408
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Regulation of phospholipase C in cardiac hypertrophy

&
Pages 79-90 | Published online: 18 Jan 2017

Bibliography

  • Opie LH: The Heart: Physiology, from Cell to Circulation. Lippincott-Raven, NY, USA (1998)
  • Hefti MA, Harder BA, Eppenberger HM, Schaub MC: Signaling pathways in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29(11), 2873–2892 (1997).
  • Comprehensive review identifying the many different pathways, and their crosslinks, that are activated in response to different stimuli during the cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response.
  • Jaffre F, Callebert J, Sarre A et al.: Involvement of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor in cardiac hypertrophy linked to sympathetic stimulation: control of interleukin-6, interleukin-1², and tumor necrosis factor-± cytokine production by ventricular fibroblasts. Circulation 110(8), 969–974 (2004)
  • Nishikawa K, Yoshida M, Kusuhara M et al.: Left ventricular hypertrophy in mice with a cardiac-specific overexpression of interleukin-1. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291(1), H176–H183 (2006)
  • Schmidt BM, Schmieder RE: Cardiotrophin: its importance as a pathogenetic factor and as a measure of left ventricular hypertrophy. J. Hypertens. 23(12), 2151–2153 (2005)
  • Ponten A, Li X, Thoren P et al.: Transgenic overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor-C in the mouse heart induces cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Pathol. 163(2), 673–682 (2003)
  • Cheng TH, Shih NL, Chen CH et al.: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in reactive oxygen speciesmediated endothelin-1-induced ²-myosin heavy chain gene expression and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J. Biomed. Sci. 12(1), 123–133 (2005)
  • Schnabel P, Mies F, Nohr T, Geisler M, Bohm M: Differential regulation of phospholipase C-² isozymes in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 275(1), 1–6 (2000).
  • First evidence of a reciprocal regulation of c-fos and PLC ²
  • gene expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in response to norephinephrine (NE).
  • Ganguly PK, Lee SL, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS: Altered sympathetic and adrenoceptors during the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Am. Heart J. 118(3), 520–525 (1989)
  • Ruzicka M, Leenen FH: Relevance of blockade of cardiac and circulatory angiotensin-converting enzyme for the prevention of volume overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 91(1), 16–19 (1995)
  • Lear W, Ruzicka M, Leenen FH: ACE inhibitors and cardiac ACE mRNA in volume overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. 273(2 Pt 2), H641–H646 (1997)
  • Zhao W, Ahokas RA, Weber KT, Sun Y: ANG-II-induced cardiac molecular and cellular events: role of aldosterone. Am. J. Physiol. 291(1), H336-H343 (2006)
  • Jesmin S, Zaedi S, Maeda S et al.: Endothelin antagonism suppresses plasma and cardiac endothelin-1 levels in SHRSPs at the typical hypertensive stage. Exp. Biol. Med. 231(6), 919–924 (2006)
  • Cernacek P, Stewart DJ, Monge JC, Rouleau JL: The endothelin system and its role in acute myocardial infarction. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 81(6), 598–606 (2003)
  • Chien KR, Knowlton KU, Zhu H, Chien S: Regulation of cardiac gene expression during myocardial growth and hypertrophy: molecular studies of an adaptive physiologic response. FASEB J. 5(15), 3037–3046 (1991)
  • Lamers JM, De Jonge HW, Panagia V, van Heugten HA: Receptor-mediated signalling pathways acting through hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids in cardiomyocytes. Cardioscience 4(3), 121–131 (1993)
  • Post SR, Hammond HK, Insel PA: ²-adrenergic receptors and receptor signaling in heart failure. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 39, 343–360 (1999)
  • Izumo S, Aoki H: Calcineurin – the missing link in cardiac hypertrophy. Nat. Med. 4(6), 661–662 (1998)
  • Tappia PS, Singal T, Dent MR, Asemu G, Mangat R, Dhalla NS: Phospholipidmediated signaling in diseased myocardium. Future Lipidol. 1, 701–717 (2006)
  • Tappia PS, Dent MR, Dhalla NS: Oxidative stress and redox regulation of phospholipase D in myocardial disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41, 349–361 (2006)
  • Tappia PS: Phospholipid-mediated signaling systems as novel targets for treatment of heart disease. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 85, 25–41 (2007)
  • Rhee SG: Regulation of phosphoinositidespecific phospholipase C. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70, 281–312 (2001).
  • Comprehensive review identifying the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the phosphoinositide-specific PLC isozymes in different cell types.
