1,136
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Association of ApoE and HDL.C with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease: potential benefits of LDL-apheresis therapy

Pages 311-329 | Published online: 18 Jan 2017

Bibliography

  • Davignon J: Apolipoprotein E and atherosclerosis: beyond lipid effect. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25(2), 267–269 (2005)
  • Review of ApoE and its association with atherosclerosis and lipid transport
  • Mahley RW, Rall SC Jr: Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 1, 507–537 (2000)
  • Hime NJ, Drew KJ, Hahn C et al.: Apolipoprotein E enhances hepatic lipasemediated hydrolysis of reconstituted highdensity lipoprotein phospholipid and triacylglycerol in an isoform-dependent manner. Biochemistry 43(38), 12306–12314 (2004)
  • Cohn JS, Tremblay M, Amiot M et al.: Plasma concentration of apolipoprotein E in intermediate-sized remnant-like lipoproteins in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16(1), 149–159 (1996)
  • Settasatian N, Barter PJ, Rye KA: Remodeling of apolipoprotein E-containing spherical reconstituted high density lipoproteins by phospholipid transfer protein. J. Lipid Res. 49(1), 115–126 (2008)
  • Haffner SM, Stern MP, Miettinen H et al.: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and LDL?C size in a biethnic population. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16(9), 1184–1188 (1996)
  • Wilson PW: Relation of high-density lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoprotein E isoforms to coronary disease. Clin. Chem. 41(1), 165–169 (1995)
  • Morrow JA, Hatters DM, Lu B et al.: Apolipoprotein E4 forms a molten globule. A potential basis for its association with disease. J. Biol. Chem. 277(52), 50380–50385 (2002)
  • Walden CC, Hegele RA: Apolipoprotein E in hyperlipidemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 120(12), 1026–1036 (1994)
  • Zannis VI, Breslow JL, Utermann G et al.: Proposed nomenclature of ApoE isoproteins, ApoE genotypes, and phenotypes. J. Lipid Res. 23(6), 911–914 (1982)
  • Dong LM, Wilson C, Wardell MR et al.: Human apolipoprotein E. Role of arginine 61 in mediating the lipoprotein preferences of the E3 and E4 isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 269(35), 22358–22365 (1994)
  • Steinmetz A, Jakobs C, Motzny S et al.: Differential distribution of apolipoprotein E isoforms in human plasma lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 9(3), 405–411 (1989)
  • Small BJ, Rosnick CB, Fratiglioni L et al.: Apolipoprotein E and cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging 19(4), 592–600 (2004)
  • Cedazo-Minguez A: Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer’s disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 11(6), 1227–1238 (2007)
  • Hopkins PC, Huang Y, McGuire JG et al.: Evidence for differential effects of ApoE3 and ApoE4 on HDL?C metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 43(11), 1881–1889 (2002)
  • Effects of different isoforms of ApoE on HDL?C function
  • Luc G, Bard JM, Arveiler D et al.: Impact of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipoproteins and risk of myocardial infarction. The ECTIM Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14(9), 1412–1419 (1994)
  • Wilson PW, Myers RH, Larson MG et al.: Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA 272(21), 1666–1671 (1994)
  • Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Larson MG et al.: Apolipoprotein E alleles and risk of coronary disease. A meta-analysis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16(10), 1250–1255 (1996)
  • Gerdes LU, Gerdes C, Kervinen K et al.: The apolipoprotein e4 allele determines prognosis and the effect on prognosis of simvastatin in survivors of myocardial infarction: a substudy of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 101(12), 1366–1371 (2000)
  • de Knijff P, Kaptein A, Boomsma D et al.: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism affects plasma levels of lipoprotein(a). Atherosclerosis 90(2–3), 169–174 (1991)
  • Miyata M, Smith JD: Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and b-amyloid peptides. Nat. Genet. 14(1), 55–61 (1996)
  • Kohlmeier M, Salomon A, Saupe J et al.: Transport of vitamin K to bone in humans. J. Nutr. 126(Suppl. 4), S1192–S1196 (1996)
  • Stiefel P, Montilla C, Muniz-Grijalvo O et al.: Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism is related to metabolic abnormalities, but does not influence erythrocyte membrane lipid composition or sodium–lithium countertransport activity in essential hypertension. Metabolism 50(2), 157–160 (2001)
  • Kahri J, Soro-Paavonen A, Ehnholm C et al.: ApoE polymorphism is associated with C-reactive protein in low-HDL?C family members and in normolipidemic subjects. Mediators Inflamm. 2006(3), 12587 (2006)
  • Christidis DS, Liberopoulos EN, Kakafika AI et al.: The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the response to lipidlowering treatment with atorvastatin or fenofibrate. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 11(3), 211–221 (2006)
  • Ordovas JM, Mooser V: The ApoE locus and the pharmacogenetics of lipid response. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13(2), 113–117 (2002)
  • Perova NV, Metelskaya VA, Bubnova MG et al.: Association of Apo E polymorphism with nutritional and drug-induced changes in lipoproteins. Eur. J. Lab. Med. 1, 6 (1997)
  • Yamada M: Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on bezafibrate treatment response in dyslipidemic patients. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 4(1), 40–44 (1997)
  • Haddy N, De Bacquer D, Chemaly MM et al.: The importance of plasma apolipoprotein E concentration in addition to its common polymorphism on interindividual variation in lipid levels: results from Apo Europe. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10(12), 841–850 (2002)
  • Mooijaart SP, Berbee JF, van Heemst D et al.: ApoE plasma levels and risk of cardiovascular mortality in old age. PLoS Med. 3(6), e176 (2006)
  • van den Elzen P, Garg S, Leon L et al.: Apolipoprotein-mediated pathways of lipid antigen presentation. Nature 437(7060), 906–910 (2005)
