Pediatric Asthma and Related Allergic and Nonallergic Diseases: Patient-Oriented Evidence-Based Essentials that Matter

• Mannino DM , HomaDM, AkinbamiLJ, MoormanJE, GwynnC, ReddSC: Surveillance for asthma – United States, 1980–1999.MMWR Surveill. Summ.51, 1–13(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly CS , MorrowAL, ShultsJ, NakasN, StropeGL, AdelmanRD: Outcomes evaluation of a comprehensive intervention program for asthmatic children enrolled in Medicaid.Pediatrics105, 1029–1035(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najada A , Abu-HasanM, WeinbergerM: Outcome of asthma in children and adolescents at a specialty based care program.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.87, 335–343(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel Report: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Publication No. 91–3042 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Publication No. 97–4051 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education Program Updates on Selected Topics from Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Publication No. 02–5074 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel Report 3: Summary Report, Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Publication No. 08–5846 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Publication No. 07-4051 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Roghmann M , SextonM: Adherence to asthma guidelines in general practices.J. Asthma36, 381–387(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S , TaitzJ, Jaffé: Paediatric prescribing of asthma drugs in the UK: are we sticking to the guideline? Arch. Dis. Child.92, 847–849(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinbami LJ : The State of childhood asthma, United States, 1980–2005. Advance Data for Vital and Health Statistics, No. 381. CDC, 12 December (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Anderson HR , GuptaR, StrachanDP, Limb ES: 50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955–2004. Thorax62, 85–90(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloutier MM , WakefieldDB, Sangeloty-HigginsPS, DelarondeS, HallCB: Asthma guideline use by pediatricians in private practices and asthma morbidity.Pediatrics118, 1880–1887(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnaccia S , LombardiA, Gaffurini A et al.: Application and implementation of the GINA asthma guidelines by specialist and primary care physicians: a longitudinal follow-up study on 264 children. Primary Car. Respir. J.16, 357–362(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox P , PorterPG, LobSH, BoerJH, Rocha DA, Adelson JW: Improving asthma-related health outcomes among low-income, multiethnic school-aged children: results of a demonstration project that combined continuous quality improvement and community health worker strategies. Pediatrics120, E902–E911 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fireman P , FridayGA, GiraGC, Vierthaler WA, Michaels L: Teaching self-management skills to asthmatic children and their parents in an ambulatory care setting. Pediatrics68, 341–348, (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najada A , Abu-HasanM, WeinbergerM: Outcome of asthma in children and adolescents at a specialty based care program.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.87, 335–343(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucknall CE , RobertsonC, MoranF, StevensonRD: Differences in hospital asthma management.Lancet1, 748–750(1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo PH , RichmanJ, HarrisHW: Results of a program to reduce admissions for adult asthma.Ann. Int. Med.112, 864–871(1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso TM , Abou-ShalaN, HeilkerBM, ArheartKL, PortnerTS, SelfTH: Comprehensive long-term management program for asthma: effect on outcomes in adult African–Americans.Am. J. Med. Sci.311, 272–280(1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scadding GK , DurhamSR, MirakianRet al.: BSACI guidelines for the management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy38, 19–42(2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF , HanifinJM, BeckLAet al.: Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution of treatment. Pediatrics111, 608–616(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis C , LugerT, AbeckDet al.: International consensus conference on atopic dermatitis II (ICCAD II): clinical update and current treatment strategies. Br. J. Dermatol.148(Suppl. 63), 3–10(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanifin JM , CooperKD, HoVCet al.: Guidelines of care for atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.50, 391–404(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF : Consensus guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis.Allergy59, 86–92(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DYM , NicklasRA, LiJTet al.: Disease management of atopic dermatitis: an update practice parameter.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.93, S1–S21 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Jones S , MugglestoneMA, Guideline Development Group: management of atopic eczema in children aged up to 12 years: summary of NICE guidance. Br. Med. J.335, 1263–1264(2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberger M , Abu-HasanM: Asthma in preschool children. In: Kendig‘s Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children, 7th Edition. Saunders Elsevier, PA, USA 795–807(2006).
