143
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Biomarkers of Cartilage and Surrounding Joint Tissue

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 713-731 | Published online: 15 Aug 2014

References

  • Karsdal MA , HenriksenK, LeemingDJet al. Biochemical markers and the FDA Critical Path: how biomarkers may contribute to the understanding of pathophysiology and provide unique and necessary tools for drug development. Biomarkers 14 (3), 181 – 202 (2009).
  • Frank R , HargreavesR. Clinical biomarkers in drug discovery and development.Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.2 (7), 566 – 580 (2003).
  • James CB , UhlTL. A review of articular cartilage pathology and the use of glucosamine sulfate.J. Athl. Train.36 (4), 413 – 419 (2001).
  • Goldring MB , MarcuKB. Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases.Arthritis Res. Ther.11 (3), 224 (2009).
  • Fosang AJ , BeierF. Emerging Frontiers in cartilage and chondrocyte biology.Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.25 (6), 751 – 766 (2011).
  • Hosseininia S , LindbergLR, DahlbergLE. Cartilage collagen damage in hip osteoarthritis similar to that seen in knee osteoarthritis; a case–control study of relationship between collagen, glycosaminoglycan and cartilage swelling.BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.14, 18 (2013).
  • Beier F . Cell-cycle control and the cartilage growth plate.J. Cell. Physiol.202 (1), 1 – 8 (2005).
  • Aigner T , ReichenbergerE, BertlingW, KirschT, StossH, von derMK. Type X collagen expression in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid articular cartilage.Virchows Arch. B Cell. Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol.63 (4), 205 – 211 (1993).
  • Chung UI . Essential role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in endochondral bone development.Endocr. J.51 (1), 19 – 24 (2004).
  • Bay-Jensen AC , Hoegh-MadsenS, DamEet al. Which elements are involved in reversible and irreversible cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis? Rheumatol. Int. 30 (4), 435 – 442 (2010).
  • Sims NA , GooiJH. Bone remodeling: multiple cellular interactions required for coupling of bone formation and resorption.Semin. Cell Dev. Biol.19 (5), 444 – 451 (2008).
  • Manolagas SC . Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.Endocr. Rev.21 (2), 115 – 137 (2000).
  • Henriksen K , Neutzsky-WulffAV, BonewaldLF, KarsdalMA. Local communication on and within bone controls bone remodeling.Bone44 (6), 1026 – 1033 (2009).
  • Eriksen EF . Cellular mechanisms of bone remodeling.Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.11 (4), 219 – 227 (2010).
  • Nakahama K . Cellular communications in bone homeostasis and repair.Cell Mol. Life Sci.67 (23), 4001 – 4009 (2010).
  • Cohen MM Jr . The new bone biology: pathologic, molecular, and clinical correlates.Am. J. Med. Genet. A140 (23), 2646 – 2706 (2006).
  • Matsuo K . Cross-talk among bone cells.Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens.18 (4), 292 – 297 (2009).
  • Barger-Lux MJ , ReckerRR. Bone microstructure in osteoporosis: transilial biopsy and histomorphometry.Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging13 (5), 297 – 305 (2002).
  • Clarke B . Normal bone anatomy and physiology.Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.3 (Suppl. 3), S131 – S139 (2008).
  • Theill LE , BoyleWJ, PenningerJM. RANK-L and RANK: T cells, bone loss, and mammalian evolution.Annu. Rev. Immunol.20, 795 – 823 (2002).
  • Yasuda H , ShimaN, NakagawaNet al. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95 (7), 3597 – 3602 (1998).
  • Suda T , TakahashiN, UdagawaN, JimiE, GillespieMT, MartinTJ. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families.Endocr. Rev.20 (3), 345 – 357 (1999).
  • Mizuno A , AmizukaN, IrieKet al. Severe osteoporosis in mice lacking osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247 (3), 610 – 615 (1998).
  • Bucay N , SarosiI, DunstanCRet al. osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev. 12 (9), 1260 – 1268 (1998).
  • Trouvin AP , GoebV. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin: maintaining the balance to prevent bone loss.Clin. Interv. Aging5, 345 – 354 (2010).
  • den UD , BultinkIE, LemsWF. Advances in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.Curr. Rheumatol. Rep.13 (3), 233 – 240 (2011).
  • Khosla S . Update on estrogens and the skeleton.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.95 (8), 3569 – 3577 (2010).
  • Seeman E . Reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption: rational targets for the treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos. Int.14 (Suppl. 3), S2 – S8 (2003).
  • Maruotti N , d’OnofrioF, CorradoA, CantatoreFP. Why TNF-alpha inhibition is not sufficient to avoid juxta-articular erosions in chronic arthritis?Intern. Emerg. Med.7 (1), 15 – 20 (2012).
  • Lee JJ , AghdassiE, CheungAMet al. Ten-year absolute fracture risk and hip bone strength in Canadian women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 39 (7), 1378 – 1384 (2012).
  • Kim HJ , HongSJ, JeonYWet al. The early onset of disease may be a risk factor for decreased bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Endosc. 46 (1), 71 – 76 (2013).
  • Ciacli C , CojocaruM. Systemic osteoporosis – major complication of psoriatic arthritis.Rom. J. Intern. Med.50 (2), 173 – 178 (2012).
  • Burr DB , GallantMA. Bone remodelling in osteoarthritis.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.8 (11), 665 – 673 (2012).
  • Burr DB . The importance of subchondral bone in the progression of osteoarthritis.J. Rheumatol. Suppl.70, 77 – 80 (2004).