  • Reilly M, Rader DJ: Apolipoprotein E and coronary disease: a puzzling paradox. PLoS Med. 3(6), e258 (2006)
  • van Vliet P, Mooijaart SP, de Craen AJ et al.: Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and risk of stroke in old age. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1100, 140–147 (2007)
  • Hahne S, Nordstedt C, Ahlin A et al.: Levels of cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. Neurosci. Lett. 224(2), 99–102 (1997)
  • Taddei K, Clarnette R, Gandy SE et al.: Increased plasma apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 223(1), 29–32 (1997)
  • Merched A, Blain H, Visvikis S et al.: Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E level is increased in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 145(1), 33–39 (1997)
  • Slooter AJ, de Knijff P, Hofman A et al.: Serum apolipoprotein E level is not increased in Alzheimer’s disease: the Rotterdam study. Neurosci. Lett. 248(1), 21–24 (1998)
  • Scacchi R, Gambina G, Ruggeri M et al.: Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and genetic markers in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 259(1), 33–36 (1999)
  • Rensen PC, Schiffelers RM, Versluis AJ et al.: Human recombinant apolipoprotein E-enriched liposomes can mimic low-density lipoproteins as carriers for the site-specific delivery of antitumor agents. Mol. Pharmacol. 52(3), 445–455 (1997)
  • Angelin B, Holmquist L, Leijd B et al.: Bile acid metabolism in familial dysbetalipoproteinaemia: studies in subjects with the apolipoprotein E-2/2 phenotype. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 20(2), 143–149 (1990)
  • Smit M, de Knijff P, Rosseneu M et al.: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in The Netherlands and its effect on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels. Hum. Genet. 80(3), 287–292 (1988)
  • Utermann G, Pruin N, Steinmetz A: Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. III. Effect of a single polymorphic gene locus on plasma lipid levels in man. Clin. Genet. 15(1), 63–72 (1979)
  • Mamotte CD, Sturm M, Foo JI et al.: Comparison of the LDL-receptor binding of VLDL?C and LDL?C from ApoE4 and ApoE3 homozygotes. Am. J. Physiol. 276(3 Pt 1), E553–E557 (1999)
  • Altenburg M, Arbones-Mainar J, Johnson L et al.: Human LDL?C receptor enhances sequestration of ApoE4 and VLDL?C remnants on the surface of hepatocytes but not their internalization in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28(6), 1104–1110 (2008)
  • Gregg RE, Zech LA, Schaefer EJ et al.: Abnormal in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E4 in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 78(3), 815–821 (1986)
  • Chou CY, Jen WP, Hsieh YH et al.: Structural and functional variations in human apolipoprotein E3 and E4. J. Biol. Chem. 281(19), 13333–13344 (2006)
  • Heeren J, Grewal T, Laatsch A et al.: Impaired recycling of apolipoprotein E4 is associated with intracellular cholesterol accumulation. J. Biol. Chem. 279(53), 55483–55492 (2004)
  • Heeren J, Beisiegel U, Grewal T: Apolipoprotein E recycling: implications for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26(3), 442–448 (2006)
  • Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ et al.: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 79(1), 8–15 (1989)
  • Toth PP: High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: clinical evidence and treatment strategies. Am. J. Cardiol. 96(9A), K50–K58; discussion K34–K35 (2005)
  • Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PW et al.: Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 256(20), 2835–2838 (1986)
  • Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A et al.: Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(22), 1583–1592 (2001)
  • Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT et al.: Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285(12), 1585–1591 (2001)
  • Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Craven T et al.: Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-cholesterol: benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDLcholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. Circulation 105(12), 1424–1428 (2002)
  • Assmann G, Gotto AM Jr: HDL?C cholesterol and protective factors in atherosclerosis. Circulation 109(23 Suppl. 1), III8–III14 (2004)
  • Ansell BJ, Fonarow GC, Fogelman AM: High-density lipoprotein: is it always atheroprotective? Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 8(5), 405–411 (2006)
  • Ansell BJ, Fonarow GC, Fogelman AM: The paradox of dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 18(4), 427–434 (2007)
  • deGoma EM, Leeper NJ, Heidenreich PA: Clinical significance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(1), 49–55 (2008)
  • Review of epidemiology studies demonstrating a U-shaped association of HDL?C levels and coronary artery disease (CAD)
  • van der Steeg WA, Holme I, Boekholdt SM et al.: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein A-I: significance for cardiovascular risk: the IDEAL and EPIC-Norfolk studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(6), 634–642 (2008)
  • Retrospective analysis of two large studies (IDEAL and EPIC-Norfolk) examining the association of HDL?C size and levels with CAD
  • Tall AR: Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J. Lipid Res. 34(8), 1255–1274 (1993)
  • Hirano K, Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y: Pros and cons of inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11(6), 589–596 (2000)
  • Barkowski RS, Frishman WH: HDL?C metabolism and CETP inhibition. Cardiol. Rev. 16(3), 154–162 (2008)
  • Matsuura F, Wang N, Chen W et al.: HDL?C from CETP-deficient subjects shows enhanced ability to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages in an ApoE- and ABCG1-dependent pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 116(5), 1435–1442 (2006)
  • The different binding capacity of ApoE with cholesterol esters compared with ApoA-I
  • Zhong S, Sharp DS, Grove JS et al.: Increased coronary heart disease in Japanese–American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL?C levels. J. Clin. Invest. 97(12), 2917–2923 (1996)