   Google Scholar
• Fahy JV , O‘ByrnePM: Reactive airways disease. A lazy term of uncertain meaning thatshould be abandoned.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.163, 822–823(2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph CL , FoxmanB, LeicklyFE, Peterson E, Ownby D: Prevalence of possible undiagnosed asthma and associated morbidity among urban schoolchildren. J. Pediatr.129, 735–742(1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro GG , EgglestonPA, PiersonWE, RayCG, BiermanCW: Double-blind study of the effectiveness of a broad spectrum antibiotic in Status asthmaticus.Pediatrics53, 867–872(1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glauber JH , FuhlbriggeAL, FinkelsteinJA, HomerCJ, WeissST: Relationship between asthma medication and antibiotic use.Chest120, 1485–1492(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammo AH , WeinbergerM: Exercise induced hyperventilation: a pseudoasthma syndrome.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.82, 574–578(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Hasan M , TannousB, WeinbergerM: Exercise-induced dyspnea in children and adolescents: if not asthma then what?Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.94, 366–371(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seear M , WensleyD, WestN: How accurate is the diagnosis of exercise induced asthma among Vancouver school children.Arch. Dis. Child.90, 898–902(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger M , Abu-HasanM: Pseudo-asthma: When cough, wheezing, and dyspnea are not asthma.Pediatrics120, 855–864(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodhari R , MitchisonHM, MeeksM: Cilia, primary ciliary dyskinesia and molecular genetics.Paediatr. Respir. Rev.5, 69–76(2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood RE : Localized tracheomalacia or bronchomalacia in children with intractable cough.J. Pediatr.116, 404–406(1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshi D , WeinbergerM: Long-term outcome of vocal cord dysfunction.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.96, 794–799(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokshin B , LindgrenS, WeinbergerM, KoviachJ: Outcome of habit cough in children treated with a brief session of suggestion therapy.Ann. Allergy67, 579–582(1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maclennan C , HutchinsonP, HoldsworthS, BardinPG, FreezerNJ: Airway inflammation in asymptomatic children with episodic wheeze.Pediatr. Pulmonol.41, 577–583(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston NW , JohnstonSL, NormanGR, DaiJ, SearsMR: The September epidemic of asthma hospitalization: school children as disease vectors.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.117, 557–562(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstein N , PhillipsWR, GerberMA, MarcySM, SchwartzB, DowellSF: The common cold. Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents.Pediatrics101, 181–184(1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson N , SloperK, SilvermanM: Effect of continuous treatment with topical corticosteroid on episodic viral wheeze in preschool children.Arch. Dis. Child.72, 317–320(1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doull IJ : Limitations of maintenance therapy for viral respiratory infection- induced asthma.J. Pediatr.142, S21–S25 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKean M , DucharmeF: Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No. CD001107. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001107 (2007)
   Google Scholar
• Sherrill D , SteinR, Kurzius-SpencerM, MartinezF: On early sensitization to allergens and development of respiratory symptoms.Clin. Exp. Allergy29, 905–911(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado A , ChouKJ, SilverEJ, CrainEF: Nebulizers vs metered-dose inhalers with spacers for bronchodilator therapy to treat wheezing in children aged 2 to 24 months in a pediatric emergency department.Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.157, 76–80(2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castro-Rodriguez JA , RodrigoGJ: β-agonists through metered-dose inhaler with valved holding chamber versus nebulizer for acute exacerbation of wheezing or asthma in children under 5 years of age: a systematic review with meta-analysis.J. Pediatr.145, 172–177(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens RC , WeinbergerM: Levalbuterol and racemic albuterol: Are there therapeutic differences?J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (Editorial) 106, 681–684(2001).
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger M : Is there any advantage to using levalbuterol in the treatment of asthma?Clinical Pulm. Med.11, 129–134(2004).
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous: Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics.48(1230), 21–22(2006).
   Google Scholar
• Carl JC , MyersTR, KirchnerHL, Kercsmar CM: Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. J. Pediatr.143, 731–736(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi F , ZaritskyA, WelchC, Meadows T, Burke BL: Clinical efficacy of racemic albuterol versus levalbuterol for the treatment of acute pediatric asthma. Ann. Emerg. Med.46, 29–36(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardasmalani MD , DeBariV, Bithoney WG, Gold N: Levalbuterol versus racemic albuterol in the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma in children. Pediatr. Emerg. Care21, 415–419(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendeles L , ShermanJ: Are inhaled corticosteroid effective for acute exacerbations of asthma in children?J. Pediatr.142, S26–S33 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemanske RF : Viruses and asthma: inception, exacerbation, and possible prevention.J. Pediatr.142, S3–S8 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storr J , BarrellE, BarryW, LenneyW, HatcherG: Effect of a single oral dose of prednisolone in acute childhood asthma.Lancet1, 879–882(1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tal A , LevyN, BearmanJE: Methylprednisolone therapy for acute asthma in infants and toddlers: a controlled clinical trial.Pediatrics86, 350–356(1990).