  • Smith MD . The normal synovium.Open Rheumatol. J.5, 100 – 106 (2011).
  • Fox DB , WarnockJJ. Cell-based meniscal tissue engineering: a case for synoviocytes.Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.469 (10), 2806 – 2816 (2011).
  • Scanzello CR , GoldringSR. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis.Bone51 (2), 249 – 257 (2012).
  • Noss EH , BrennerMB. The role and therapeutic implications of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in inflammation and cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis.Immunol. Rev.223, 252 – 270 (2008).
  • de Lange-Brokaar BJ , Ioan-FacsinayA, van OschGJet al. Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20 (12), 1484 – 1499 (2012).
  • Firestein GS , varo-GraciaJM, MakiR. Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis.J. Immunol.144 (9), 3347 – 3353 (1990).
  • Bottini N , FiresteinGS. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and imprinted aggressors.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.9 (1), 24 – 33 (2013).
  • Tolboom TC , PietermanE, van der LaanWHet al. Invasive properties of fibroblast-like synoviocytes: correlation with growth characteristics and expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-10. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61 (11), 975 – 980 (2002).
  • Haywood L , McWilliamsDF, PearsonCIet al. Inflammation and angiogenesis in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48 (8), 2173 – 2177 (2003).
  • Inoue K , Masuko-HongoK, OkamotoM, NishiokaK. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (stromelysin) by interleukin-1 in human articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes.Rheumatol. Int.26 (2), 93 – 98 (2005).
  • Karsdal MA , DelvinE, ChristiansenC. Protein fingerprints – relying on and understanding the information of serological protein measurements.Clin. Biochem.44 (16), 1278 – 1279 (2011).
  • Rosenquist C , FledeliusC, ChristgauSet al. Serum CrossLaps One Step ELISA. First application of monoclonal antibodies for measurement in serum of bone-related degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen. Clin. Chem. 44 (11), 2281 – 2289 (1998).
  • Ravn P , HoskingD, ThompsonDet al. Monitoring of alendronate treatment and prediction of effect on bone mass by biochemical markers in the early postmenopausal intervention cohort study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 (7), 2363 – 2368 (1999).
  • Ravn P , ClemmesenB, ChristiansenC. Biochemical markers can predict the response in bone mass during alendronate treatment in early postmenopausal women. Alendronate Osteoporosis Prevention Study Group.Bone24 (3), 237 – 244 (1999).
  • Ravn P , ThompsonDE, RossPD, ChristiansenC. Biochemical markers for prediction of 4-year response in bone mass during bisphosphonate treatment for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.Bone33 (1), 150 – 158 (2003).
  • Hanson DA , WeisMA, BollenAM, MaslanSL, SingerFR, EyreDR. A specific immunoassay for monitoring human bone resorption: quantitation of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides in urine.J. Bone Miner. Res.7 (11), 1251 – 1258 (1992).
  • Garnero P , FerrerasM, KarsdalMAet al. The type I collagen fragments ICTP and CTX reveal distinct enzymatic pathways of bone collagen degradation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18 (5), 859 – 867 (2003).
  • Kato S , EndoI, FujimuraMet al. Serum carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) as a surrogate marker for vulnerable plaques in atherosclerotic patients: a pilot study. Atherosclerosis 229 (1), 182 – 185 (2013).
  • Leeming D , HeY, VeidalSet al. A novel marker for assessment of liver matrix remodeling: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detecting a MMP generated type I collagen neo-epitope (C1M). Biomarkers 16 (7), 616 – 628 (2011).
  • Veidal SS , VassiliadisE, Bay-JensenAC, TougasG, VainerB, KarsdalMA. Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) is a marker for fibrogenesis in bile duct ligation-induced fibrosis in rats.Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair3 (1), 5 (2010).
  • Garnero P , AyralX, RousseauJCet al. Uncoupling of type II collagen synthesis and degradation predicts progression of joint damage in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 46 (10), 2613 – 2624 (2002).
  • Rousseau JC , ZhuY, MiossecPet al. Serum levels of type IIA procollagen amino terminal propeptide (PIIANP) are decreased in patients with knee osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12 (6), 440 – 447 (2004).
  • Sharif M , KirwanJ, CharniN, SandellLJ, WhittlesC, GarneroP. A 5-yr longitudinal study of type IIA collagen synthesis and total type II collagen degradation in patients with knee osteoarthritis – association with disease progression.Rheumatology (Oxf.)46 (6), 938 – 943 (2007).
  • Madsen SH , SondergaardBC, Bay-JensenAC, KarsdalMA. Cartilage formation measured by a novel PIINP assay suggests that IGF-I does not stimulate but maintains cartilage formation ex vivo.Scand. J. Rheumatol.38 (3), 222 – 226 (2009).
  • Olsen AK , SondergaardBC, ByrjalsenIet al. Anabolic and catabolic function of chondrocyte ex vivo is reflected by the metabolic processing of type II collagen. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15 (3), 335 – 342 (2007).
  • Shinmei M , ItoK, MatsuyamaS, YoshiharaY, MatsuzawaK. Joint fluid carboxy-terminal type II procollagen peptide as a marker of cartilage collagen biosynthesis.Osteoarthritis Cartilage1 (2), 121 – 128 (1993).
  • Sugiyama S , ItokazuM, SuzukiY, ShimizuK. ProcollagenII C propeptide level in the synovial fluid as a predictor of radiographic progression in early knee osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62 (1), 27 – 32 (2003).