  • Joy T, Hegele RA: Is raising HDL?C a futile strategy for atheroprotection? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 7(2), 143–155 (2008)
  • Levy Y: High-density lipoprotein mass, cholesteryl ester transport protein, and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport: from the bedside back to the bench. Cardiovasc. Res. 77(4), 614–615 (2008)
  • Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M et al.: Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(21), 2109–2122 (2007)
  • Yamashita S, Maruyama T, Hirano K et al.: Molecular mechanisms, lipoprotein abnormalities and atherogenicity of hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 152(2), 271–285 (2000)
  • Ishigami M, Yamashita S, Sakai N et al.: Large and cholesteryl ester-rich high-density lipoproteins in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency can not protect macrophages from cholesterol accumulation induced by acetylated low-density lipoproteins. J. Biochem. 116(2), 257–262 (1994)
  • Brown ML, Inazu A, Hesler CB et al.: Molecular basis of lipid transfer protein deficiency in a family with increased high-density lipoproteins. Nature 342(6248), 448–451 (1989)
  • Keidar S, Ostlund RE Jr, Schonfeld G: Apolipoprotein E-rich HDL?C in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 84(2–3), 155–163 (1990)
  • Oram JF, Lawn RM: ABCA1. The gatekeeper for eliminating excess tissue cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 42(8), 1173–1179 (2001)
  • Furbee JW Jr, Francone O, Parks JS: In vivo contribution of LCAT to apolipoprotein B lipoprotein cholesteryl esters in LDL?C receptor and apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J. Lipid Res. 43(3), 428–437 (2002)
  • von Eckardstein A, Nofer JR, Assmann G: High density lipoproteins and arteriosclerosis. Role of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21(1), 13–27 (2001)
  • Schmitz G, Assmann G: Isolation of human serum HDL1 by zonal ultracentrifugation. J. Lipid Res. 23(6), 903–910 (1982)
  • The difference in HDL?C seen with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients
  • Ashby DT, Rye KA, Clay MA et al.: Factors influencing the ability of HDL?C to inhibit expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18(9), 1450–1455 (1998)
  • Kontush A, Chantepie S, Chapman MJ: Small, dense HDL?C particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL?C against oxidative stress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23(10), 1881–1888 (2003)
  • Thuahnai ST, Lund-Katz S, Dhanasekaran P et al.: Scavenger receptor class B type Imediated cholesteryl ester-selective uptake and efflux of unesterified cholesterol. Influence of high density lipoprotein size and structure. J. Biol. Chem. 279(13), 12448–12455 (2004)
  • Barter P, Kastelein J, Nunn A et al.: High density lipoproteins (HDLs) and atherosclerosis; the unanswered questions. Atherosclerosis 168(2), 195–211 (2003)
  • Morgan J, Carey C, Lincoff A et al.: High-density lipoprotein subfractions and risk of coronary artery disease. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 6(5), 359–365 (2004)
  • Vaisar T, Pennathur S, Green PS et al.: Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL. J. Clin. Invest. 117(3), 746–756 (2007)
  • Meyers CD, Kashyap ML: Pharmacologic elevation of high-density lipoproteins: recent insights on mechanism of action and atherosclerosis protection. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 19(4), 366–373 (2004)
  • Sharp DS, Burchfiel CM, Rodriguez BL et al.: Apolipoprotein A-1 predicts coronary heart disease only at low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an epidemiological study of Japanese–Americans. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 30(1), 39–48 (2000)
  • Eriksson M, Carlson LA, Miettinen TA et al.: Stimulation of fecal steroid excretion after infusion of recombinant proapolipoprotein A-I. Potential reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Circulation 100(6), 594–598 (1999)
  • Sirtori CR, Calabresi L, Franceschini G: Recombinant apolipoproteins for the treatment of vascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 142(1), 29–40 (1999)
  • Brousseau ME, Schaefer EJ, Wolfe ML et al.: Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL?C cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(15), 1505–1515 (2004)
  • Elisaf M: Effects of fibrates on serum metabolic parameters. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 18(5), 269–276 (2002)
  • Guerin M, Lassel TS, Le Goff W et al.: Action of atorvastatin in combined hyperlipidemia: preferential reduction of cholesteryl ester transfer from HDL?C to VLDL1 particles. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20(1), 189–197 (2000)
  • Carrilho AJ, Medina WL, Nakandakare ER et al.: Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein is lowered by treatment of hypercholesterolemia with cholestyramine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 62(1), 82–88 (1997)
  • Thomas TR, Smith BK, Donahue OM et al.: Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and exercise on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subfractions. Metabolism 53(6), 749–754 (2004)
  • Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Baksh RI et al.: Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Am. J. Cardiol. 91(12), 1432–1436 (2003)
  • Syvanne M, Nieminen MS, Frick MH et al.: Associations between lipoproteins and the progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis in a controlled trial with gemfibrozil in men with low baseline levels of HDL?C cholesterol. Circulation 98(19), 1993–1999 (1998)
  • Otvos JD, Collins D, Freedman DS et al.: Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Circulation 113(12), 1556–1563 (2006)
  • Asztalos BF, Batista M, Horvath KV et al.: Change in a1 HDL?C concentration predicts progression in coronary artery stenosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23(5), 847–852 (2003)
  • Koo C, Innerarity TL, Mahley RW: Obligatory role of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E in the formation of large cholesterol-enriched and receptor-active high density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 260(22), 11934–11943 (1985)