  • Singal T, Dhalla NS, Tappia PS: Phospholipase C may be involved in norepinephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320(3), 1015–1019 (2004)
  • Singal T, Dhalla NS, Tappia PS: Norepinephrine-induced changes in gene expression of phospholipase C in cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 41(1), 126–137 (2006).
  • First evidence showing that PLC activities regulate their own isozyme gene expression in adult rat cardiomyocytes in response to NE, which might represent a cycle of events that perpetuates or amplifies the hypertrophic response to NE.
  • Tappia PS, Padua RR, Panagia V, Kardami E: Fibroblast growth factor-2 stimulates phospholipase C ² in adult cardiomyocytes. Biochem. Cell Biol. 77(6), 569–575 (1999)
  • Guo Y, Rebecchi M, Scariata S: Phospholipase C ²2 binds to and inhibits phospholipase C δ1, 280(2), 1438–1447 (2005)
  • Fukami K: Structure, regulation, and function of phospholipase C isozymes. J. Biochem. 131(3), 293–299 (2002)
  • James SR, Downes CP: Structural and mechanistic features of phospholipases C: effectors of inositol phospholipid-mediated signal transduction. Cell. Signal. (5), 329–236 (1997)
  • Lopez I, Mak EC, Ding J, Hamm HE, Lomasney JW: A novel bifunctional phospholipase C that is regulated by G±12 and stimulates the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276(4), 2758–2765 (2001)
  • Heredia Mdel P, Delgado C, Pereira L et al.: Neuropeptide Y rapidly enhances [Ca2+]i transients and Ca2+ sparks in adult rat ventricular myocytes through Y1 receptor and PLC activation. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 38(1), 205–212 (2005)
  • Balogh J, Wihlborg AK, Isackson H et al.: Phospholipase C and cAMP-dependent positive inotropic effects of ATP in mouse cardiomyocytes via P2Y11-like receptors. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 39(2), 223–230 (2005)
  • Yin G, Yan C, Berk BC: Angiotensin II signaling pathways mediated by tyrosine kinases. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35(6), 780–783 (2003)
  • Kockskämper J, Zima AV, Roderick HL, Pieske B, Blatter LA, Bootman MD: Emerging roles of inositiol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling in cardiac myocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 45(2), 128–147 (2008).
  • Comprehensive review providing information on the possible functional roles of inositiol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in the heart.
  • Vasilevski O, Grubb DR, Filtz TM et al.: Ins(1,4,5)P3 regulates phospholipase C ²1 expression in cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 45(5), 679–684 (2008).
  • Demonstrates that PLC-derived IP3 can regulate the expression of PLC ²1 in neonatal rat cardiomycytes and provides new evidence for a functional role for IP3, and adding novel evidence for the involvement of PLC activities in the regulation of own isozyme gene expression.
  • Wu X, Zhang T, Bossuyt J et al.: Local InsP3-dependent perinuclear Ca2+ signaling in cardic myocyte excitation-transcription coupling. J. Clin. Invest. 116(3), 675–682 (2006)
  • Bers DM: Cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Nature 415, 198–205 (2002)
  • Mackenzie L, Bootman MD, Laine M et al.: The role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in Ca2+ signaling and the generation of arrhythmias in rat atrial myocytes. J. Physiol. 555, 395–409 (2004)
  • Zima AV, Blatter LA: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca2+ signaling in cat atrial excitation– contarction coupling and arrhythmias. J. Physiol. 555, 607–615 (2004)
  • Newton AC, Johnson JE: Protein kinase C: a paradigm for regulation of protein function by two membrane-targeting modules. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1376(2), 155–172 (1998)
  • Malhotra A, Kang BP, Opawumi D, Belizaire W, Meggs LG: Molecular biology of protein kinase C signaling in cardiac myocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 225(1), 97–107 (2001)
  • Kamp TJ, Hell JW: Regulation of cardiac l-type calcium channels by protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Circ. Res. 87(12), 1095–1102 (2000)
  • Churchill E, Budas G, Vallentin A, Koyanagi T, Mochly-Rosen D: PKC isozymes in chronic cardiac disease: possible therapeutic targets? Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 48, 569–599 (2008).
  • Focuses on the roles of specific PKC isozymes in atherosclerosis, fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, and examines the principles of pharmacology as they pertain to regulators of signaling cascades associated with these conditions.
  • Dorn GW 2nd, Force T: Protein kinase cascades in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 527–537 (2005).