  • Lohmander LS , YoshiharaY, RoosH, KobayashiT, YamadaH, ShinmeiM. Procollagen IIC-propeptide in joint fluid: changes in concentration with age, time after knee injury, and osteoarthritis.J. Rheumatol.23 (10), 1765 – 1769 (1996).
  • Downs JT , LaneCL, NestorNBet al. Analysis of collagenase-cleavage of type II collagen using a neoepitope ELISA. J. Immunol. Methods 247 (1–2), 25 – 34 (2001).
  • Christgau S , GarneroP, FledeliusCet al. Collagen type II C-telopeptide fragments as an index of cartilage degradation. Bone 29 (3), 209 – 215 (2001).
  • Garnero P , CharniN, JuilletF, ConrozierT, VignonE. Increased urinary type II collagen helical and C telopeptide levels are independently associated with a rapidly destructive hip osteoarthritis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.65 (12), 1639 – 1644 (2006).
  • van Spil WE , Drossaers-BakkerKW, LafeberFP. Associations of CTX-II with biochemical markers of bone turnover raise questions on its tissue origin: data from CHECK, a cohort study of early osteoarthritis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.72 (1), 29 – 36 (2013).
  • Lohmander LS , AtleyLM, PietkaTA, EyreDR. The release of crosslinked peptides from type II collagen into human synovial fluid is increased soon after joint injury and in osteoarthritis.Arthritis Rheum.48 (11), 3130 – 3139 (2003).
  • Hellio Le Graverand MP , BrandtKDet al. Association between concentrations of urinary type II collagen neoepitope (uTIINE) and joint space narrowing in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14 (11), 1189 – 1195 (2006).
  • Nemirovskiy OV , DufieldDR, SunyerT, AggarwalP, WelschDJ, MathewsWR. Discovery and development of a type II collagen neoepitope (TIINE) biomarker for matrix metalloproteinase activity: from in vitro to in vivo.Anal. Biochem.361 (1), 93 – 101 (2007).
  • Charni N , JuilletF, GarneroP. Urinary type II collagen helical peptide (HELIX-II) as a new biochemical marker of cartilage degradation in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.52 (4), 1081 – 1090 (2005).
  • Eyre DR , WeisMA. The Helix-II epitope: a cautionary tale from a cartilage biomarker based on an invalid collagen sequence.Osteoarthritis Cartilage17 (4), 423 – 426 (2009).
  • Bay-Jensen AC , LiuQ, ByrjalsenIet al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) for metalloproteinase derived type II collagen neoepitope, CIIM – increased serum CIIM in subjects with severe radiographic osteoarthritis. Clin. Biochem. 44 (5–6): 423 – 429 (2011).
  • Henrotin Y , DebergM, DubucJE, QuettierE, ChristgauS, ReginsterJY. Type II collagen peptides for measuring cartilage degradation.Biorheology41 (3–4): 543 – 547 (2004).
  • Deberg M , LabasseA, ChristgauSet al. New serum biochemical markers (Coll 2-1 and Coll 2-1 NO2) for studying oxidative-related type II collagen network degradation in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13 (3), 258 – 265 (2005).
  • Deberg MA , LabasseAH, ColletteJ, SeidelL, ReginsterJY, HenrotinYE. One-year increase of Coll 2-1, a new marker of type II collagen degradation, in urine is highly predictive of radiological OA progression.Osteoarthritis Cartilage13 (12), 1059 – 1065 (2005).
  • Ameye LG , DebergM, OliveiraM, LabasseA, AeschlimannJM, HenrotinY. The chemical biomarkers C2C, Coll2-1, and Coll2-1NO2 provide complementary information on type II collagen catabolism in healthy and osteoarthritic mice.Arthritis Rheum.56 (10), 3336 – 3346 (2007).
  • Henrotin Y , ChevalierX, DebergMet al. Early decrease of serum biomarkers of type II collagen degradation (Coll2-1) and joint inflammation (Coll2-1 NO(2)) by hyaluronic acid intra-articular injections in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a research study part of the Biovisco study. J. Orthop. Res. 31 (6), 901 – 907 (2013).
  • Poole AR , IonescuM, FitzcharlesMA, BillinghurstRC. The assessment of cartilage degradation in vivo: development of an immunoassay for the measurement in body fluids of type II collagen cleaved by collagenases.J. Immunol. Methods294 (1–2), 145 – 153 (2004).
  • Billinghurst RC , MwaleF, HollanderA, IonescuM, PooleAR. Immunoassays for collagens in chondrocyte and cartilage explant cultures.Methods Mol. Med.100, 251 – 274 (2004).
  • Billinghurst RC , DahlbergL, IonescuMet al. Enhanced cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. J. Clin. Invest. 99 (7), 1534 – 1545 (1997).
  • Barascuk N , VeidalSS, LarsenLet al. A novel assay for extracellular matrix remodeling associated with liver fibrosis: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for a MMP-9 proteolytically revealed neo-epitope of type III collagen. Clin. Biochem. 43 (10–11), 899 – 904 (2010).
  • Risteli J , NiemiS, TrivediP, MaentaustaO, MowatAP, RisteliL. Rapid equilibrium radioimmunoassay for the amino-terminal propeptide of human type III procollagen.Clin. Chem.34 (4), 715 – 718 (1988).
  • Nielsen MJ , NedergaardAF, SunSet al. The neo-epitope specific PRO-C3 ELISA measures true formation of type III collagen associated with liver and muscle parameters. Am. J. Transl. Res. 5 (3), 303 – 315 (2013).
  • Leeming DJ , NielsenMJ, DaiYet al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent serum assay specific for the 7S domain of collagen type IV (P4NP 7S): a marker related to the extracellular matrix remodeling during liver fibrogenesis. Hepatol. Res. 42 (5), 482 – 493 (2012).