  • Mahley RW, Innerarity TL, Weisgraber KH et al.: Canine hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. Accumulation of lipid by aortic medial cells in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Pathol. 87(1), 205–226 (1977)
  • Mahley RW, Innerarity TL, Bersot TP et al.: Alterations in human high-density lipoproteins, with or without increased plasma-cholesterol, induced by diets high in cholesterol. Lancet 2(8094), 807–809 (1978)
  • McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Kushwaha RS et al.: Dietary effects on serum lipoproteins of dyslipoproteinemic baboons with high HDL1. Arteriosclerosis 6(6), 651–663 (1986)
  • Yamashita S, Sprecher DL, Sakai N et al.: Accumulation of apolipoprotein E-rich high density lipoproteins in hyperalphalipoproteinemic human subjects with plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 86(3), 688–695 (1990)
  • Describes the content of ApoE and ApoA-I bound to HDL1 of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-deficient patients
  • Clark RW, Sutfin TA, Ruggeri RB et al.: Raising high-density lipoprotein in humans through inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein: an initial multidose study of torcetrapib. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24(3), 490–497 (2004)
  • Ha YC, Barter PJ: Differences in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity in sixteen vertebrate species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 71(2), 265–269 (1982)
  • Innerarity TL, Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH et al.: Apoprotein (E–A-II) complex of human plasma lipoproteins. II. Receptor binding activity of a high density lipoprotein subfraction modulated by the apo(E–A-II) complex. J. Biol. Chem. 253(17), 6289–6295 (1978)
  • Davidson WS, Silva RA: Apolipoprotein structural organization in high density lipoproteins: belts, bundles, hinges and hairpins. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 16(3), 295–300 (2005)
  • Silva RA, Hilliard GM, Li L et al.: A mass spectrometric determination of the conformation of dimeric apolipoprotein A-I in discoidal high density lipoproteins. Biochemistry 44(24), 8600–8607 (2005)
  • Mahley RW, Huang Y, Weisgraber KH: Putting cholesterol in its place: ApoE and reverse cholesterol transport. J. Clin. Invest. 116(5), 1226–1229 (2006)
  • Richard BM, Pittman RC: Role of HDL1 in cholesteryl ester uptake in rats. J. Lipid Res. 34(4), 571–579 (1993)
  • Esteve E, Ricart W, Fernandez-Real JM: Dyslipidemia and inflammation: an evolutionary conserved mechanism. Clin. Nutr. 24(1), 16–31 (2005)
  • Khovidhunkit W, Shigenaga JK, Moser AH et al.: Cholesterol efflux by acute-phase high density lipoprotein: role of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. J. Lipid Res. 42(6), 967–975 (2001)
  • Khovidhunkit W, Duchateau PN, Medzihradszky KF et al.: Apolipoproteins A-IV and A-V are acute-phase proteins in mouse HDL. Atherosclerosis 176(1), 37–44 (2004)
  • Coetzee GA, Strachan AF, van der Westhuyzen DR et al.: Serum amyloid Acontaining human high density lipoprotein 3. Density, size, and apolipoprotein composition. J. Biol. Chem. 261(21), 9644–9651 (1986)
  • Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR et al.: The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina. N. Engl. J. Med. 331(7), 417–424 (1994)
  • Kosuge M, Ebina T, Ishikawa T et al.: Serum amyloid A is a better predictor of clinical outcomes than C-reactive protein in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circ. J. 71(2), 186–190 (2007)
  • Cabana VG, Feng N, Reardon CA et al.: Influence of ApoA-I and ApoE on the formation of serum amyloid A-containing lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro. J. Lipid Res. 45(2), 317–325 (2004)
  • Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS: Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant. Eur. J. Biochem. 265(2), 501–523 (1999)
  • Clifton PM, Mackinnon AM, Barter PJ: Effects of serum amyloid A protein (SAA) on composition, size, and density of high density lipoproteins in subjects with myocardial infarction. J. Lipid Res. 26(12), 1389–1398 (1985)
  • Miida T, Yamada T, Yamadera T et al.: Serum amyloid A protein generates pre b 1 high-density lipoprotein from a-migrating high-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry 38(51), 16958–16962 (1999)
  • Describes the structural changes to HDL?C following the binding of serum amyloid A (SAA)
  • Miida T, Nakamura Y, Inano K et al.: Pre b1 high-density lipoprotein increases in coronary artery disease. Clin. Chem. 42(12), 1992– 1995 (1996)
  • Tashiro JOM, Nakamura Y, Miyazaki A et al.: Plasma preb1-HDL?C level is elevated in unstable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis (2008) (In press)
  • Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8(1), 1–21 (1988)
  • Norata GD, Pirillo A, Catapano AL: Modified HDL: biological and physiopathological consequences. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 16(5), 371–386 (2006)
  • Navab M, Berliner JA, Subbanagounder G et al.: HDL?C and the inflammatory response induced by LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21(4), 481–488 (2001)
  • Banka CL, Yuan T, de Beer MC et al.: Serum amyloid A (SAA), influence on HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J. Lipid Res. 36(5), 1058–1065 (1995)
  • Kisilevsky R, Subrahmanyan L: Serum amyloid A changes high density lipoprotein’s cellular affinity. A clue to serum amyloid A’s principal function. Lab. Invest. 66(6), 778–785 (1992)
  • Quan G, Xie C, Dietschy JM et al.: Ontogenesis and regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system of the mouse. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 146(1–2), 87–98 (2003)
  • Roheim PS, Carey M, Forte T et al.: Apolipoproteins in human cerebrospinal fluid. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76(9), 4646–4649 (1979)
  • Pitas RE, Boyles JK, Lee SH et al.: Lipoproteins and their receptors in the central nervous system. Characterization of the lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid and identification of apolipoprotein B,E(LDL) receptors in the brain. J. Biol. Chem. 262(29), 14352–14360 (1987)