  • Review of the developments in the area of PKC-mediated signal transduction and highlighting the utility of animal models that are helping to identify molecular targets of cardiac hypertrophy.
  • Sabri A, Steinberg SF: Protein kinase C isoform-selective signals that lead to cardiac hypertrophy and the progression of heart failure. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 251, 97–101 (2003)
  • Rebecchi MJ, Pentyala SN: Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositidespecific phospholipase C. Physiol. Rev. 80(4), 1291–1335 (2000)
  • Song C, Hu CD, Masago M et al.: Regulation of a novel human phospholipase C, PLC5, through membrane targeting by Ras. J. Biol. Chem. 276(4), 2752–2757 (2001)
  • Saunders CM, Larman MG, Parrington J et al.: PLC ζ: a sperm-specific trigger of Ca2+ oscillations in eggs and embryo development. Development 129(15), 3533–3544 (2002)
  • Wing MR, Bourdon DM, Harden TK: PLC-5: a shared effector protein in Ras-, Rho-, and G±²³-mediated signaling. Mol. Interv. 3(5), 273–280 (2003)
  • Hwang JI, Oh YS, Shin KJ, Kim H, Ryu SH, Suh PG: Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel phospholipase C, PLC-·. Biochem. J. 389(Pt 1), 181–186 (2005)
  • Tappia PS, Liu S-Y, Shatadal S, Takeda N, Dhalla NS, Panagia V: Changes in sarcolemmal PLC isoenzymes in postinfarct congestive heart failure: partial correction by imidapril. Am. J. Physiol. 277(1 Pt 2), H40–H49 (1999)
  • Wolf RA: Association of phospholipase C-´ with a highly enriched preparation of canine sarcolemma. Am. J. Physiol. 263(5 Pt 1), C1021–C1028 (1992).
  • First study to show that PLC ´
  • the predominant PLC isozyme associated with the cardiac sarcolemma membrane.
  • Wang H, Oestreich EA, Maekawa N et al.: Phospholipase C 5 modulates ²-adrenergic receptor-dependent cardiac contraction and inhibits cardiac hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 97(12), 1305–1313 (2005).
  • Knockout model implicating PLC 5
  • cardiac hypertrophy.
  • Asemu G, Dhalla NS, Tappia PS: Inhibition of PLC improves postischemic recovery in isolated rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 287, H2598-H2605 (2004)
  • Kawaguchi H, Sano H, Iizuka K et al.: Phosphatidylinositol metabolism in hypertrophic rat heart. Circ. Res. 72(5), 966–972 (1993)
  • Shoki M, Kawaguchi H, Okamoto H et al.: Phosphatidylinositol and inositolphosphatide metabolism in hypertrophied rat heart. Jpn Circ. J. 56(2), 142–147 (1992)
  • Sakata Y: Tissue factors contributing to cardiac hypertrophy in cardiomyopathic hamsters (BIO14.6): involvement of transforming growth factor-² 1 and tissue renin–angiotensin system in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy. Hokkaido. Igaku. Zasshi. 68(1), 18–28 (1993)
  • Dent MR, Dhalla NS, Tappia PS: Phospholipase C gene expression, protein content and activities in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure due to volume overload. Am. J. Physiol. 282, H719–H727 (2004)
  • Dent MR, Aroutiounova N, Dhalla NS, Tappia PS: Losartan attenuates phospholipase C isozyme gene expression in hypertrophied hearts due to volume overload. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10, 470–479 (2006)
  • Katan M: Families of phosphoinositidespecific phospholipase C: structure and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1436(1–2), 5–17 (1998)
  • Jalili T, Takeishi Y, Song G, Ball NA, Howles G, Walsh RA: PKC translocation without changes in G±q and PLC-² protein abundance in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Am. J. Physiol. 277, H2298–H2304 (1999)
  • Giles TD, Sander GE, Thomas MG, Quiroz AC: ±-adrenergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of left ventricular heart failure – an ana lysis of their role in systolic and diastolic dysfunction. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 18, 33–43 (1986)
  • Prasad K, O’Neil CL, Bharadwaj B: Effect of prolonged prazosin treatment on hemodynamic and biochemical changes in the dog heart due to chronic pressure overload. Jpn. Heart J. 25, 461–476 (1984)
  • Motz W, Klepzig M, Strauer BE: Regression of cardiac hypertrophy: experimental and clinical results. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 10, S148–S152 (1987)
  • Zakynthinos E, Pierrutsakos CH, Daniil Z, Papadogiannis D: Losartan controlled blood pressure and reduced left ventricular hypertrophy but did not alter arrhythmias in hypertensive men with preserved systolic function. Angiology 56, 439–449 (2005)
  • Kanno Y, Kaneko K, Kaneko M et al.: Angiotensin receptor antagonist regresses left ventricular hypertrophy associated with diabetic nephropathy in dialysis patients. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 43, 380–386 (2004)
  • Ruzicka M, Yuan B, Leenen FH: Effects of enalapril versus losartan on regression of volume overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Circulation 90, 484–491 (1994)