  • Veidal SS , KarsdalMA, NawrockiAet al. Assessment of proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane: a fragment of type IV collagen as a biochemical marker for liver fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 4, 22 (2011).
  • Veidal SS , LarsenDV, ChenXet al. MMP mediated type V collagen degradation (C5M) is elevated in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin. Biochem. 45 (7–8): 541 – 546 (2012).
  • Veidal SS , KarsdalMA, VassiliadisEet al. MMP mediated degradation of type VI collagen is highly associated with liver fibrosis – identification and validation of a novel biochemical marker assay. PLoS ONE 6 (9), e24753 (2011).
  • Pratta MA , SuJL, LeesnitzerMAet al. Development and characterization of a highly specific and sensitive sandwich ELISA for detection of aggrecanase-generated aggrecan fragments. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14 (7), 702 – 713 (2006).
  • Glant TT , MikeczK, RoughleyPJ, BuzasE, PooleAR. Age-related changes in protein-related epitopes of human articular-cartilage proteoglycans.Biochem. J.236 (1), 71 – 75 (1986).
  • Frisbie DD , Al-SobayilF, BillinghurstRC, KawcakCE, McIlwraithCW. Changes in synovial fluid and serum biomarkers with exercise and early osteoarthritis in horses.Osteoarthritis Cartilage16 (10), 1196 – 1204 (2008).
  • Matyas JR , AtleyL, IonescuM, EyreDR, PooleAR. Analysis of cartilage biomarkers in the early phases of canine experimental osteoarthritis.Arthritis Rheum.50 (2), 543 – 552 (2004).
  • Mazzuca SA , PooleAR, BrandtKD, KatzBP, LaneKA, LobanokT. Associations between joint space narrowing and molecular markers of collagen and proteoglycan turnover in patients with knee osteoarthritis.J. Rheumatol.33 (6), 1147 – 1151 (2006).
  • Poole AR , IonescuM, SwanA, DieppePA. Changes in cartilage metabolism in arthritis are reflected by altered serum and synovial fluid levels of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan. Implications for pathogenesis.J. Clin. Invest.94 (1), 25 – 33 (1994).
  • Rizkalla G , ReinerA, BogochE, PooleAR. Studies of the articular cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan in health and osteoarthritis. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity and extensive molecular changes in disease.J. Clin. Invest.90 (6), 2268 – 2277 (1992).
  • Sumer EU , SondergaardBC, RousseauJCet al. MMP and non-MMP-mediated release of aggrecan and its fragments from articular cartilage: a comparative study of three different aggrecan and glycosaminoglycan assays. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15 (2), 212 – 221 (2007).
  • Wang B , ChenP, JensenACet al. Suppression of MMP activity in bovine cartilage explants cultures has little if any effect on the release of aggrecanase-derived aggrecan fragments. BMC Res. Notes 2, 59 (2009).
  • Genovese F , BarascukN, LarsenLet al. Biglycan fragmentation in pathologies associated with extracellular matrix remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 6 (1), 9 (2013).
  • Clark AG , JordanJM, VilimVet al. Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein reflects osteoarthritis presence and severity: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Arthritis Rheum. 42 (11), 2356 – 2364 (1999).
  • Dragomir AD , KrausVB, RennerJBet al. Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and clinical signs and symptoms of potential pre-radiographic hip and knee pathology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10 (9), 687 – 691 (2002).
  • Conrozier T , SaxneT, FanCSet al. Serum concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and bone sialoprotein in hip osteoarthritis: a one year prospective study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 57 (9), 527 – 532 (1998).
  • Fernandes FA , PucinelliML, da SilvaNP, FeldmanD. Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels in knee osteoarthritis in a Brazilian population: clinical and radiological correlation.Scand. J. Rheumatol.36 (3), 211 – 215 (2007).
  • Kelman A , LuiL, YaoW, KrummeA, NevittM, LaneNE. Association of higher levels of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and N-telopeptide crosslinks with the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis in elderly women.Arthritis Rheum.54 (1), 236 – 243 (2006).
  • Erhart-Hledik JC , FavreJ, AsayJLet al. A relationship between mechanically-induced changes in serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and changes in cartilage thickness after 5 years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20 (11), 1309 – 1315 (2012).
  • Skjot-Arkil H , ClausenRE, NguyenQHet al. Measurement of MMP-9 and -12 degraded elastin (ELM) provides unique information on lung tissue degradation. BMC Pulm. Med. 12, 34 (2012).
  • Gungen G , ArdicF, FiotandikogluG, RotaS. The effect of mud pack therapy on serum YKL-40 and hsCRP levels in patients with knee osteoarthritis.Rheumatol. Int.32 (5), 1235 – 1244 (2012).
  • Kazakova M , BatalovA, DenevaT, MatevaN, KolarovZ, SarafianV. Relationship between sonographic parameters and YKL-40 levels in rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatol. Int.33 (2), 341 – 346 (2013).
  • Goldberg RL . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hyaluronate using cartilage proteoglycan and an antibody to keratan sulfate.Anal. Biochem.174 (2), 448 – 458 (1988).
  • Bello AE , GarrettWEJr, WangHet al. Comparison of synovial fluid cartilage marker concentrations and chondral damage assessed arthroscopically in acute knee injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5 (6), 419 – 426 (1997).
  • Elliott AL , KrausVB, LutaGet al. Serum hyaluronan levels and radiographic knee and hip osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians in the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Arthritis Rheum. 52 (1), 105 – 111 (2005).