  • Koch S, Donarski N, Goetze K et al.: Characterization of four lipoprotein classes in human cerebrospinal fluid. J. Lipid Res. 42(7), 1143–1151 (2001)
  • Guyton JR, Miller SE, Martin ME et al.: Novel large apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins of density 1.006–001.060 g/ml in human cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurochem. 70(3), 1235–1240 (1998)
  • Yamauchi K, Tozuka M, Hidaka H et al.: Characterization of apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid: effect of phenotype on the distribution of apolipoprotein E. Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1431–1438 (1999)
  • Reviews the different apolipoprotein content of CNS HDL
  • Strittmatter WJ, Bova Hill C: Molecular biology of apolipoprotein E. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13(2), 119–123 (2002)
  • Gong JS, Morita SY, Kobayashi M et al.: Novel action of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), ApoE isoform specifically inhibits lipidparticle- mediated cholesterol release from neurons. Mol. Neurodegener. 2, 9 (2007)
  • Boyles JK, Pitas RE, Wilson E et al.: Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system. J. Clin. Invest. 76(4), 1501–1513 (1985)
  • Yamauchi K, Tozuka M, Nakabayashi T et al.: Apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid: relation to phenotype and plasma apolipoprotein E concentrations. Clin. Chem. 45(4), 497–504 (1999)
  • Carlsson J, Armstrong VW, Reiber H et al.: Clinical relevance of the quantification of apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin. Chim. Acta 196(2–3), 167–176 (1991)
  • Elshourbagy NA, Boguski MS, Liao WS et al.: Expression of rat apolipoprotein A-IV and A-I genes: mRNA induction during development and in response to glucocorticoids and insulin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82(23), 8242–8246 (1985)
  • Swanson LW, Simmons DM, Hofmann SL et al.: Localization of mRNA for low density lipoprotein receptor and a cholesterol synthetic enzyme in rabbit nervous system by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85(24), 9821–9825 (1988)
  • Irizarry M: Modulation of brain apolipoprotein E levels by the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Neurobiol. Lipids 4(2), (2005)
  • Mahley RW, Huang Y: Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 and Alzheimer’s disease: unique conformational and biophysical properties of ApoE4 can modulate neuropathology. Acta Neurol. Scand. (Suppl. 185), 8–14 (2006)
  • Methia N, Andre P, Hafezi-Moghadam A et al.: ApoE deficiency compromises the blood–brain barrier especially after injury. Mol. Med. 7(12), 810–815 (2001)
  • Cras P, Kawai M, Lowery D et al.: Senile plaque neurites in Alzheimer disease accumulate amyloid precursor protein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88(17), 7552–7556 (1991)
  • Eckert GP, Kirsch C, Leutz S et al.: Cholesterol modulates amyloid b-peptide’s membrane interactions. Pharmacopsychiatry 36 (Suppl. 2), S136–S143 (2003)
  • Koudinov AR, Koudinova NV, Kumar A et al.: Biochemical characterization of Alzheimer’s soluble amyloid b protein in human cerebrospinal fluid: association with high density lipoproteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223(3), 592–597 (1996)
  • Ladu MJ, Reardon C, Van Eldik L et al.: Lipoproteins in the central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 903, 167–175 (2000)
  • Nathan BP, Bellosta S, Sanan DA et al.: Differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 on neuronal growth in vitro. Science 264(5160), 850–852 (1994)
  • Holtzman DM, Pitas RE, Kilbridge J et al.: Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediates apolipoprotein E-dependent neurite outgrowth in a central nervous system-derived neuronal cell line. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92(21), 9480–9484 (1995)
  • Buttini M, Akeefe H, Lin C et al.: Dominant negative effects of apolipoprotein E4 revealed in transgenic models of neurodegenerative disease. Neuroscience 97(2), 207–210 (2000)
  • Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S et al.: Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 21(3), 383–421 (2000)
  • Vasto S, Candore G, Duro G et al.: Alzheimer’s disease and genetics of inflammation: a pharmacogenomic vision. Pharmacogenomics 8(12), 1735–1745 (2007)
  • Gahtan E, Overmier JB: Inflammatory pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease: biological mechanisms and cognitive sequeli. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23(5), 615–633 (1999)
  • Liang JS, Sloane JA, Wells JM et al.: Evidence for local production of acute phase response apolipoprotein serum amyloid A in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Neurosci. Lett. 225(2), 73–76 (1997)
  • Nybo M, Olsen H, Jeune B et al.: Increased plasma concentration of serum amyloid P component in centenarians with impaired cognitive performance. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 9(3), 126–129 (1998)
  • Flex A, Pola R, Serricchio M et al.: Polymorphisms of the macrophage inhibitory factor and C-reactive protein genes in subjects with Alzheimer’s dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 18(3–4), 261–264 (2004)
  • Kindy MS, Yu J, Guo JT et al.: Apolipoprotein serum amyloid a in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 1(3), 155–167 (1999)
  • Urieli-Shoval S, Cohen P, Eisenberg S et al.: Widespread expression of serum amyloid A in histologically normal human tissues. Predominant localization to the epithelium. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46(12), 1377–1384 (1998)
  • McGeer EG, Yasojima K, Schwab C et al.: The pentraxins: possible role in Alzheimer’s disease and other innate inflammatory diseases. Neurobiol. Aging 22(6), 843–848 (2001)
  • Jenny NS, Arnold AM, Kuller LH et al.: Serum amyloid P and cardiovascular disease in older men and women: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27(2), 352–358 (2007)
