Bibliography
- Segal BH , WalshTJ: Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.173 , 707–717 (2006).
- Hope WW , WalshTJ, DenningDW: Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.Lancet Infect. Dis.5 , 609–622 (2005).
- Mennink-Kersten MA , DonnellyJP, VerweijPE: Detection of circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis.Lancet Infect. Dis.4 , 349–357 (2004).
- Melchers WJ , VerweijPE, Van den Hurk P et al.: General primer-mediated PCR for the detection of Aspergillus species. J. Clin. Microbiol.32 , 1710–1717 (1994).
- Einsele H , HebartH, RollerG et al.: Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 1353–1360 (1997).
- Florent M , KatsahianS, VekhoffA et al.: Prospective evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA targeted to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus for the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies.J. Infect. Dis.193 , 741–747 (2006).
- Halliday C , HoileR, SorrellT et al.: Role of prospective screening of blood for invasive aspergillosis by polymerase chain reaction in febrile neutropenic recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplants and patients with acute leukaemia.Br. J. Haematol.132 , 478–486 (2006).
- Jordanides NE , AllanEK, McLintockLA et al.: A prospective study of real-time panfungal PCR for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in haemato-oncology patients. Bone Marrow Transplant.35 , 389–395 (2005).
- Buchheidt D , HummelM, Schleiermacher D et al.: Prospective clinical evaluation of a LightCycler-mediated polymerase chain reaction assay, a nested-PCR assay and a galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients. Br. J. Haematol.125 , 196–202 (2004).
- Kawazu M , KandaY, NannyaY et al.: Prospective comparison of the diagnostic potential of real-time PCR, double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for galactomannan, and a (1–3)-φ-d-glucan test in weekly screening for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological disorders.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2733–2741 (2004).
- Lass-Flörl C , GunsiliusE, GastlG et al.: Diagnosing invasive aspergillosis during antifungal therapy by PCR analysis of blood samples.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 4154–4157 (2004).
- Raad I , HannaH, HuaringaA, SumozaD, HachemR, AlbitarM: Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Aspergillus in BAL.Chest121 , 1171–1176 (2002).
- Raad I , HannaH, SumozaD, AlbitarM: Polymerase chain reaction on blood for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in cancer patients.Cancer94 , 1032–1036 (2002).
- Ferns RB , FletcherH, BradleyS, MackinnonS, HuntC, TedderRS: The prospective evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the early detection of Aspergillus infection in patients with leukaemia or undergoing allograft treatment.Br. J. Haematol.119 , 720–725 (2002).
- Buchheidt D , BaustC, SkladnyH, Baldus M, Brauninger S, Hehlmann R: Clinical evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Aspergillus spp. in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of neutropenic patients. Br. J. Haematol.116 , 803–811 (2002).
- Lass-Flörl C , AignerJ, GunsiliusE et al.: Screening for Aspergillus spp. using polymerase chain reaction of whole blood samples from patients with haematological malignancies.Br. J. Haematol.113 , 180–184 (2001).
- Kami M , FukuiT, OgawaS et al.: Use of real-time PCR on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.Clin. Infect. Dis.33 , 1504–1512 (2001).
- Buchheidt D , BaustC, SkladnyH et al.: Detection of Aspergillus species in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples from immunocompromised patients by means of 2-step polymerase chain reaction: clinical results.Clin. Infect. Dis.33 , 428–435 (2001).
- Hebart H , LofflerJ, MeisnerC et al.: Early detection of Aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening.J. Infect. Dis.181 , 1713–1719 (2000).
- Hebart H , LofflerJ, ReitzeH et al.: Prospective screening by a panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay in patients at risk for fungal infections: implications for the management of febrile neutropenia.Br. J. Haematol.111 , 635–640 (2000).
- Van Burik JA , MyersonD, SchreckhiseRW, BowdenRA: Panfungal PCR assay for detection of fungal infection in human blood specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 1169–1175 (1998).
- Löffler J , HebartH, SepeS, SchumcherU, KlingebielT, EinseleH: Detection of PCR-amplified fungal DNA by using a PCR-ELISA system.Med. Mycol.36 , 275–279 (1998).
- Yoo JH , ChoiJH, ChoiSM et al.: Application of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for diagnosis of and monitoring the clinical course of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic diseases.Clin. Infect. Dis.40 , 392–398 (2005).
- Leinberger DM , SchumacherU, Autenrieth IB, Bachmann TT: Development of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of fungal pathogens involved in invasive mycoses. J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 4943–4953 (2005).
- Klont RR , MeisJF, VerweijPE: Critical assessment of issues in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.7 , 32–37 (2001).
