Infectious Diseases and Type 1 Diabetes in Children

• The Diamond Project Group: Incidence and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990–1999. Diab. Med.8, 857–866(2006).
   Google Scholar
• Salgame P : Host innate and Th1 responses and the bacterial factors that control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Curr. Opin. Immunol.17(4), 374–380(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajalingam R : Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors influence the innate and adaptive immune responses.Iran J. Immunol.4(2), 61–78(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang D , LiuZH, TewaryP, ChenQ, de la Rosa G, Oppenheim JJ: Defensin participation in innate and adaptive immunity. Curr. Pharm. Des.13(30), 3131–3139(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Werf N , KroeseFGM, RozingJ, HillebrandsJL: Viral infections as potential triggers of Type 1 diabetes.Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.23, 169–183(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanqvist M , JuhelaS, ErkkilaSet al.: Retrovirus infections and development of diabetes-associated autoantibodies during the first 2 years of life. Clin. Exp. Immunol.128, 511–515(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagohashi Y , UdagawaJ, AbirnN, KobayashiM, MoriyamaK, OtamiH: Maternal factors in a model of Type 1 diabetes differentially affected the development of insulitis and overt diabetes in offspring.Diabetes54, 2026–2031(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli M , BuzzettiR, GalganiAet al.: Length of gestation and gender are associated with HLA genotypes at risk for Type 1 diabetes (Italian DIABFIN 3) – Diabet. Med.24, 916–919(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlquist G , IvarssonS, LindbergB, ForgrenM: Maternal enteroviral infection during pregnancy as risk factors for childhood T1D. A population based case–control study.Diabetes54, 408–419(1995).
   Google Scholar
• Honeyman MC , CoulsonB, StoneNLet al.: Association between Rotavirus infection and pancreatic islet autoimmunity in children at risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes49, 1319–1324(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadelharju K , HämäläinenAM, KnipMet al.: Enterovirus infections as a risk factors for Type 1 diabetes: virus analyses in a dietary intervention trial. Clin. Exp. Immunol.132, 271–277(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltunen M , HyotyH, KnipMet al.: Islet cell antibody seroconversion in children is temporally associated with Enterovirus infections. J. Infectious Dis.175, 554–560(1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfaitouri A , BergAK, FriskG, YinH, TuvemoT, BlombergJ: Recent enterovirus infection in Type 1 diabetes: evidence with a novel IgM method.J. Med. Virol.79, 1861–1867(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osame K , TakahoshiY, TakasawaHet al.: Rapid-onset Type 1 diabetes associated with Cytomegalovirus infection and islet autoantibody synthesis. Intern. Med.46, 873–877(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuzawa M , MotojimaS: A case of hypersensitivity syndrome caused by reactivation of Cytomegalovirus complicated with non-autoimmune Type 1 diabetes and painless thyroiditis.Clin. Endocrinol.52, 124–128(2004).
   Google Scholar
• Suzaki J , YamauchiM, MizutaniNet al.: A case of Type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with cytomegalic colitis. J. Japan. Diabetes Soc.49, 535–539(2006).
   Google Scholar
• Bazzano S , DevotiG, D‘AnnunzioGet al.: Variazioni di incidenza (1988–2000) del diabete mellito Tipo 1 (T1DM) nella Provincia di Pavia. Giorn. It. Diabetol.23, 119–125(2003).