  • Kalaria RN, Kroon SN: Complement inhibitor C4-binding protein in amyloid deposits containing serum amyloid P in Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186(1), 461–466 (1992)
  • Miida T, Yamazaki F, Sakurai M et al.: The apolipoprotein E content of HDL?C in cerebro-spinal fluid is higher in children than in adults. Clin. Chem. 45(8 Pt 1), 1294–1296 (1999)
  • Yamauchi K, Tozuka M, Nakabayashi T et al.: Higher avidity binding of apolipoprotein (E-AII) complex than of apolipoprotein E monomer to b-amyloid. J. Neurosci. Res. 58(2), 301–307 (1999)
  • Brewer HB Jr, Lux SE, Ronan R et al.: Amino acid sequence of human apoLp-Gln-II (ApoA-II), an apolipoprotein isolated from the high-density lipoprotein complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 69(5), 1304–1308 (1972)
  • Miida T, Yamada T, Seino U et al.: Serum amyloid A (SAA)-induced remodeling of CSF-HDL. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1761(4), 424–433 (2006)
  • Soutar AK, Naoumova RP: Mechanisms of disease: genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 4(4), 214–225 (2007)
  • Hobbs HH, Russell DW, Brown MS et al.: The LDL?C receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: mutational analysis of a membrane protein. Annu. Rev. Genet. 24, 133–170 (1990)
  • The inability of ApoE4 to form a complex with ApoA-II increases its susceptibility to SAA-induced dissociation
  • Streja D, Steiner G, Kwiterovich PO Jr: Plasma high-density lipoproteins and ischemic heart disease: studies in a large kindred with familial hypercholesterolemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 89(6), 871–880 (1978)
  • Schonfeld G, Patsch W, Rudel LL et al.: Effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins. J. Clin. Invest. 69(5), 1072–1080 (1982)
  • Goldberg RB, Fless GM, Baker SG et al.: Abnormalities of high density lipoproteins in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 4(5), 472–478 (1984)
  • Ishida BY, Frolich J, Fielding CJ: Prebmigrating high density lipoprotein: quantitation in normal and hyperlipidemic plasma by solid phase radioimmunoassay following electrophoretic transfer. J. Lipid Res. 28(7), 778–786 (1987)
  • Ferrieres J, Lambert J, Lussier-Cacan S et al.: Coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients with the same LDL?C receptor gene mutation. Circulation 92(3), 290–295 (1995)
  • Gibson JC, Goldberg RB, Rubinstein A et al.: Plasma lipoprotein distribution of apolipoprotein E in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 7(4), 401–407 (1987)
  • Assmann G, Schmitz G, Menzel HJ et al.: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and hyperlipidemia. Clin. Chem. 30(5), 641–643 (1984)
  • Leren TP, Borresen AL, Berg K et al.: Increased frequency of the apolipoprotein E-4 isoform in male subjects with multifactorial hypercholesterolemia. Clin. Genet. 27(5), 458–462 (1985)
  • Eto M, Watanabe K, Iwashima Y et al.: Increased frequency of apolipoprotein e4 allele in type II diabetes with hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes 36(11), 1301–1306 (1987)
  • Wiegman A, Sijbrands EJ, Rodenburg J et al.: The apolipoprotein e4 allele confers additional risk in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr. Res. 53(6), 1008–1012 (2003)
  • Eto M, Watanabe K, Ishii K: Reciprocal effects of apolipoprotein E alleles (e 2 and e4) on plasma lipid levels in normolipidemic subjects. Clin. Genet. 29(6), 477–484 (1986)
  • Sing CF, Davignon J: Role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in determining normal plasma lipid and lipoprotein variation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 37(2), 268–285 (1985)
  • Eto M, Watanabe K, Chonan N et al.: Familial hypercholesterolemia and apolipoprotein E4. Atherosclerosis 72(2–3), 123–128 (1988)
  • de Gennes JL, Touraine R, Maunand B et al.: Homozygous cutaneo-tendinous forms of hypercholesteremic xanthomatosis in an exemplary familial case. Trial of plasmapheresis and heroic treatment. Bull. Mem. Soc. Med. Hop. Paris 118(15), 1377–1402 (1967)
  • Bosch T, Wendler T: State of the art of low-density lipoprotein apheresis in the year 2003. Ther. Apher. Dial. 8(2), 76–79 (2004)
  • Mabuchi H, Koizumi J, Shimizu M et al.: Long-term efficacy of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hokuriku-FH-LDLApheresis Study Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 82(12), 1489–1495 (1998)
  • Thompson GR: LDL?C apheresis. Atherosclerosis 167(1), 1–13 (2003)
  • Lund-Katz S, Laplaud PM, Phillips MC et al.: Apolipoprotein B-100 conformation and particle surface charge in human LDL?C subspecies: implication for LDL?C receptor interaction. Biochemistry 37(37), 12867–12874 (1998). 182 Davidson WS, Sparks DL, Lund-Katz S et al.: The molecular basis for the difference in charge between pre-b- and a-migrating high density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269(12), 8959–8965 (1994)
  • Desrumaux C, Athias A, Masson D et al.: Influence of the electrostatic charge of lipoprotein particles on the activity of the human plasma phospholipid transfer protein. J. Lipid Res. 39(1), 131–142 (1998)
  • Moriarty PM: LDL-apheresis therapy: current therapeutic practice and potential future use. Future Lipidol. 1(3), 10 (2006)
  • de Ferranti SD, Rifai N: C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum marker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 16(1), 14–21 (2007)
  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L et al.: Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(20), 1557–1565 (2002)
  • Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA et al.: Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(21), 2195–2207 (2008)
  • Kobayashi J, Katsube S, Shimoda M et al.: Single LDL?C apheresis improves serum remnant-like particle-cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and malondialdehyde-modified-lowdensity lipoprotein concentrations in Japanese hypercholesterolemic subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta 321(1–2), 107–112 (2002)
  • Moriarty PM, Gibson CA: Effect of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. Am. J. Cardiol. 95(10), 1246–1247 (2005)
  • Moriarty PM, Gibson CA, Shih J et al.: C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation among patients undergoing HELP LDL?C apheresis. Atherosclerosis 158(2), 495–498 (2001)