   Google Scholar
• Scarfone RJ , FuchsSM, NagerAL, Shane SA: Controlled trial of oral prednisone in the emergency department treatment of children with acute asthma. Pediatrics92, 513–518(1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JB , WeinbergerM, NassifE, Smith G, Milavetz G, Stillerman A: Early intervention with short courses of prednisone to prevent progression of asthma in ambulatory patients incompletely responsive to bronchodilators. J. Pediatr.110, 627–644(1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunette MG , LandsL, ThibodeauLP: Childhood asthma: prevention of attacks with short-term corticosteroid treatment of upper respiratory tract infection.Pediatrics81, 624–629(1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederle FA , PluharRE, JosephAM, NiewoehnerDE: Tapering of corticosteroid therapy following exacerbation of asthma. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Arch. Intern. Med.147, 2201–2203(1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O‘Driscoll BR , KalraS, WilsonM, PickeringCA, CarrollKB, WoodcockAA: Double-blind trial of steroid tapering in acute asthma.Lancet341, 324–327(1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karan RS , PandhiP, BeheraD, SailyR, BhargavaVK: A comparison of non-tapering vs. tapering prednisolone in acute exacerbation of asthma involving use of the low-dose ACTH test.Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.40, 256–262(2002)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger M : Commentary – corticosteroids for exacerbations of asthma: current status of the controversy.Pediatrics81, 726–729(1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger M : Corticosteroids for exacerbations of asthma: problems and solutions.J. Pediatr.136, 276–278(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme FM , ChabotG, Polychronakos C, Glorieux F, Mazer B: Safety profile of frequent short courses of oral glucocorticoids in acute pediatric asthma: Impact on bone metabolism, bone density, and adrenal function. Pediatrics111, 376–383(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streetman DD , Bhatt-MehtaV, Johnson CE: Management of acute, severe asthma in children. Ann. Pharmacother.36, 1249–1260(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarfone RJ , LoiselleJM, JoffeMDet al.: A randomized trial of magnesium in the emergency department treatment of children with asthma. Ann. Emerg. Med.36,  572–578(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarallo L , BrousseauD, ReinertS: Higher-dose intravenous magnesium therapy for children with moderate to severe acute asthma.Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.154, 979–983(2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker JW , MellonM, WaldJ, WelchM, Cruz-RiveraM, Walton-BowenK: A multiple-dosing placebo-controlled study of budesonide inhalation suspension given once or twice daily for treatment of persistent asthma in young children and infants.Pediatrics103, 414–421(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen KG , BisgaardH: The effect of inhaled budesonide on symptoms, lung function, and cold air and methacholine responsiveness in 2- to 5-year old asthmatic children.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162, 1500–1506(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavasse RJ , Bastian-LeeY, RichterH, HilliardT, SeddonP: Persistent wheezing in infants with an atopic tendency responds to inhaled fluticasone.Arch. Dis. Child.85, 143–148(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smaldone GC , BergE, NikanderK: Variation in pediatric aerosol delivery: importance of facemask.J. Aerosol Med.18, 354–363(2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iles R , ListerP, EdmundsAT: Crying significantly reduces absorption of aerosolized drug in infants.Arch. Dis. Child.81, 163–165(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid N , MortonR, OldsB, ClarkP, SheikhS, LooneyS: Decreased morning serum cortisol levels in children with asthma treated with inhaled fluticasone propionate.Pediatrics109, 217–221(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DB : Inhaled corticosteroid therapy for asthma in preschool children: growth issues.Pediatrics109, 373–380(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly HW , NelsonHS: Potential adverse effects of the inhaled corticosteroids.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.112, 469–478(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doull IJ : The effect of asthma and its treatment on growth.Arch. Dis. Child.89, 60–63(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijsers RB , NobleS: Spotlight on montelukast in asthma in children 2 to 14 years of age.Am. J. Respir. Med.1, 225–228(2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ram FS , CatesCJ, DucharmeFM: Long-acting β2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD003137 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening AP , IndP, NorthfieldM, ShawG: Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Allen & Hanburys Limited UK Study Group.Lancet344, 219–324(1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock A , LundbackB, RingdalN, JacquesLA: Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose of inhaled steroid.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.153, 1481–1488(1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson SD , CaillaudC, BrannanJD: β2 agonists and exercise-induced asthma.Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.31, 163–180(2006)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney S , HancoxRJ: Recovery from bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator tolerance.Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.31, 181–196(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle W , FullerR, HallJ, PalmerJ: Serevent nationwide surveillance study: Comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients who require regular bronchodilator treatment.Br. Med. J.306, 1034–1037(1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson HS , WeissST, BleeckerER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM, and the SMART Study Group: The salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest129, 5–26(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger M , Abu-HasanM: Life threatening asthma during treatment with salmeterol.N. Engl. J. Med.335, 852–853(2006).