   Google Scholar
• Zhao HX , MoyeedRA, StenhouseEA, DemaineAG, MilwardBA: Space–time clustering of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Devon and Cornwall, England.Diab. Med.19, 667–672(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altobelli E , PetroncelliR, VerrottiA, Valenti M: Infections and risk of Type 1 diabetes in childhood: a population-based case–control study. Eur. J. Epidemiol.18, 425–430(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SM , EhlinAGC, EckbonA, WakefieldAJ: Pertussis infections in childhood and subsequent Type 1 diabetes mellitus.Diabet. Med.19, 986–993(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijbell H , ChenRT, DahlquistG: Cumulative incidence of childhood-onset T1D is unaffected by pertussis immunization.Diabetes Care20, 173–175(1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenconi MT , DevotiG, ComelliMet al.: Major childhood infections diseases and other determinants associated with Type 1 diabetes: a case–control study. Acta Diabetol.44, 14–19(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow CT : Paratubercolosis and Type 1 diabetes: is this the trigger?Med. Hypotheses67, 782–785(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sechi LA , RosuV, PacificoA, FaddaG, AhmedN, ZanettiS: Humoral immune responses of Type 1 diabetes patients to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercolosis lend support to the infectious trigger hypothesis.Clin. Vaccine Immunol.15, 320–326(2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillet H , BachJF: On the mechanism of the protective effect of infections on Type 1 diabetes.Clin. Develop. Immunol.11, 191–194(2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bach JF : Protective role of infections and vaccinations on autoimmune diseases.J. Autoimm.16, 347–353(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EURODIAB ACE Study Group: Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. Lancet355, 873–876(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JF : The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases.N. Engl J. Med.347, 911–920(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadelain MWJ , Quin H-Y, Lanzon J, Singh B: Prevention of Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice by adjuvant immunotherapy. Diabetes39, 583–589(1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccone P , FehervariZ, JonesFMet al.: Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of Type 1 diabetes. Eur. J. Immunol.33, 1439–1449(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotb M , Norrby-TeglundA, McGeerA, Low DE: An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections. Nat. Med.8, 1398–1404. (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schattner A : Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines.Vaccine23, 3876–3806(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves PMN , BarrigaKJ, NorrisJMet al.: Lack of association between early childhood immunizations and β-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes Care22, 1694–1697(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen DC , ClassenJB: The timing of pediatric immunization and the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract.6, 449–454(1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefano F , MulloolyJP, OkoroCAet al.: Childhood vaccinations, vaccination timing and risk of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics108, 1–5(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyoty H , HiltunenM, ReunanenAet al.: Decline of mumps antibodies in Type 1 diabetic children and a plateau in the rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes after introduction of the mumps–measles–rubella vaccine in Finland. Diabetologica36, 1303–1308(1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel M , FuchtenbuschM, SchenkerM, ZieglerAG: No major association of breast feeding, vaccinations and childhood diseases with early islet autoimmunity in the German BABYDIAB study.Diabetes Care23, 969–974(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison LC : The prospect of vaccination to prevent Type 1 diabetes.Br. Med. J.312, 1169–1172(1999).
   Google Scholar
• Kolek MJ , CarlquistJF, MuhlesteinJBet al.: Toll-like receptor 4 gene Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with reductions in vascular inflammation, angiographic coronary artery disease, and clinical diabetes.Am. Heart J.148(6), 1034–1040(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park Y , ParkS, YooE, KimD, ShinH: Association of the polymorphism for Toll-like receptor 2 with Type 1 diabetes susceptibility.Ann NY Acad Sci.1037, 170–174(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghandil P , ChelalaC, Dubois-LaforgueDet al.: Crohn‘s disease associated CARD15 (NOD2) variants are not involved in the susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes. Mol. Genet. Metab.86(3), 379–383(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herskovits AA , AuerbuchV, PortnoyDA: Bacterial ligands generated in a phagosome are targets of the cytosolic innate immune system.PLoS Pathog.3(3), E51 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aittoniemi J , TurpeinenH, TiittanenMet al.: Relation among mannose-binding lectin 2 genotype, β-cell autoantibodies, and risk for Type 1 diabetes in Finnish children. Hum. Immunol.69(2), 108–111(2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwman LH , EerlighP, TerpstraOTet al.: Elevated levels of mannose-binding lectin at clinical manifestation of Type 1 diabetes in juveniles. Diabetes 54(10), 3002–6(2005).