- Donnelly JP : Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis: getting closer but still a way to go.Clin. Infect. Dis.42 , 487–489 (2006).
- White PL , BartonR, GuiverM et al.: A consensus on fungal polymerase chain reaction diagnosis? A United Kingdom–Ireland evaluation of polymerase chain reaction methods for detection of systemic fungal infections.J. Mol. Diagnost.8 , 376–384 (2006).
- Verweij PE , BrinkmanK, KremerHP, KullbergBJ, MeisJF: Aspergillus meningitis: diagnosis by non-culture-based microbiological methods and management.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1186–1189 (1999).
- Scotter JM , StevensJM, ChambersST, LynnKL, PattonWN: Diagnosis of Aspergillus peritonitis in a renal dialysis patient by PCR and galactomannan detection.J. Clin. Pathol.57 , 662–664 (2004).
- Bretagne S , CostaJM, Marmorat-KhuongA et al.: Detection of Aspergillus species DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage samples by competitive PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 1164–1168 (1995).
- Sanguinetti M , PosteraroB, PaganoL et al.: Comparison of real-time PCR, conventional PCR, and galactomannan antigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from hematology patients for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 3922–3925 (2003).
- Löffler J , HebartH, BrauchleU, SchumacherU, EinseleH: Comparison between plasma and whole blood specimens for detection of Aspergillus DNA by PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 3830–3833 (2000).
- Costa C , VidaudD, OliviM, Bart-DelabesseE, VidaudM, BretagneS: Development of two real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR assays to detect circulating Aspergillus fumigatus DNA in serum.J. Microbiol. Methods.44 , 263–269 (2001).
- Fredricks DN , SmithC, MeierA: Comparison of six DNA extraction methods for recovery of fungal DNA as assessed by quantitative PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5122–5128 (2005).
- O‘Sullivan CE , KasaiM, FrancesconiA et al.: Development and validation of a quantitative real-time PCR assay using fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 5676–5682 (2003).
- Mennink-Kersten MA , RuegebrinkD, WaseiN, MelchersWJ, VerweijPE: In vitro release by Aspergillus fumigatus of galactofuranose antigens, 1,3-φ-d-glucan, and DNA, surrogate markers used for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 1711–1718 (2006).
- White PL , LintonCJ, PerryMD, Johnson EM, Barnes RA: The evolution and evaluation of a whole blood polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients in a routine clinical setting. Clin. Infect. Dis.42 , 479–486 (2006).
- Costa C , CostaJM, DesterkeC, BotterelF, CordonnierC, BretagneS: Real-time PCR coupled with automated DNA extraction and detection of galactomannan antigen in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 2224–2227 (2002).
- Löffler J , HenkeN, HebartH et al.: Quantification of fungal DNA by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the light cycler system.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 586–590 (2000).
- Millon L , PiarrouxR, DeconinckE et al.: Use of real-time PCR to process the first galactomannan-positive serum sample in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5097–5101 (2005).
- Kwok S , HiguchiR: Avoiding false positives with PCR.Nature339 , 237–238 (1989).
- Bu R , SathiapalanRK, IbrahimMM et al.: Monochrome LightCycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of five common species of Candida and Aspergillus.J. Med. Microbiol.54 , 243–248 (2005).
- Spiess B , BuchheidtD, BaustC et al.: Development of a LightCycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of Aspergillus fumigatus DNA in clinical samples from neutropenic patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 1811–1818 (2003).
- Scotter JM , ChambersST: Comparison of galactomannan detection, PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in a neutropenic rat model and effect of caspofungin acetate.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.12 , 1322–1327 (2005).
- Halliday C , WuQX, JamesG, SorrellT: Development of a nested qualitative real-time PCR assay to detect Aspergillus species DNA in clinical specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5366–5368 (2005).
- Pryce TM , KayID, PalladinoS, HeathCH: Real-time automated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus DNA in whole blood from high-risk patients.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.47 , 487–496 (2003).
- Ascioglu S , RexJH, de Pauw B et al.: Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin. Infect. Dis.34 , 7–14 (2002).
- Subira M , MartinoR, RoviraM, VazquezL, Serrano D, De La Camara R: Clinical applicability of the new EORTC/MSG classification for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies and autopsy-confirmed invasive aspergillosis. Ann. Hematol.82 , 80–82 (2003).
- Williamson EC , LeemingJP, PalmerHM et al.: Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients by polymerase chain reaction. Br. J. Haematol.108 , 132–139 (2000).
- Lin MT , LuHC, ChenWL: Improving efficacy of antifungal therapy by polymerase chain reaction-based strategy among febrile patients with neutropenia and cancer.Clin. Infect. Dis.33 , 1621–1627 (2001).