   Google Scholar
• Israel E , DrazenJM, LiggettSBet al.: The effect of polymorphism of the β2-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162, 75–80(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DK , CurrieGP, HallIP, LimaJJ, LipworthBJ: The arginine-16 β2-adrenoceptor polymorphism predisposes to bronchoprotective subsensitivity in patients treated with formoterol and salmeterol.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.57, 68–75(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel E , ChinchilliVM, FordJGet al.: Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotype-stratified, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lancet364, 1505–1512(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler ME , LehmanE, LazarusSCet al.: β-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and response to salmeterol. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.173, 519–526(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer CNA , LipworthBJ, IsmailT, MacgregorDF, MukhopadhyayS: Arginine-16 β2 adrenoceptor genotye predisposes to exacerbations in young asthmatics taking regular salmeterol.Thorax61, 940–944(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger M , HendelesL: Theophylline in asthma.N. Engl. J. Med.334, 1380–1388(1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid MJ , MossRB, HsuYP, KwasnickiJM, CommerfordTM, NelsonBL: Seasonal asthma in northern California: allergic causes and efficacy of immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.78, 590–600(1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts G , HurleyC, TurcanuV, LackG: Grass pollen immunotherapy as an effective therapy for childhood seasonal allergic asthma.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.117, 263–268(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker S , MonteilM, PhelanK, Lasserson TJ, Walters EH: Anti-IgE for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.(2), CD003559 (2006 Apr 19).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ , FuhlbriggeAL, FinkelsteinJA, WeissST: Intranasal steroids and the risk of emergency department visits for asthma.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 636–642(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S , ErnstP: Bias in observational study of the effectiveness of nasal corticosteroids in asthma.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115, 714–719(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman B , StringerD, FeannySet al.: Prevalence of abnormalities found by sinus x-rays in childhood asthma: lack of relation to severity of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.80, (3 Pt 1), 268–273(1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger M : Gastroesophageal reflux is not a significant cause of lung disease in children.Pediatr. Pulmonol.(Suppl.) 26, 194–196(2004).
   Google Scholar
• Gibson PG , HenryRL, CoughlanJL: Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Library Issue 3. Oxford, UK (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Shopfner CE , RossiJO: Roentgen evaluation of the paranasal sinuses in children.Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium. Ther. Nucl. Med.118, 176–186(1973).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glasier CM , AscherDP, WilliamsKD: Incidental paranasal sinus abnormalities on CT of children: clinicalcorrelation.Am. J. Neuroradiol.7, 861–864(1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diament MJ , SenacMO, GilsanzV, Baker S, Gillespie T, Larsson S: Prevalence of incidental paranasal sinuses opacification in pediatric patients: a CT study. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.11, 426–431(1987)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malo JL , ArchevequeJ, TrudeauC, Aquino C, Cartier A: Should we monitor peak expiratory flow rates or record symptoms with a simple diary in the management of asthma? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.91, 702–709(1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legge JS : Peak-expiratory-flow meters and asthma self-management.Lancet347, 1709–1710(1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough JB , SlyPD: Association between lower respiratory tract symptoms and falls in peak expiratory flow in children.Eur. Respir. J.8, 718–722(1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan-Yeung M , ChangJH, ManfredaJ, FergusonA, BeckerA: Changes in peak flow, symptom score, and the use of medications during acute exacerbations of asthma.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.154, 889–893(1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnawati R , ThomasPS: Exhaled nitric oxide in paediatric asthma.Chronic Respir. Dis.2, 163–174(2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor DR , PijnenburgMW, SmithAD, JongsteJCD: Exhaled nitric oxide measurements: clinical application and interpretation.Thorax61(9), 817–827(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silk HJ , Guay-WoodfordL, Perez-Atayde AR, Geha RS, Broff MD: Fatal varicella in steroid-dependent asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.81, 47–51(1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstein JS , KleinmanKP, MandlKD: Identifying pediatric age groups for influenza vaccination using a real-time regional surveillance system.Am. J. Epidemiol.162, 686–693(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James JM , ZeigerRS, LesterMRet al.: Safe administration of influenza vaccine to patients with egg allergy. J. Pediatr.133(5), 624–628(1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson P , PowellH: Written action plans for asthma: an evidence-based review of the key components.Thorax59, 94–99(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illi S , von Mutius E, Lau S, Niggemann B, Gruber C, Wahn U: Perennial allergen sensitization early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet368, 763–770(2006)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan PD , RobersonCF, OlinskyA: The Melbourne asthma study: 1964–1999.