  • Rothermund L, Vetter R, Dieterich M et al.: Endothelin-A receptor blockade prevents left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in salt-sensitive experimental hypertension. Circulation 106, 2305–2308 (2002)
  • Yamamoto K, Masuyama T, Sakata Y, Nishikawa N, Mano T, Hori M: Prevention of diastolic heart failure by endothelin type A receptor antagonist through inhibition of ventricular structural remodeling in hypertensive heart. J. Hypertens. 20, 753–761 (2002)
  • Lund AK, Goens MB, Nunez BA, Walker MK: Characterizing the role of endothelin-1 in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy in aryl hydrocardbon receptor (AhR) null mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 212, 127–135 (2006)
  • Bai H, Wu LL, Xing DQ, Liu J, Zhao YL: Angiotensin II induced upregulation of G±q/11, phospholipase C ²3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 via angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Chin. Med. J. 117, 88–93 (2004)
  • Lamers JM, Eskildsen-Helmond YE, Resink AM et al.: Endothelin-1-induced phospho- lipase C-² and D and protein kinase C isoenzyme in signaling leading to hypertrophy in rat cardiomyocytes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3), S100–S103 (1995)
  • Nagata S: Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 88, 355–365 (1997)
  • Badorff C, Ruetten H, Mueller S et al.: Fas receptor signaling inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3² and induces cardiac hypertrophy following pressure overload. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 373–381 (2002).
  • Identifies Fas-receptor activation, a classical death signal causing apoptosis via activation of the caspase cascade, as a novel pathway mediating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo.
  • Barac YD, Zeevi-Levin N, Yaniv G et al.: The 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate pathway is a key component in Fas-mediated hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. 68, 75–86 (2005)
  • Ruwhof C, van Wamel JT, Noordzij LA, Aydin S, Harper JC, van der Laarse A: Mechanical stress stimulates phospholipase C activity and intracellular calcium ion levels in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Cell Calcium 29, 73–83 (2001)
  • D’Angelo DD, Sakata Y, Lorenz JN et al.: Transgenic G±q overexpression induces cardiac contractile failure in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8121–8126 (1997).
  • First study to construct transgenic mice that overexpressed wild-type G±
  • in the heart. It was demonstrated that G±
  • overexpression results in a biochemical and physiologic phenotype resembling both the compensated and decompensated phases of human cardiac hypertrophy.
  • Sakata Y, Hoit BD, Liggett SB, Walsh RA, Dorn GW 2nd: Decompensation of pressure-overload hypertrophy in G±q-overexpressing mice. Circulation 97, 1488–1495 (1998)
  • Adams JW, Sakata Y, Davis MG et al.: Enhanced G±q signaling: a common pathway mediates cardiac hypertrophy and apoptotic heart failure. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95(17), 10140–10145 (1998).
  • These authors suggest a mechanism in which moderate levels of Gq signaling stimulate cardiac hypertrophy whereas high-level Gq activation results in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The identification of a single biochemical stimulus regulating cardiomyocyte growth and death provides a potential mechanism for the progression of compensated hypertrophy to decompensated heart failure.
  • Sussman MA, Welch S, Walker A et al.: Altered focal adhesion regulation correlates with cardiomyopathy in mice expressing constitutively active rac1. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 875–886 (2000)
  • Paradis P, Dali-Youcef N, Paradis FW, Thibault G, Nemer M: Overexpression of angiotensin II type I receptor in cardiomyocytes induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 931–936 (2000)
  • Mende U, Kagen A, Cohen A, Aramburu J, Schoen FJ, Neer EJ: Transient cardiac expression of constitutively active G±q leads to hypertrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy by calcineurin-dependent and independent pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95(23), 13893–13898 (1998)
  • Mende U, Kagen A, Meister M, Neer EJ: Signal transduction in atria and ventricles of mice with transient cardiac expression of activated G protein ±q. Circ. Res. 85(11), 1085–1091 (1999)
  • Mende U, Semsarian C, Martins DC et al.: Dilated cardiomyopathy in two transgenic mouse lines expressing activated G protein ±q: lack of correlation between phospholipase C activation and the phenotype. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 33, 1477–1491 (2001).