  • Otto C, Geiss HC, Empen K et al.: Long-term reduction of C-reactive protein concentration by regular LDL?C apheresis. Atherosclerosis 174(1), 151–156 (2004)
  • Wieland E, Schettler V, Armstrong VW: Highly effective reduction of C-reactive protein in patients with coronary heart disease by extracorporeal low density lipoprotein apheresis. Atherosclerosis 162(1), 187–191 (2002)
  • Kaul S, Jayaweera AR: Determinants of microvascular flow. Eur. Heart J. 27(19), 2272–2274 (2006)
  • Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens DP et al.: Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112(10), 1018–1031 (1988)
  • Crowley JP, Metzger J, Assaf A et al.: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and whole blood viscosity. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 24(6), 533–541 (1994)
  • Sloop GD, Garber DW: The effects of low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein on blood viscosity correlate with their association with risk of atherosclerosis in humans. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 92(5), 473–479 (1997)
  • Rosenson RS, Shott S, Tangney CC: Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an elevated blood viscosity Rosenson: triglycerides and blood viscosity. Atherosclerosis 161(2), 433–439 (2002)
  • Stamos TD, Rosenson RS: Low high density lipoprotein levels are associated with an elevated blood viscosity. Atherosclerosis 146(1), 161–165 (1999)
  • Slyper A, Le A, Jurva J et al.: The influence of lipoproteins on whole-blood viscosity at multiple shear rates. Metabolism 54(6), 764–768 (2005)
  • Ruhenstroth-Bauer G, Mossmer G, Ottl J et al.: Highly significant negative correlations between erythrocyte aggregation value and serum concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in a sample from a normal population and in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 17(3), 275–279 (1987)
  • Rosenson RS, Lowe GD: Effects of lipids and lipoproteins on thrombosis and rheology. Atherosclerosis 140(2), 271–280 (1998)
  • Grutzmacher P, Landgraf H, Esser R et al.: In vivo rheologic effects of lipid apheresis techniques: comparison of dextran sulfate LDL?C adsorption and heparin induced LDL?C precipitation. ASAIO Trans. 36(3), M327–M330 (1990)
  • Schmaldienst S, Banyai S, Stulnig TM et al.: Prospective randomised cross-over comparison of three LDL-apheresis systems in statin pretreated patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 151(2), 493–499 (2000)
  • Richter WO, Jacob BG, Ritter MM et al.: Three-year treatment of familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia by extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein immunoadsorption with polyclonal apolipoprotein B antibodies. Metab. Clin. Exp. 42(7), 888–894 (1993)
  • Parker TS, Gordon BR, Saal SD et al.: Plasma high density lipoprotein is increased in man when low density lipoprotein (LDL) is lowered by LDL-pheresis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83(3), 777–781 (1986)
  • Hershcovici T, Schechner V, Orlin J et al.: Effect of different LDL-apheresis methods on parameters involved in atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Apher. 19(2), 90–97 (2004)
  • Schechner V, Berliner S, Shapira I et al.: Comparative analysis between dextran sulfate adsorption and direct adsorption of lipoproteins in their capability to reduce erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral blood. Ther. Apher. Dial. 8(1), 39–44 (2004)
  • Jackson RL, Busch SJ, Cardin AD: Glycosaminoglycans: molecular properties, protein interactions, and role in physiological processes. Physiol. Rev. 71(2), 481–539 (1991)
  • Cheung MC, Albers JJ: Active plasma phospholipid transfer protein is associated with ApoA-I- but not ApoE-containing lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 47(6), 1315–1321 (2006)
  • Ancsin JB, Kisilevsky R: The heparin/ heparan sulfate-binding site on apo-serum amyloid A. Implications for the therapeutic intervention of amyloidosis. J. Biol. Chem. 274(11), 7172–7181 (1999)
  • Hamazaki H: Ca2+-mediated association of human serum amyloid P component with heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. J. Biol. Chem. 262(4), 1456–1460 (1987)
  • Palumbo B, Cardinali L, Sinzinger H: LDL-apheresis removes serum amyloid P and A in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thromb. Res. 97(6), 491–494 (2000)
  • Kojima S, Harada-Shiba M, Yamamoto A: Plasma constituents other than low-density lipoprotein adsorbed by dextran-sulfate column. Ther. Apher. 1(4), 309–313 (1997)
  • Yoshidome H, Kuriyama M, Fujiyama J et al.: Serum amyloid A and P protein levels are lowered by dextran sulfate cellulose low-density lipoprotein apheresis. Artif. Organs 22(2), 144–148 (1998)
  • Navab M, Ananthramaiah GM, Reddy ST et al.: The double jeopardy of HDL. Ann. Med. 37(3), 173–178 (2005)
  • Opole IO, Belmont JM, Kumar A et al.: Effect of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on inflammatory and noninflammatory high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am. J. Cardiol. 100(9), 1416–1418 (2007)
  • Kawano M, Kuroda Y, Terao M et al.: Marked removal of bezafibrate-induced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol by low-density lipoprotein apheresis. Clin. Chim. Acta 318(1–2), 91–95 (2002)
  • Geiss HC, Bremer S, Barrett PH et al.: In vivo metabolism of LDL?C subfractions in patients with heterozygous FH on statin therapy: rebound analysis of LDL?C subfractions after LDL?C apheresis. J. Lipid Res. 45(8), 1459–1467 (2004)
  • Koizumi J, Inazu A, Fujita H et al.: Removal of apolipoprotein E-enriched high density lipoprotein by LDL-apheresis in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a possible activation of the reverse cholesterol transport system. Atherosclerosis 74(1–2), 1–8 (1988)
  • Krimbou L, Tremblay M, Davignon J et al.: Characterization of human plasma apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins in the high density lipoprotein size range: focus on pre-b1-LpE, pre-b2-LpE, and a-LpE. J. Lipid Res. 38(1), 35–48 (1997)
