155
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Elderly: Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Comorbidities and Risk–Benefit of Treatments

, &
Pages 167-178 | Published online: 04 Apr 2013

References

  • Scott DL , WolfeF, HuinzingaT. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet376, 1094–1108(2010).
  • Helmick CG , FelsonDT, LawrenceRCet al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum. 58(1), 15–25(2008).
  • Rasch EK , HirschR, Paulose-RamR, HochbergM. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in persons 60 years of age and older in the United States: effect of different methods of case classification. Arthritis Rheum.48(4), 917–926(2003).
  • Humphreys JH , VerstappenSMM, HyrichKL, ChippingJR, MarshallT, SymmonsDPM. The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the UK: comparisons using the 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria and the 1987 ACR Classification Criteria. Results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Ann. Rheum. Dis. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201960 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Myasoedova E , CrowsonCS, KremersHM, TherneauTM, GabrielSE. Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising? Results from Olmstead County 1955–2007. Arthritis Rheum.62(6), 1576–1582(2010).
  • Cho SK , SungYK, ChoiCBet al. Do patients with elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis have severe functional disability? Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 42(1), 23–31(2012).
  • Neovius M , SimardJF, Askling J; ARTIS Study Group. Nationwide prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and penetration of disease modifying drugs in Sweden. Ann. Rheum. Dis.70(4), 824–829(2010).
  • Tutuncu Z , ReedG, KremerJ, KavanaughA. Do patients with older-onset rheumatoid arthritis receive less aggressive treatment? Ann. Rheum. Dis.65, 1226–1229(2006).
  • Gullick NJ , ScottDL. Co-morbidities in established rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.25(4), 469–483(2011).
  • Gabriel SG , MichaudK. Epidemiological studies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and comorbidity of the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res. Ther.11(3), 229 (2009).
  • Ranganath VE , MaranianP, ElashoffDAet al. Comorbidities are associated with poorer outcomes in community patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (2013) (In Press).
  • Scott IC , SteerIS, LewisCM. Precipitating and perpetuating factors of rheumatoid arthritis immunopathology – linking the triad of genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors and autoimmunity to disease pathogenesis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.25, 447–468(2011).
  • Wu H , KhannaD, ParkGet al. Interaction between RANKL and HLA–DRB1 genotypes may contribute to younger age at onset of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in an inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 50(10), 3093–3103(2004).
  • Hohensinner PJ , GoronzyJJ, WeyandCM. Telomere dysfunction, autoimmunity and aging. Aging Dis.2(6), 524–537(2011).
  • Chen DY , HsiehTY, ChenYM, HsiehCW, LanJL, LinFJ. Proinflammatory cytokine profile of patients with elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with younger-onset disease. Gerontology55, 250–258(2009).
  • Deane KD , O‘DonnellCI, HueberWet al. The number of elevated cytokines and chemokines in preclinical seropositive rheumatoid arthritis predicts time to diagnosis in an age-dependent manner. Arthritis Rheum. 62(11), 3161–3172(2010).
  • Kokkonen H , SöderströmI, RocklovJ, HallmansG, LejonK, Rantapää Dahlqvist S. Up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines predates the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.62(2), 383–391(2010).
  • Deane KD . Learning about the natural history of rheumatoid arthritis development through prospective study of subjects at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis-related autoimmunity. Arthritis Rheum.64(6), 1708–1712(2012).
  • Nielsen SF , BojesenSE, SchnohrP, NordestgaardG. Elevated rheumatoid factor and long term risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study. BMJ345, e5244 (2012).
  • Lahiri M , MorganC, SymmonsDP, BruceIN. Modifiable risk factors for RA: prevent, better than cure? Rheumatology51, 499–512(2012).
  • Liao KP , AlfredssonL, KarlsonEW. Environmental influences on risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol.21(3), 279–283(2009).
  • Detert J , PichonN, BurmesterGR, ButtgereitF. The association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Arthritis Res. Ther.12, 218 (2010).
  • Mikuls TR , ThieleGM, DeaneKDet al. Porphyomonas gingivalis and disease-related autoantibodies in indivduals at increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64(11), 3522–3530(2012).
  • Scher JU , UbedaC, EquindaMet al. Periodontal disease and the oral microbiota in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64(10), 3083–3094(2012).
  • Savioli C , RibeiroACM, FabriGMCet al. Persistent periodontal disease hampers anti-tumor necrosis treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 18(4), 180–184(2012).
  • Smit MD , WestraJ, VissinkA, Doornbos-van der Meer B, Brouwer E, van Winkelhoff AJ. Periodontitis in established rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional clinical, microbiological and serological study. Arthritis Res. Ther.14(5), R222 (2012).
  • Pikwer M , BergströmU, NilssonJA, JacobssonL, TuressonC. Early menopause is an independent predictor of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.71(3), 378–381(2012).