  • Vincourt JB , EtienneS, GrossinLet al. Matrilin-3 switches from anti- to pro-anabolic upon integration to the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol. 31 (5), 290 – 298 (2012).
  • He Y , ZhengQ, SimonsenOet al. The development and characterization of a competitive ELISA for measuring active ADAMTS-4 in a bovine cartilage ex vivo model. Matrix Biol. 32 (3–4), 143 – 151 (2013).
  • Green MJ , GoughAK, DevlinJet al. Serum MMP-3 and MMP-1 and progression of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxf.) 42 (1), 83 – 88 (2003).
  • Keyszer G , LambiriI, NagelRet al. Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-3 and MMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex in rheumatic disease. Correlation with clinical activity of rheumatoid arthritis versus other surrogate markers. J. Rheumatol. 26 (2), 251 – 258 (1999).
  • Papazoglou D , PapatheodorouK, PapanasNet al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 levels in severely obese patients: what is the effect of weight loss? Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 118 (10), 730 – 734 (2010).
  • Niki Y , TakeuchiT, NakayamaMet al. Clinical significance of cartilage biomarkers for monitoring structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-TNF therapy. PLoS ONE 7 (5), e37447 (2012).
  • Mattey DL , NixonNB, DawesPT. Association of circulating levels of MMP-8 with mortality from respiratory disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Res. Ther.14 (5), R204 (2012).
  • Kotani T , TakeuchiT, TakaiSet al. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, a risk factor for acute coronary syndrome, are reduced independently of serum MMP-3 by anti-TNF-alpha antibody (infliximab) therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 120 (1), 50 – 53 (2012).
  • Young-Min S , CawstonT, MarshallNet al. Biomarkers predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis and perform well compared with traditional markers. Arthritis Rheum. 56 (10), 3236 – 3247 (2007).
  • Anitua E , SanchezM, de laFMet al. Relationship between investigative biomarkers and radiographic grading in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Int. J. Rheumatol. 2009, 747432 (2009).
  • Janckila AJ , NeustadtDH, YamLT. Significance of serum TRACP in rheumatoid arthritis.J. Bone Miner. Res.23 (8), 1287 – 1295 (2008).
  • Chao TY , LeeSH, ChenMMet al. Development of immunoassays for serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5a. Clin. Chim. Acta 359 (1–2), 132 – 140 (2005).
  • Nenonen A , ChengS, IvaskaKKet al. Serum TRACP 5b is a useful marker for monitoring alendronate treatment: comparison with other markers of bone turnover. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20 (10), 1804 – 1812 (2005).
  • Henriksen K , TankoLB, QvistP, DelmasPD, ChristiansenC, KarsdalMA. Assessment of osteoclast number and function: application in the development of new and improved treatment modalities for bone diseases.Osteoporos. Int.18 (5), 681 – 685 (2007).
  • Munoz-Torres M , Reyes-GarciaR, Mezquita-RayaPet al. Serum cathepsin K as a marker of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with alendronate. Maturitas 64 (3), 188 – 192 (2009).
  • dos Anjos LM , PereiraIA, d‘OrsiE, SeamanAP, BurlingameRW, MoratoEF. A comparative study of IgG second- and third-generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) ELISAs and their combination with IgA third-generation CCP ELISA for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.Clin. Rheumatol.28 (2), 153 – 158 (2009).
  • Demoruelle MK , ParishMC, DerberLAet al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide assays differ in subjects at elevated risk for rheumatoid arthritis and subjects with established disease. Arthritis Rheum. 65(9), 2243 – 2252 (2013).
  • Wu R , ShovmanO, ZhangY, GilburdB, Zandman-GoddardG, ShoenfeldY. Increased prevalence of anti-third generation cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and CREST syndrome.Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.32 (1), 47 – 56 (2007).
  • Low JM , ChauhanAK, KietzDA, DaudU, PepmuellerPH, MooreTL. Determination of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in the sera of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.J. Rheumatol.31 (9), 1829 – 1833 (2004).
  • Bay-Jensen AC , KarsdalMA, VassiliadisEet al. Circulating citrullinated vimentin fragments reflect disease burden in ankylosing spondylitis and have prognostic capacity for radiographic progression. Arthritis Rheum. 65 (4), 972 – 980 (2013).
  • Vassiliadis E , OliveiraCP, vares-da-SilvaMRet al. Circulating levels of citrullinated and MMP-degraded vimentin (VICM) in liver fibrosis related pathology. Am. J. Transl. Res. 4 (4), 403 – 414 (2012).
  • Catterall JB , HsuehMF, StablerTVet al. Protein modification by deamidation indicates variations in joint extracellular matrix turnover. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (7), 4640 – 4651 (2012).
  • Kwon SR , LimMJ, SuhCHet al. Dickkopf-1 level is lower in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in healthy people and is not influenced by anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Rheumatol. Int. 32 (8), 2523 – 2527 (2012).
  • Wang SY , LiuYY, YeHet al. Circulating Dickkopf-1 is correlated with bone erosion and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 38 (5), 821 – 827 (2011).
  • Daoussis D , LiossisSN, SolomouEEet al. Evidence that Dkk-1 is dysfunctional in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 62 (1), 150 – 158 (2010).
  • Voorzanger-Rousselot N , Ben-TabassiNC, GarneroP. Opposite relationships between circulating Dkk-1 and cartilage breakdown in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and knee osteoarthritis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.68 (9), 1513 – 1514 (2009).