  • LDL-apheresis effects on HDL-bound ApoE
  • Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW: Subfractionation of human high density lipoproteins by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. J. Lipid Res. 21(3), 316–325 (1980)
  • Cardin AD, Hirose N, Blankenship DT et al.: Binding of a high reactive heparin to human apolipoprotein E: identification of two heparin-binding domains. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 134(2), 783–789 (1986)
  • Crawford JG: Alzheimer’s disease risk factors as related to cerebral blood flow. Med. Hypotheses 46(4), 367–377 (1996)
  • Sun ZW, Zhu YX, Liu HY et al.: Decreased cerebral blood flow velocity in apolipoprotein E e4 allele carriers with mild cognitive impairment. Eur. J. Neurol. 14(2), 150–155 (2007)
  • Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L et al.: Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 300(9), 1027–1037 (2008)
  • Igarashi K, Tsuji M, Nishimura M et al.: Improvement of endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation after a single LDL?C apheresis in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J. Clin. Apher. 19(1), 11–16 (2004)
  • Sato M, Amano I: Changes in oxidative stress and microcirculation by low-density lipoprotein apheresis. Ther. Apher. Dial. 7(4), 419–424 (2003)
  • Kobayashi K, Yamashita K, Tasaki H et al.: Evaluation of improved coronary flow velocity reserve using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography after single LDL?C apheresis. Ther. Apher. Dial. 8(5), 383–389 (2004)
  • Mellwig KP, Baller D, Gleichmann U et al.: Improvement of coronary vasodilatation capacity through single LDL?C apheresis. Atherosclerosis 139(1), 173–178 (1998)
  • Pfefferkorn TK, Knuppel HP, Jaeger BR et al.: Increased cerebral CO2 reactivity after heparin-mediated extracorporal LDL?C precipitation (HELP) in patients with coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia. Stroke 30(9), 1802–1806 (1999)
  • Walzl B, Walzl M, Valetitsch H et al.: Increased cerebral perfusion following reduction of fibrinogen and lipid fractions. Haemostasis 25(3), 137–143 (1995)
  • Walzl M, Lechner H, Walzl B et al.: Improved neurological recovery of cerebral infarctions after plasmapheretic reduction of lipids and fibrinogen. Stroke 24(10), 1447–1451 (1993)
  • Walzl M, Walzl B, Lechner H: Results of a two-month follow-up after single heparininduced extracorporeal LDL?C precipatation in vascular disease. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 4(3), 4 (1994)
  • Gibson CA, Paolo AM et al.: Cognitive and emotional functions after rapid cholesterol lowering. Presented at: 111th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. Toronto, Canada, 8–12 August (2003)
  • LDL-apheresis study examining the improvement of whole-brain perfusion in patients with multi-infarct dementia
  • Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K et al.: Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal women from the healthy women study. Am. J. Cardiol. 90(8A), I71–I76 (2002) 236 Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Freedman DS: Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I) trial. Am. J. Cardiol. 90(2), 89–94 (2002)
  • El Harchaoui K, Arsenault BJ, Franssen R et al.: High-density lipoprotein particle size and concentration and coronary risk. Ann. Intern. Med. 150(2), 84–93 (2009)
  • Moriarty PM, Gibson CA: Association between hematological parameters and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 20(4), 318–323 (2005)
  • Ullrich H, Kleinjung T, Steffens T et al.: Improved treatment of sudden hearing loss by specific fibrinogen aphaeresis. J. Clin. Apher. 19(2), 71–78 (2004)
  • Balletshofer BM, Stock J, Rittig K et al.: Acute effect of rheopheresis on peripheral endothelial dysfunction in patients suffering from sudden hearing loss. Ther. Apher. Dial. 9(5), 385–390 (2005)
  • Suckfull M: Fibrinogen and LDL?C apheresis in treatment of sudden hearing loss: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 360(9348), 1811–1817 (2002)
  • Kobayashi S, Moriya H, Negishi K et al.: LDL-apheresis up-regulates VEGF and IGF-I in patients with ischemic limb. J. Clin. Apher. 18(3), 115–119 (2003)
  • Kobayashi S, Moriya H, Maesato K et al.: LDL-apheresis improves peripheral arterial occlusive disease with an implication for anti-inflammatory effects. J. Clin. Apher. 20(4), 239–243 (2005)
  • Mii S, Mori A, Sakata H et al.: LDL?C apheresis for arteriosclerosis obliterans with occluded bypass graft: change in prostacyclin and effect on ischemic symptoms. Angiology 49(3), 175–180 (1998)
  • Walzl B, Walzl M, Lechner P et al.: Heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL?C precipitation (HELP), a new therapeutic intervention in cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 143(22), 563–570 (1993)
  • Muso E, Mune M, Fujii Y et al.: Significantly rapid relief from steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome by LDL?C apheresis compared with steroid monotherapy. Nephron 89(4), 408–415 (2001)
  • Nakamura T, Kawagoe Y, Ogawa H et al.: Effect of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on urinary protein and podocyte excretion in patients with nephrotic syndrome due to diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 45(1), 48–53 (2005)
  • Ramunni A, Giancipoli G, Guerriero S et al.: LDL-apheresis accelerates the recovery of nonarteritic acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ther. Apher. Dial. 9(1), 53–58 (2005)
  • Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B et al.: Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch. Ophthalmol. 122(4), 564–572 (2004)
  • Pulido JS: Multicenter prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebocontrolled study of rheopheresis to treat nonexudative age-related macular degeneration: interim analysis. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 100, 85–106; discussion 106–107 (2002)
  • Wang Y, Walli AK, Schulze A et al.: Heparin-mediated extracorporeal low density lipoprotein precipitatioan as a possible therapeutic approach in preeclampsia. Transfus. Apher. Sci. 35(2), 103–110 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.