  • Independent line in the same genetic background (±q*44h) with lower expression of HA ±q* protein that ultimately results in dilated cardiomyopathy, but with no correlation between PLC activation and development of dilated cardiomyopathy in response to HA ±q* expression, suggesting a role for additional pathways and/or mechanisms.
  • Hollinger S, Hepler JR: Cellular regulation of RGS proteins: modulators and integrators of G protein signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 54(3), 527–559 (2002)
  • Anger T, Zhang W, Mende U: Differential contribution of GTPase activation and effector antagonism to the inhibitory effect of RGS proteins on Gq-mediated signaling in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 279(6), 3906–3915 (2004)
  • Zhang W, Anger T, Su J et al.: Selective loss of fine tuning of Gq/11 signaling by RGS2 protein exacerbates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 281(9), 5811–5820 (2006)
  • Lin F, Owens WA, Chen S et al.: Targeted ±1B-adrenergic receptor overexpression induces enhanced cardiac contractility but not hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 89(4), 343–350 (2001)
  • Milano CA, Dolber PC, Rockman HA et al.: Myocardial expression of a constitutively active ±1²-adrenergic receptor in transgenic mice induces cardiac hypertrophy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10109–10113 (1994)
  • Heemskerk JWM, Farndale RW, Sage SO: Effects of U73122 and U73343 on human platelet calcium signalling and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1355, 81–88 (1997)
  • Jin W, Lo TM, Loh HH, Thayer SA: U73122 inhibits phospholipase C-dependent calcium mobilization in neuronal cells. Brain Res. 642, 237–243 (1994)
  • Mogami H, Mills CL, Gallagher DV: Phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, releases intracellular Ca2+, potentiates Ins(1,4,5)P-3-mediated Ca2+ release and directly activates in channels in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Biochem. J. 324, 645–651 (1997)
  • Muto Y, Nagao T, Urushidani T: The putative phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 and its negative control, U73343, elicit unexpected effects on the rabbit parietal cell. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 282, 1379–1388 (1997)
  • Berven LA, Barritt GJ: Evidence obtained using single hepatocytes for inhibition by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 of store-operated Ca2+ inflow. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49, 1373–1379 (1995)
  • Arthur JF, Matkovich SJ, Mitchell CJ, Biden TJ, Woodcock EA: Evidence for selective coupling of ±1-adrenergic receptors to phospholipase C-²1 in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 37341–37346 (2001)
  • Grubb DR, Vasilevski O, Huynh H, Woodcock EA: The extreme C-terminal region of phospholipase C ²1 determines subcellular localization and function; the ‘²’ splice variant mediates ±1-adrenergic receptor responses in cardiomyocytes. FASEB J. 22(8), 2768–2774 (2008).
  • First study to show that the extreme C-terminal sequences of the PLC ²1 splice variants determine localization and function. PLC ²1a is localized in the cytoplasm, whereas PLC ²1b targets to the sarcolemma and is enriched in caveole. It was also demonstrated that responses initiated by ± 1-adrenoceptor (±1-AR) activation involves only PLC ²1b.
  • Morris JB, Huynh H, Vasilevski O, Woodcock EA: ±1-adrenergic receptor signaling is localized to caveolae in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 41, 17–125 (2006).
  • Examined the possibility that sarcolemmal phosphatidylinositol 4,5, bisphosphate (PIP2) exists in different pools and that only one of these provides the substrate for ±1-adrenergic receptor (AR) activated PLC. It was revealed that PIP2 in cardiomyocyte sarcolemma is compartmentalized and that ±1-AR signaling is localized to caveole.
