity. Journal of Phycology 27: 448–459.
- De Kroon H. & Hutchings M.J. 1995. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: the foraging concept reconsidered. Journal of Ecology 83: 143–152.
- González A.V. 2007. Implicancia ecológica y evolutiva de la coalescencia en el subgénero Tylecodium (Chlorophyta). PhD thesis. Universidad de Chile, Santiago. 216 pp.
- González A.V. & Santelices B. 2008. Coalescence and chimerism in Codium (Chlorophyta) from central Chile. Phycologia 47: 468–476.
- González A.V., Chacana M.E. & Silva P.C. 2012. Codium bernabei sp. nov. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta), the coalescing green seaweed along the Chilean coast. Phycologia 51: 666–671.
- Humphrey L.D. & Pyke D.A. 1998. Demographic and growth responses of a guerrilla and a phalanx perennial grass in competitive mixtures. Journal of Ecology 86: 854–865.
- Humphrey L.D. & Pyke D.A. 2001. Ramet spacing of Elymus lanceolatus (thickspike wheatgrass) in response to neighbor density. Canadian Journal of Botany 79: 1122–1126.
- Lovett-Doust L. 1981. Population dynamics and local specialization in a clonal perennial (Ranunculus repens). I. The dynamics of ramets in contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology 69: 743–755.
- Lovett-Doust L. & Lovett-Doust J. 1982. The battle strategy of plants. New Scientist 95: 81–84.
- Mcdermid K.J. 1988. Community ecology of some intertidal subtropical algae, and the biology and taxonomy of Laurencia (Rhodophyta) on Hawaii. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 332 pp.
- Mcdermid K.J. 1990. Life history and growth of Laurencia brachyclados (Rhodophyta Ceramiales). Journal of Phycology 26: 388–391.
- Monro K. & Poore A.G.B. 2005. Light quantity and quality induce shade-avoiding plasticity in a marine macroalga. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 426–435.
- Nanba N., Kado R., Ogawa H. & Toyama, K. 2000. Assays for evaluating seaweed attachment using isolated utricles of Codium fragile (Codiales, Chlorophyceae). I. Selection of suitable utricles for assays. Sessile Organisms 17: 23–30.
- Nanba N., Kado R., Ogawa H. & Komuro Y. 2002. Formation and growth of filamentous thalli from isolated utricles with medullary filaments of Codium fragile spongy thalli. Aquatic Botany 73: 255–264.
- Nanba N., Kado R., Ogawa H., Nakagawa T. & Sugiura Y. 2005. Effects of irradiance and water flow on formation and growth of spongy and filamentous thalli of Codium fragile. Aquatic Botany 81: 315–325.
- Oliveira-Carvalho M.F., Pereira S.M.B. & Pedroche F.F. 2010. Taxonomy and distribution of green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in Brazil. Nova Hedwigia 91: 87–109.
- Park C.S. & Sohn C.H. 1992. Effects of light and temperature on morphogenesis of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot in laboratory culture. Korean Journal of Phycology 7: 213–223.
- Ramus J. 1972. Differentiation of the green alga Codium fragile. American Journal of Botany 59: 478–482.
- Ramus J. & Venable M. 1987. Temporal ammonium patchiness and growth rate in Codium and Ulva (ulvophyceae). Journal of Phycology 32: 518–523.
- Santelices B. 1999. How many kinds of individuals are there? Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 4: 152–155.
- Santelices B. 2004. A comparison of ecological responses among aclonal (unitary), clonal and coalescing macroalgae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300: 31–64.
- Sokal R.R. & Rohlf F.J. 1995. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman, New York. 887 pp.
- Trowbridge C.D. 1998. Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 36: 1–64.
- Verbruggen H., Leliaert F., Maggs C.A., Shimada S., Schils T., Provan J., Booth D., Murphy S., De Clerck O., Coppejans E., Littler D.S. & Littler M.M. 2007. Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) based on plastid DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 240–254.
- Viejo R.M. & ÅBerg P. 2001. Effects of density on the vital rates of a modular seaweed. Marine Ecology Progress Series 221: 105–115.
- Yotsui T. & Migita S. 1989. Cultivation of a green alga Codium fragile by regeneration. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55: 41–44. (In Japanese with English abstract)