  • Pikwer M , NilssonJA, BergstromU, JacobssonLTH, TuressonC. Early menopause and severity of rheumatoid arthritis in women over 45 years of age. Arthritis Res. Ther.14, R190 (2012).
  • McCarey DW , McInnesIB, MadhokRet al. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 363, 2015–2021(2009).
  • Jick SS , ChoiH, LiL, McInnesIB, SattarN, Hyperlipidaemia, statin use and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.68, 546–551(2009).
  • De Jong HJ , KlungelOH, van Dijk L et al. Use of statins is associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.71, 648–654(2012).
  • Villa-Blanco JI , Calvo-AlénJ. Elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis: differential diagnosis and choice of first-line and subsequent therapy. Drugs Aging26(9), 739–750(2009).
  • El-Labban AS , Abo Omar HAS, El-Shereif FA, El-Mansoury TM. Pattern of Young and Old Onset Rhuematoid Arthritis (YORA and EORA Among a Group of Egyptian Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin. Med. Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet. Disord.3, 25–31(2010).
  • Pease CT , BhaktaBB, DevlinJ, EmeryP. Does the age of onset of rheumatoid arthritis influence phenotype? A prospective study of outcome and prognostic factors. Rheumatology (Oxford)38(3), 228–234(1997).
  • Deal CL , MeenanRF, GoldenbergDLet al. The clinical feature of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis, a comparison with younger-onset disease of similar duration. Arthritis Rheum. 28(9), 987–994(1985).
  • Aletaha D , NeogiT, SilmanAJet al. 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 62(9), 2569–2581(2010).
  • Tamas M -M, Felea I. How much difference does the age at onset make in early arthritis patients? Comparison between the ACR 1987 and the ACR/EULAR 2010 Classification Criteria for rheumatoid arthritis at the time of diagnosis. Rheumatol. Int. doi:10.1007/s00296-012-2515-2510 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Zeidler H . The need to better classify and diagnose early and very early rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol.39(2), 212–217(2012).
  • Bhakta BB , PeaseCT. Late-onset rheumatoid arthritis: is pitting edema of the hands at onset a good prognostic indicator? Br. J. Rheumatol.36(2), 214–219(1997).
  • Kimura M , TokudaY, OshiawaHet al. Clinical characteristics of patients with remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema compared to patients with pure polymyalgia rheumatica. J. Rheumatol. 39, 148–153(2012).
  • Pease CT , HaugebergG, MontagueBet al. Polymyalgia rheumatica can be distinguished from late onset rheumatoid arthritis at baseline: results of a 5-yr prospective study. Rheumatology 48(2), 123–127(2008).
  • Ceccato F , RoveranoS, BarrionuevoA, RilloO. The role of anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in the differential diagnosis of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin. Rheumatol.25, 854–857(2006).
  • Dasgupta B , CimminoMA, KremersHMet al. 2012 Provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 64(4), 943–954(2012).
  • Tutuncu Z , KavanaughA. Rheumatic disease in the elderly: rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clinics North Am.33(1), 57–70(2007).
  • Radovits BJ , KievitW, FransenJet al. Influence of age on the outcome of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68(9), 1470–1473(2009).
  • van Assen S , Agmon-LevinN, ElkyamOet al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 414–422(2010).
  • Dao K , CushJJ. A vaccination primer for rheumatologists. Drug Safety Quarterly4(1), 1–2(2012).
  • Zhang J , XieF, DelzellEet al. Association between vaccination for herpes zoster and risk of herpes zoster infection among patients with selected autoimmune diseases. JAMA 308(1), 43–49(2012).
  • Crowson CS , GabrielSE. Towards improving cardiovascular risk management in rheumatoid arthritis: the need for accurate risk assessment. Ann. Rheum. Dis.70, 719–721(2011).
  • Solomon DH , KremerJ, CurtisJRet al. Explaining the cardiovascular risk associated with rheumatoid arthritis: traditional risk factors versus markers of rheumatoid arthritis severity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 1920–1925(2010).
  • Van Halm VP , PetersMJL, VoskuylAEet al. Rheumatoid arthritis versus diabetes as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study, the CARRE Investigation. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68, 1395–1400(2009).
  • Lindhardsen J , AhlehoffO, GislasonGHet al. The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 929–937(2011).
  • Semb AG , KvienTK, DeMiccoDAet al. Effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on cardiovascular outcome in patients with and those without inflammatory joint disease. Arthritis Rheum. 64(9), 2836–2846(2012).
  • De Vera MA , ChoiH, AbrahamowiczM, KopecJ, LacailleD. Impact of statin discontinuation on mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res.64(6), 809–816(2012).
  • Haque UJ , BathonJ, GilesJT. Association of Vitamin D with cardiometabolic risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res.64(10), 1497–1504(2012).
  • Baker JF , MehtaNN, BakerDGet al. Vitamin D, metabolic dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med. 125(10), 1036.e9–1036.e15 (2012).