  • Honsawek S , TanavaleeA, YuktanandanaP, NgarmukosS, SaetanN, TantavisutS. Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) in plasma and synovial fluid is inversely correlated with radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis patients.BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.11, 257 (2010).
  • Liu YY , LongL, WangSYet al. Circulating Dickkopf-1 and osteoprotegerin in patients with early and longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 123 (11), 1407 – 1412 (2010).
  • Gerss J , RothJ, HolzingerDet al. Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins and high-sensitivity C reactive protein as biomarkers for a risk-adapted treatment to maintain remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a comparative study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71 (12), 1991 – 1997 (2012).
  • Curtis JR , van der Helm-van MilAH, KnevelRet al. Validation of a novel multibiomarker test to assess rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 64 (12), 1794 – 1803 (2012).
  • Skjot-Arkil H , SchettG, ZhangCet al. Investigation of two novel biochemical markers of inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase and cathepsin generated fragments of C-reactive protein, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 30 (3), 371 – 379 (2012).
  • Scott DL , WolfeF, HuizingaTW. Rheumatoid arthritis.Lancet376 (9746), 1094 – 1108 (2010).
  • Grassi W , DeAR, LamannaG, CerviniC. The clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis.Eur. J. Radiol.27 (Suppl. 1), S18 – S24 (1998).
  • Diarra D , StolinaM, PolzerKet al. Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling. Nat. Med. 13 (2), 156 – 163 (2007).
  • Schett G , HayerS, ZwerinaJ, RedlichK, SmolenJS. Mechanisms of disease: the link between RANKL and arthritic bone disease.Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.1 (1), 47 – 54 (2005).
  • Schett G , StolinaM, BolonBet al. Analysis of the kinetics of osteoclastogenesis in arthritic rats. Arthritis Rheum. 52 (10), 3192 – 3201 (2005).
  • Willemze A , ToesRE, HuizingaTW, TrouwLA. New biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis.Neth. J. Med.70 (9), 392 – 399 (2012).
  • Markatseli TE , VoulgariPV, AlamanosY, DrososAA. Prognostic factors of radiological damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a 10-year retrospective study.J. Rheumatol.38 (1), 44 – 52 (2011).
  • Yuasa S , YamaguchiH, NakanishiYet al. Treatment responses and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biological agents. J. Med. Invest. 60 (1–2): 77 – 90 (2013).
  • Tedesco A , D’AgostinoD, SorienteI, AmatoP, PiccoliR, SabatiniP. A new strategy for the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: a combined approach.Autoimmun. Rev.8 (3), 233 – 237 (2009).
  • Goldbach-Mansky R , LeeJ, McCoyAet al. Rheumatoid arthritis associated autoantibodies in patients with synovitis of recent onset. Arthritis Res. 2 (3), 236 – 243 (2000).
  • Nielsen SF , BojesenSE, SchnohrP, NordestgaardBG. Elevated rheumatoid factor and long term risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study.Br. Med. J.345, e5244 (2012).
  • Agrawal S , MisraR, AggarwalA. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: association with severity of disease in established RA.Clin. Rheumatol.26 (2), 201 – 204 (2007).
  • Jones MG , ShipleyME, HearnJP, HayFC. Specificity of rheumatoid factors in relation to the disease state in rheumatoid arthritis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.49 (10), 757 – 762 (1990).
  • Nell VP , MacholdKP, StammTAet al. Autoantibody profiling as early diagnostic and prognostic tool for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64 (12), 1731 – 1736 (2005).
  • Biasiolo A , TonoN, ZaninottoMet al. Specificity of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)-IgM detection in patients with HCV infection and rheumatoid factor seropositivity. J. Med. Virol. 85 (6), 1005 – 1008 (2013).
  • Bizzaro N . Antibodies to citrullinated peptides: a significant step forward in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.45 (2), 150 – 157 (2007).
  • Simon M , GirbalE, SebbagMet al. The cytokeratin filament-aggregating protein filaggrin is the target of the so-called 'antikeratin antibodies,' autoantibodies specific for rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 92 (3), 1387 – 1393 (1993).
  • Van Venrooij WJ , van BeersJJ, PruijnGJ. Anti-CCP antibody, a marker for the early detection of rheumatoid arthritis.Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1143, 268 – 285 (2008).
  • van der Helm-van Mil AH , VerpoortKN, BreedveldFC, ToesRE, HuizingaTW. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins and differences in clinical progression of rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Res. Ther.7 (5), R949 – R958 (2005).
  • Hashimoto J , GarneroP, van derHDet al. A combination of biochemical markers of cartilage and bone turnover, radiographic damage and body mass index to predict the progression of joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Mod. Rheumatol. 19 (3), 273 – 282 (2009).
  • Landewe R , GeusensP, BoersMet al. Markers for type II collagen breakdown predict the effect of disease-modifying treatment on long-term radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 50 (5), 1390 – 1399 (2004).
  • Garnero P , GineytsE, ChristgauS, FinckB, DelmasPD. Association of baseline levels of urinary glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline and type II collagen C-telopeptide with progression of joint destruction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.46 (1), 21 – 30 (2002).
  • Fujikawa K , KawakamiA, TamaiMet al. High serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein determines the subset of patients with early-stage rheumatoid arthritis with high serum C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and MRI-proven bone erosion. J. Rheumatol. 36 (6), 1126 – 1129 (2009).
  • Mansson B , CareyD, AliniMet al. Cartilage and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis. Differences between rapid and slow progression of disease identified by serum markers of cartilage metabolism. J. Clin. Invest. 95 (3), 1071 – 1077 (1995).