   Google Scholar
• Hansen TK , TarnowL, ThielSet al.: Association between mannose-binding lectin and vascular complications in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes53(6), 1570–1576(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottini N , MusumeciL, AlonsoAet al.: A functional variant of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is associated with Type I diabetes. Nat. Genet.36(4), 337–338(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy DL : Genetic determinants of diabetes are similarly associated with other immune-mediated diseases.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.7(6), 468–474(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykouras D , SampsonasF, KaparianosA, KarkouliasK, TsoukalasG, SpiropoulosK: Human genes in TB infection: their role in immune response.Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis.69(1), 24–31(2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Jager PL , SawcerS, WaliszewskaAet al.: Evaluating the role of the 620W allele of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in Crohn‘s disease and multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Hum. Genet.14(3), 317–321(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth DJ , HowsonJM, PayneFet al.: Analysis of polymorphisms in 16 genes in Type 1 diabetes that have been associated with other immune-mediated diseases. BMC Med. Genet.6(7), 20 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Zalloua PA , AbcheeA, ShbakloHet al.: Patients with early onset of Type 1 diabetes have significantly higher GG genotype at position 49 of the CTLA4 gene.Hum. Immunol.65(7), 719–724(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anjos SM , PolychronakosC: Functional evaluation of the autoimmunity-associated CTLA4 gene: the effect of the (AT) repeat in the 3´untranslated region (UTR).J. Autoimmun.27(2), 105–109(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkiste A , ValdesAM, FeoloMet al.: 13th IHWS 1 Diabetes Component participating investigators. 14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop: report on the HLA component of Type 1 diabetes. Tissue Antigens69(Suppl. 1), 214–225(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gambelunghe G , BrozzettiA, GhaderiM, CandeloroP, TortoioliC, FalorniA: MICA gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes.Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1110, 92–98(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alizadeh BZ , EerlighP, van der Slik AR et al.: MICA marks additional risk factors for Type 1 diabetes on extended HLA haplotypes: an association and meta-analysis. Mol. Immunol.44(11), 2806–2812(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorak MT : Role of natural killer cells and killer immunoglobulin-like receptor polymorphisms: association of HLA and KIRs.Methods Mol. Med.134, 123–144(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin MP , GaoX, LeeJHet al.: Epistatic interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-B delays the progression to AIDS. Nat. Genet.31(4), 429–434(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Slik AR , KoelemanBP, VerduijnW, BruiningGJ, RoepBO, GiphartMJ: KIR in Type 1 diabetes: disparate distribution of activating and inhibitory natural killer cell receptors in patients versus HLA-matched control subjects.Diabetes52(10), 2639–2642(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton D , HalfpennyI, MeenaghA, WilliamsF, SivulaJ, Tuomilehto-WolfE: Investigation of KIR gene frequencies in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.Hum. Immunol.67(12), 986–990(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Slik AR , AlizadehBZ, KoelemanBP, RoepBO, GiphartMJ: Modelling KIR–HLA genotype disparities in Type 1 diabetes.Tissue Antigens69(Suppl. 1), 101–105(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orilieri E , CappellanoG, ClementiRet al.: Variations of the perforin gene in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes57(4), 1078–1083(2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong FS , WenL: What can the HLA transgenic mouse tell us about autoimmune diabetes?Diabetologia47(9), 1476–1487(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid T , EbringerA: Rheumatoid arthritis is linked to Proteus – the evidence.Clin. Rheumatol.26(7), 1036–1043(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid T , EbringerA: Ankylosing spondylitis is linked to Klebsiella – the evidence.Clin. Rheumatol.26(6), 858–864(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis RJ , Varela-CalvinoR, TreeTI, Peakman M:HLA Class II molecules on haplotypes associated with Type 1 diabetes exhibit similar patterns of binding affinities for coxsackie virus P2C peptides. Immunology116(3), 337–346(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemstra HS , SchlootNC, van Veelen PA et al.: Cytomegalovirus in autoimmunity: T-cell crossreactivity to viral antigen and autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA.98(7), 3988–3991(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger RA , PapadopoulosGK, Moustakas AK, Nepom GT, Kwok WW: Allelic variation in key peptide-binding pockets discriminates between closely related diabetes-protective and diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQB1*06 alleles. J. Immunol.176(3), 1988–1998(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiani G , CampoI, ZorzettoMet al.: Pro-inflammatory variants of DRB1 and RAGE genes are associated with susceptibility to pediatric Type 1 diabetes: a new hypothesis on the adaptive role of autoimmunity. Riv. Biol.100(2), 285–304(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nejentsev S , HowsonJM, WalkerNMet al.: Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Localization of Type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A. Nature450, 887–892(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson G , ValdesAM, NobleJA, KockumI, GroteMN: Relative predispositional effects of HLA class II DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and genotypes on Type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis.Tissue Antigens70(2), 110–127(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erlich H , ValdesAM, NobleJet al.: Type 1 Diabetes Genetics consortium. HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and Type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the Type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families. Diabetes57(4), 1084–1092(2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Herrath MG , FujinamiR, WhittonL: Microrganisms and autoimmunity: making the barren field fertile?Nat. Rev. Microbiol.1, 151–157(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawa MI , BeyanH, BuckleyLR, LeslieRD: Impact of genetic and non-genetic factors in Type 1 diabetes.Am. J. Med. Genet.115(1), 8–17(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorini R , MinicucciL, NapoliFet al.: Screening for Type 1 diabetes genetic risk in newborns of continental Italy. Primary prevention (Prevefin Italy) preliminary data. Acta Biomed.76, 31–35(2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Lorenzo TP , PeakmanM, RoepBO: Translational mini-review series on Type 1 diabetes: systematic analysis of T cell epitopes in autoimmune diabetes.Clin. Exp. Immunol.148(1), 1–16(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Website

• Type 1 diabetes database http://t1dbase.org
   Google Scholar