Intensifying statin therapy to maximize cardiovascular risk reduction: is 50 the new 70? Goals are getting old

Bibliography

• Cholesterol Treatment Trialists– (CTT) Collaboration; Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J et al.: Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomized trials. Lancet 376(9753), 1670–1681 (2010)
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al.: Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121(7), 948–954 (2010)
   Google Scholar
• Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D: Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 16(2), 434–444 (1993)
   Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Peto R, Collins R, MacMahon S, Lu J, Li W: Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. BMJ 303(6797), 276–282 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Prospective Studies Collaboration; Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R et al.: Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet 370(9602), 1829–1839 (2007)
   Google Scholar
• LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD et al.: Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(14), 1425–1435 (2005)
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJet al.: High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294(19), 2437–2445 (2005)
   Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al.: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(15), 1495–1504 (2004)
   Google Scholar
• Koren MJ, Hunninghake DB; ALLIANCE Investigators: Clinical outcomes in managedcare patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(9), 1772–1779 (2004)
   Google Scholar
• Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W et al.: Atorvastatin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(3), 238–248 (2005)
   Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, d–Emden M, Smilde JG,Pocock SJ: Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with Type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 29(7), 1478–1485 (2006)
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H et al.: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368(9542), 1155–1163 (2006)
   Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA et al.: Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(21), 2195–2207 (2008)
   Google Scholar
• GISSI-HF Investigators; Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R et al.: Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 372(9645), 1231–1239 (2008)
   Google Scholar
• Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE et al.: Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(14), 1395–1407 (2009)
   Google Scholar
• de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD et al.: Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 292(11), 1307–1316 (2004)
   Google Scholar
• Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH) Collaborative Group; Armitage J, Bowman L, Wallendszus K et al.: Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12,064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial. Lancet376(9753), 1658–1669 (2010)
   Google Scholar
• Harper CR, Jacobson TA: Using apolipoprotein B to manage dyslipidemic patients: time for a change? Mayo Clin. Proc. 85(5), 440–445 (2010).
   Google Scholar