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 189–194(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant EN , DaughertySR, MoyJN, Nelson SG, Piorkowski JM, Weiss KB: Prevalence and burden of illness for asthma and related symptoms among kindergartners in Chicago public schools. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.83, 113–120(1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawn BP , WollanP, KurlandM, ScanlonP: A longitudinal study of the prevalence of asthma in a community population of school-age children.J. Pediatr.140, 576–581(2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams HE , McNicolKN: Prevalence, natural history and relationship of wheezy bronchitis and asthma in children. An epidemiological study.Br. Med. J.4, 321–325(1969).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicol KN , WilliamsHE, GillamGL: Chest deformity, residual airway obstruction and hyperinflation and growth in children with asthma. I: Prevalence findings from an epidemiological study.Arch. Dis. Child.45, 783–788(1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicol KN , WilliamsHE: Spectrum of asthma in children. I. Clinical and physiological components.Br. Med. J.4, 7–11(1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AJ , McLennanLA, LandauLI, PhelanPD: Natural history of childhood asthma to adult life.Br. Med. J280, 1397–1400(1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisgaard H , HermansenMN, Loland L, Halkjaer LB, Buchvald F: Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing. N. Eng. J. Med.354, 1998–2005(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilbert TW , MorganWJ, ZeigerRSet al.: Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma. N. Eng. J. Med.354, 1985–1997(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendeles L : Selecting a decongestant.Pharmacotherapy13, 129S–134S (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendeles L , HattonRC: Oral phenylephrine: an ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine?J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.118, 279–280(2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr BC : Efficacy, abuse, and toxicity of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines in the pediatric population.Curr. Opin. Pediatr.18, 184–188(2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer EO , OrgelHA, BiondiRet al.: Ipratropium nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.78, 485–491(1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KT , KerwinE, Landwehr Let al.: Use of 0.06% ipratropium bromide nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with rhinorrhea due to a common cold or allergies. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.94, 73–79(2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf L , HendelesL, WeinbergerM: Suppression of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms with daily hydroxyzine.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.63, 129–133(1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong L , HendelesL, WeinbergerMM: Pharmacological prophylaxis of allergic rhinitis: relative efficacy of hydroxyzine and chlorpheniramine.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.67, 223–228(1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook TJ , MacQueenDM, WittigHJ, ThornbyJI, LantosRL, VirtueCM: Degree and duration of skin test suppression and side effects with antihistamines. A double-blind controlled study with five antihistamines.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.51, 71–77(1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades RB , LeiferKN, CohanR, Wittig HJ: Suppression of histamine-induced pruritus by three antihistaminic drugs. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.55, 180–185(1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gengo FM , DabronzoJ, YurchakA, LoveS, MillerJK: The relative antihistaminic and psychomotor effects of hydroxyzine and cetirizine.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.42, 265–272(1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purohit A , MelacM, PauliG, FrossardN: Comparative activity of cetirizine and desloratadine on histamine-induced wheal-and-flare responses during 24 hours.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.92, 635–40(2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lorenzo G , PacorML, Pellitteri ME et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono-therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy34, 259–267(2004)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SM : Triggers of atopic dermatitis. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America22, 55–72(2002).
   Google Scholar
• Neild VS , MarsdenRA, BailesJA, Bland JM: Egg and milk exclusion diets in atopic eczema. Br. J. Dermatol.114, 117–123(1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson HA : The evaluation and management of food allergy in atopic dermatitis.Clin. Dermatol.21, 183–192(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara J , HiguchiK, OkamotoR, Kawashima M, Imokawa G: High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol.115, 406–413(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DYM : Infection in atopic dermatitis.Curr. Opin. Pediatr.15, 399–404(2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamlin SL , FriedenIJ, FowlerAet al.: Ceramide-dominant barrier- repair lipids improve childhood atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol.137, 1110–1112(2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Websites

• Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA): Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (update) (2007). www.ginasthma.org
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger M: Managing asthma for patients and families. (2006). www.uihealthcare.com/topics/medicaldepartments/pediatrics/asthma/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger M: Treating the difficult asthmatic. (2006). www.mastersofpediatrics.com/cme/cme2006/lecture38_1.asp
   Google Scholar