  • Barka T, van der Noen H, Shaw PA: Proto-oncogene fos (c-fos) expression in the heart. Oncogene 1, 439–443 (1987)
  • Hannan RD, West AK: Adrenergic agents, but not triiodo-l-thyronine induce c-fos and c-myc expression in the rat heart. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86, 154–164 (1991)
  • Iwaki K, Sukhatme VP, Shubeita HE, Chien KR: ±- and ²-adrenergic stimulation induces distinct patterns of immediate early gene expression in neonatal rat myocardial cells. fos/jun expression is associated with sarcomere assembly; Egr-1 induction is primarily an ±1-mediated response. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 13809–13817 (1990)
  • Komuro I, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y et al.: Stretching cardiac myocytes stimulates protooncogene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3595–3598 (1990)
  • Sadoshima J, Qiu Z, Morgan JP, Izumo S: Tyrosine kinase activation is an immediate and essential step in hypotonic cell swelling-induced ERK activation and c-fos gene expression in cardiac myocytes. EMBO J. 15(20), 5535–5546 (1996)
  • Chiu R, Boyle WJ, Meek J, Smeal T, Hunter T, Karin M: The c-Fos protein interacts with c-Jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54, 541–552 (1988)
  • Lijnen P, Petrov V: Antagonism of the rennin–angiotensin system, hypertrophy and gene expression in cardiac myocytes. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 21(5), 363–374 (1999), 104 Omura T, Yoshiyama M, Yoshida K et al.: Dominant negative mutant of c-Jun inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by endothelin 1 and phenylephrine. Hypertension 39(1), 81–86 (2002)
  • Dhalla NS, Xu Y-J, Sheu S-S, Tappia PS, Panagia V: Phosphatidic acid: a potential signal transducer for cardiac hypertrophy. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29, 2865–2871 (1997).
  • Comprehensive review identifying the hypertrophic signal-transducing pathways that are activated in response to phosphatidic acid.
  • Small K, Feng JF, Lorenz J et al.: Cardiac specific overexpression of transglutaminase II (Gh) results in a unique hypertrophy phenotype independent of phospholipase C activation. J. Biol. Chem. 23, 21291–21296 (1999).
  • Demonstrates that overexpression of Gh (TGII) results in hypertrophy independent of activation of PLC. Evidence for TGII acting as a G-protein-like transducer of receptor signaling to PLC in the heart is not supported by these studies.
  • Eskildsen-Helmond YE, Bezstarosti K, Dekkers DH, van Heugten HA, Lamers JM: Cross-talk between receptor-mediated phospholipase C-² and D via protein kinase C as intracellular signal possibly leading to hypertrophy in serum-free cultured cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29, 2545–2559 (1997)
  • Peivandi AA, Huhn A, Lehr HA et al.: Upregulation of phospholipase D expression and activation in ventricular pressureoverload hypertrophy. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 98, 244–254 (2005)
  • Tappia PS, Yu CH, Di Nardo P, Pasricha AK, Dhalla NS, Panagia V: Depressed responsiveness of phospholipase C isoenzymes to phosphatidic acid in congestive heart failure. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 33, 431–440 (2001)
  • Henry RA, Boyce SY, Kurz T, Wolf RA: Stimulation and binding of myocardial phospholipase C by phosphatidic acid. Am. J. Physiol. 269, C349–C358 (1995).
  • First study to show that phosphatidic acid can bind onto and stimulate specific PLC isozymes in the heart and identifies a novel regulatory mechanism of PLC activities.
  • Tappia PS, Maddaford TG, Hurtado C, Panagia V, Pierce GN: Depressed phosphatidic acid-induced contractile activity of failing cardiomyocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300, 457–463 (2003)
  • Pagano RE, Longmiur KJ: Phosphorylation, transbilayer movement and facilitated intracellular transport of diacylglycerol are involved in the uptake of a fluorescent analogue of phosphatidic acid by cultured fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1909–1916 (1995)
  • Murthy SN, Chung PH, Lin L, Lomasney JW: Activation of phospholipase C5 by free fatty acids and cross talk with phospholipase D and phospholipase A2. Biochemistry 45, 10987–10997 (2006)
  • Liu SY, Tappia PS, Dai J, Williams SA, Panagia V: Phospholipase A2-mediated activation of phospholipase D in rat heart sarcolemma. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30, 1203–1214 (1998)
  • Strauer BE, Bayer F, Brecht HM, Motz W: The influence of sympathetic nervous activity on regression of cardiac hypertrophy. J. Hypertens. 3, S39–S44 (1985)
  • Prasad K, O’Neil CL, Bharadwaj B: Effect of prolonged prazosin treatment on hemodynamic and biochemical changes in the dog heart due to chronic pressure overload. Jpn Heart J. 25, 461–476 (1984)
  • Strauer BE: Progression and regression of heart hypertrophy in arterial hypertension: pathophysiology and clinical aspects. Z. Kardiol. 74, 171–178 (1995)
  • Strauer BE: Regression of myocardial and coronary vascular hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 12, S45–S54 (1988).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.