  • Hakala M , RisteliJ, AmanSet al. Combination drug strategy in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis suppresses collagen I degradation and is associated with retardation of radiological progression. Scand J. Rheumatol. 37 (2), 90 – 93 (2008).
  • Iba K , TakadaJ, HatakeyamaN, OzasaY, WadaT, YamashitaT. Changes in urinary NTX levels in patients with primary osteoporosis undergoing long-term bisphosphonate treatment.J. Orthop. Sci.13 (5), 438 – 441 (2008).
  • Sassi ML , EriksenH, RisteliLet al. Immunochemical characterization of assay for carboxyterminal telopeptide of human type I collagen: loss of antigenicity by treatment with cathepsin K. Bone 26 (4), 367 – 373 (2000).
  • Garnero P . Biomarkers for osteoporosis management: utility in diagnosis, fracture risk prediction and therapy monitoring.Mol. Diagn. Ther.12 (3), 157 – 170 (2008).
  • Reginster JY , ColletteJ, NeuprezA, ZegelsB, DeroisyR, BruyereO. Role of biochemical markers of bone turnover as prognostic indicator of successful osteoporosis therapy.Bone42 (5), 832 – 836 (2008).
  • Vasikaran SD , GlendenningP, MorrisHA. The role of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis management in clinical practice.Clin. Biochem. Rev.27 (3), 119 – 121 (2006).
  • van Tuyl LH , VoskuylAE, BoersMet al. Baseline RANKL:OPG ratio and markers of bone and cartilage degradation predict annual radiological progression over 11 years in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69 (9), 1623 – 1628 (2010).
  • Siebuhr AS , Bay-JensenAC, LeemingDJet al. Serological identification of fast progressors of structural damage with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 15 (4), R86 (2013).
  • Cunnane G , FitzgeraldO, BeetonC, CawstonTE, BresnihanB. Early joint erosions and serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 1, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.44 (10), 2263 – 2274 (2001).
  • Geusens PP , LandeweRB, GarneroPet al. The ratio of circulating osteoprotegerin to RANKL in early rheumatoid arthritis predicts later joint destruction. Arthritis Rheum. 54 (6), 1772 – 1777 (2006).
  • Verstappen SM , PooleAR, IonescuMet al. Radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with differences in cartilage turnover and can be predicted by serum biomarkers: an evaluation from 1 to 4 years after diagnosis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 8 (1), R31 (2006).
  • de Vries MK , van E, I, van der Horst-BruinsmaIEet al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, and serum amyloid a protein for patient selection and monitoring of anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 61 (11), 1484 – 1490 (2009).
  • Benhamou M , GossecL, DougadosM. Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein in ankylosing spondylitis and evaluation of the NSAIDs/coxibs’ treatment effect on C-reactive protein.Rheumatology (Oxf.)49 (3), 536 – 541 (2010).
  • Londono J , Romero-SanchezMC, TorresVGet al. The association between serum levels of potential biomarkers with the presence of factors related to the clinical activity and poor prognosis in spondyloarthritis. Rev. Bras. Reumatol. 52 (4), 536 – 544 (2012).
  • Romero-Sanchez C , RobinsonWH, TomookaBHet al. Identification of acute phase reactants and cytokines useful for monitoring infliximab therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin. Rheumatol. 27 (11), 1429 – 1435 (2008).
  • Pedersen SJ , HetlandML, SorensenIJ, OstergaardM, NielsenHJ, JohansenJS. Circulating levels of interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, YKL-40, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and total aggrecan in spondyloarthritis patients during 3 years of treatment with TNFalpha inhibitors.Clin. Rheumatol.29 (11), 1301 – 1309 (2010).
  • Pedersen SJ , SorensenIJ, GarneroPet al. ASDAS, BASDAI and different treatment responses and their relation to biomarkers of inflammation, cartilage and bone turnover in patients with axial spondyloarthritis treated with TNFalpha inhibitors. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70 (8), 1375 – 1381 (2011).
  • Mattey DL , PackhamJC, NixonNBet al. Association of cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase profiles with disease activity and function in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 14 (3), R127 (2012).
  • Machado P , LandeweRB, BraunJet al. MRI inflammation and its relation with measures of clinical disease activity and different treatment responses in patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71 (12), 2002 – 2005 (2012).
  • Wagner C , VisvanathanS, BraunJet al. Serum markers associated with clinical improvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with golimumab. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71 (5), 674 – 680 (2012).
  • Maksymowych WP , LandeweR, Conner-SpadyBet al. Serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 is an independent predictor of structural damage progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 56 (6), 1846 – 1853 (2007).
  • Jung SY , ParkMC, ParkYB, LeeSK. Serum amyloid a as a useful indicator of disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Yonsei Med. J.48 (2), 218 – 224 (2007).
  • Vosse D , LandeweR, GarneroP, van derHD, Van DerLS, GeusensP. Association of markers of bone- and cartilage-degradation with radiological changes at baseline and after 2 years follow-up in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Rheumatology (Oxf.)47 (8), 1219 – 1222 (2008).
  • Arends S , van d, V, KallenbergCG, BrouwerE, SpoorenbergA. Baseline predictors of response to TNF-alpha blocking therapy in ankylosing spondylitis.Curr. Opin. Rheumatol.24 (3), 290 – 298 (2012).
  • Arends S , SpoorenbergA, HoutmanPMet al. The effect of three years of TNFalpha blocking therapy on markers of bone turnover and their predictive value for treatment discontinuation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective longitudinal observational cohort study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 14 (2), R98 (2012).