  • Kim SY , SchneeweisS, LiuJet al. Risk of osteoporotic fracture in a large population-based cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 12, R154 (2010).
  • Schett G , SaagKG, BijlsmaJWJ. From bone biology to clinical outcome: state of the art and future perpectives. Ann. Rheum. Dis.69, 1415–1419(2010).
  • Ravi B , EscottB, ShahPSet al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the complications of total joint arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis versus for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64(12), 3839–3849(2012).
  • Teitelbaum SL , SetonMP, SaagKG. Should bisphosphonates be used for long-term treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis? Arthritis Rheum.63(2), 325–328(2011).
  • Karras D , StoykovI, LemsWFet al. Effectiveness of teriparatide in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis and glucocorticoid use: 3 year results from the EFOS study. J. Rheumatol. 39(3), 600–609(2012).
  • Shin YS , KatzP, WallhagenM, JulianL. Cognitive impairment in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res.64(8), 1144–1150(2012).
  • Rattery G , HeJ, PearceRet al. Disease activity and cognition in rheumatoid arthritis: an open label pilot study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 14, R263 (2012).
  • Smitten AL , SimonTA, HochbergMC, SuissaS. A meta-analysis of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther.10(2), R45 (2008).
  • Smolen JS , AletahaD, BijlsmaJWJet al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 631–637(2010).
  • Singh JA , FurstDE, AseemBet al. 2012 Update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 64(5), 625–631(2012).
  • Bukhari M , LuntM, BartonA, BunnD, SilmanA, SymmonsD. Increasing age at symptom onset is associated with worse radiological damage at presentation in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.66, 389–393(2007).
  • Comacho EM , VerstappenSMM, LuntM, BunnDK, SymmonsDPM. Influence of age and sex on functional outcome over time in a cohort of patients with recent onset inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Register. Arthritis Care Res.63(12), 1745–1752(2011).
  • Avina-Zubieta JA , ChoiHK, SadatsafaviMet al. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res. 59(12), 1690–1697(2008).
  • Zink A , StrangfeldA, SchneiderMet al. Effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis in an observational cohort study: comparison of patients according to their eligibility for major randomized clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 54(11), 3399–3407(2006).
  • Singh J , CameronDR. Summary of AHRQ‘s comparative effectiveness review of drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults. J. Manag. Care Pharm.18(4 Suppl. C), S1–S18 (2012).
  • Sogol SS , RanganathVE, FurstDE. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use in older rheumatoid arthritis patients in geriatric rheumatology: a comprehensive approach. In: Geriatric Rheumatology. Nakasato Y, Yung RL (Eds). Springer, NY, USA, 157–172(2011).
  • Widdiefield J , BernatskyS, PatersonJMet al. Serious infections in a population-based cohort of 86,039 seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) doi:10.002/acr.21812 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Dixon WG , AbrahamowiczM, BeauchampMEet al. Immediate and delayed impact of oral glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control analysis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 1128–1133(2012).
  • Greenberg JD , KremerJM, CurtisJRet al. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist use and associated risk reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70(4), 576–582(2011).
  • Curtis JR , LanasA, JohnA, JohnsonDA, SchulmanKL. Factors associated with a risk of GI perforation in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res.64(12), 1819–1828(2012).
  • Innala L , MollerB, LjungLet al. Age at onset determines severity and choice of treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64(S10), Abstract 2145 (2012).
  • Wolfe F , MichaudK. The risk of myocardial infarction and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic myocardial infarction predictors in rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort and nested case-control analysis. Arthritis Rheum.58(9), 2612–2621(2008).
  • Suissa S , BernatskyS, HudsonM. Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Care Res.55(4), 531–536(2006).
  • Furst DE , KeystoneEC, BraunJet al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2011. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71(Suppl. 2), i2–i45 (2012).
  • Curtis JR , XieF, ChenLet al. Use of a disease risk score to compare serious adverse infections associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy among high- versus low-risk rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care Res. 64(10), 1480–1489(2012).
  • Whittle SL , ColebatchAN, BuchbinderRet al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for pain management by pharmacotherapy in inflammatory arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e Initiative. Rheumatology 51, 1416–1425(2012).
  • Fleischmann R , KremerJ, CushJet al. Placebo-controlled trial of Tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 367(6), 495–507(2012).
  • van Vollenhoven R , FleischmannR, CohenSet al. Tofacitinib or Adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 508–519(2012).
  • Buttgereit F , DoeringG, SchaefflerAet al. Targeting pathophysiological rhythms: prednisone chronotherapy shows sustained efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 1275–1280(2010).
  • Makol A , WrightK, MattesonEL. Safe uses of anti-rheumatic agents in patients with comorbidities. Rheum. Dis. Clinics North Am.38(4), 771–793(2012).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.