  • Visvanathan S , van derHD, DeodharAet al. Effects of infliximab on markers of inflammation and bone turnover and associations with bone mineral density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68 (2), 175 – 182 (2009).
  • Pedersen SJ , SorensenIJ, LambertRGet al. Radiographic progression is associated with resolution of systemic inflammation in patients with axial spondylarthritis treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors: a study of radiographic progression, inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging, and circulating biomarkers of inflammation, angiogenesis, and cartilage and bone turnover. Arthritis Rheum. 63 (12), 3789 – 3800 (2011).
  • Bay-Jensen AC , LeemingDJ, KleyerA, VeidalSS, SchettG, KarsdalMA. Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by an increased turnover of several different metalloproteinase-derived collagen species: a cross-sectional study.Rheumatol. Int.32 (11), 3565 – 3572 (2012).
  • Bodnar N , SzekaneczZ, ProhaszkaZet al. Anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) and anti-65 kDa heat shock protein (anti-hsp65): new biomarkers in ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 79 (1), 63 – 66 (2012).
  • Langley RG , KruegerGG, GriffithsCE. Psoriasis: epidemiology, clinical features, and quality of life.Ann. Rheum. Dis.64 (Suppl. 2), ii18 – ii23 (2005).
  • Zachariae H . Prevalence of joint disease in patients with psoriasis: implications for therapy.Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.4 (7), 441 – 447 (2003).
  • Wagner CL , VisvanathanS, ElashoffMet al. Markers of inflammation and bone remodelling associated with improvement in clinical response measures in psoriatic arthritis patients treated with golimumab. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72 (1), 83 – 88 (2013).
  • van Kuijk AW , DeGrootJ, KoemanRCet al. Soluble biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism in early proof of concept trials in psoriatic arthritis: effects of adalimumab versus placebo. PLoS ONE5 (9), e12556 (2010).
  • van Kuijk AW , GerlagDM, VosKet al. A prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled study to identify biomarkers associated with active treatment in psoriatic arthritis: effects of adalimumab treatment on synovial tissue. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68 (8), 1303 – 1309 (2009).
  • Chandran V , CookRJ, EdwinJet al. Soluble biomarkers differentiate patients with psoriatic arthritis from those with psoriasis without arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxf.) 49 (7), 1399 – 1405 (2010).
  • Gilliam BE , ChauhanAK, LowJM, MooreTL. Measurement of biomarkers in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients and their significant association with disease severity: a comparative study.Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.26 (3), 492 – 497 (2008).
  • Bjornhart B , JuulA, NielsenS, ZakM, SvenningsenP, MullerK. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: relation to growth and disease activity.J. Rheumatol.36 (8), 1749 – 1754 (2009).
  • Nakajima S , NarutoT, MiyamaeTet al. Improvement of reduced serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein levels in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients treated with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab. Mod. Rheumatol. 19 (1), 42 – 46 (2009).
  • Urakami T , MankiA, InoueT, OdaM, TanakaH, MorishimaT. Clinical significance of decreased serum concentration of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.J. Rheumatol.33 (5), 996 – 1000 (2006).
  • el-Sayed ZA , SalehMT, Al-WakkadAS, SheriefLS, Nasr el-DinAM. Cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan as a predictor of joint damage in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.East Mediterr. Health J.7 (6), 992 – 1003 (2001).
  • Falcini F , ErminiM, BagnoliF. Bone turnover is reduced in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.J. Endocrinol. Invest.21 (1), 31 – 36 (1998).
  • Ling XB , ParkJL, CarrollTet al. Plasma profiles in active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Biomarkers and biological implications. Proteomics 10 (24), 4415 – 4430 (2010).
  • Miyamae T , MalehornDE, LemsterBet al. Serum protein profile in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis differentiates response versus nonresponse to therapy. Arthritis Res. Ther. 7 (4), R746 – R755 (2005).
  • Cantarini L , GianiT, FioravantiAet al. Serum amyloid A circulating levels and disease activity in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Yonsei Med. J. 53 (5), 1045 – 1048 (2012).
  • Ling XB , MacaubasC, AlexanderHCet al. Correlation analyses of clinical and molecular findings identify candidate biological pathways in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. BMC Med. 10, 125 (2012).
  • Levalampi T , HonkanenV, LahdenneP, NieminenR, HakalaM, MoilanenE. Effects of infliximab on cytokines, myeloperoxidase, and soluble adhesion molecules in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.Scand. J. Rheumatol.36 (3), 189 – 193 (2007).
  • Visvanathan S , WagnerC, MariniJCet al. The effect of infliximab plus methotrexate on the modulation of inflammatory disease markers in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analyses from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 8, 24 (2010).
  • Moncrieffe H , UrsuS, HolzingerDet al. A subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients who respond well to methotrexate are identified by the serum biomarker MRP8/14 protein. Rheumatology (Oxf.) 52 (8), 1467 – 1476 (2013).
  • Zhen EY , BrittainIJ, LaskaDAet al. Characterization of metalloprotease cleavage products of human articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 58 (8), 2420 – 2431 (2008).
  • Sowers MF , Karvonen-GutierrezCA, YosefMet al. Longitudinal changes of serum COMP and urinary CTX-II predict X-ray defined knee osteoarthritis severity and stiffness in women. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17 (12), 1609 – 1614 (2009).
  • Hoch JM , MattacolaCG, Medina McKeonJM, HowardJS, LattermannC. Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) is elevated in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Osteoarthritis Cartilage19 (12), 1396 – 1404 (2011).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.