432
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Lipid parameters and venous thromboembolism: clinical evidence, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications

, , &
Pages 455-469 | Published online: 18 Jan 2017

References

  • Sorensen HT, Horvath-Puho E, Sogaard KK etal. Arterial cardiovascular events, statins, low-dose aspirin and subsequent risk of venous thromboembolism: a populationbased case–control study. J.Thromb.Haemost. 7(4), 521–528 (2009).
  • Prandoni P, Bilora F, Marchiori A etal. An association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. N.Engl.J.Med. 348(15), 1435–1441 (2003).
  • Hong C, Zhu F, Du D, Pilgram TK, Sicard GA, Bae KT. Coronary artery calcification and risk factors for atherosclerosis in patients with venous thromboembolism. Atherosclerosis 183(1), 169–174 (2005).
  • Sorensen HT, Horvath-Puho E, Pedersen L, Baron JA, Prandoni P. Venous thromboembolism and subsequent hospitalisation due to acute arterial cardiovascular events: a 20-year cohort study. Lancet 370(9601), 1773–1779 (2007).
  • Becattini C, Agnelli G, Prandoni P etal. A prospective study on cardiovascular events after acute pulmonary embolism. Eur.Heart J.26(1), 77–83 (2005).
  • Prandoni P, Ghirarduzzi A, Prins MH etal. Venous thromboembolism and the risk of subsequent symptomatic atherosclerosis. J.Thromb.Haemost. 4(9), 1891–1896 (2006).
  • Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM etal. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125(1), e2–e220 (2012).
  • Oger E. Incidence of venous thromboembolism: a community-based study in Western France. EPI-GETBO study group. Groupe d’Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale. Thromb.Haemost. 83(5), 657–660 (2000).
  • Ageno W, Becattini C, Brighton T, Selby R, Kamphuisen PW. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-ana lysis. Circulation 117(1), 93–102 (2008). ▪▪ Meta-analysis of the risk of venous thromboembolism associated with cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Frederiksen J, Juul K, Grande P etal. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism (C677T), hyperhomocysteinemia, and risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism: prospective and Case–control studies from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Blood 104(10), 3046–3051 (2004).
  • Kawasaki T, Kambayashi J, Ariyoshi H, Sakon M, Suehisa E, Monden M. Hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for deepvein thrombosis. Thromb.Res. 88(1), 67–73 (1997).
  • McColl MD, Sattar N, Ellison J etal. Lipoprotein (a), cholesterol and triglycerides in women with venous thromboembolism. BloodCoagul.Fibrinolysis 11(3), 225–229 (2000).
  • Seguí R, Estellés A, Mira Y etal. PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G genotype as an additional risk factor for venous thrombosis in subjects with genetic thrombophilic defects. Br.J. Haematol. 111(1), 122–128 (2000).
  • Zamani A, Omrani GR, Lankarani KB. Hyperhomocysteinaemia, hyperlipidaemia and risk of venous thromboembolism in Shiraz. EastMediterr.HealthJ.9(5–6), 935–943 (2003).
  • Vaya A, Mira Y, Ferrando F etal. Hyperlipidaemia and venous thromboembolism in patients lacking thrombophilic risk factors. Br.J.Haematol. 118(1), 255–259 (2002).
  • Tsai AW, Cushman M, Rosamond WD, Heckbert SR, Polak JF, Folsom AR. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Arch.Intern.Med. 162(10), 1182–1189 (2002).
  • Everett BM, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Lipid biomarkers, hormone therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism in women. J.Thromb.Haemost. 7(4), 588–596 (2009).
  • Doggen CJ, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN, Heckbert SR, Rosendaal FR, Psaty BM. Serum lipid levels and the risk of venous thrombosis. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 24(10), 1970–1975 (2004).
  • Deguchi H, Pecheniuk NM, Elias DJ, Averell PM, Griffin JH. High-density lipoprotein deficiency and dyslipoproteinemia associated with venous thrombosis in men. Circulation 112(6), 893–899 (2005).
  • Delluc A, Malécot JM, Kerspern H etal. Lipid parameters, lipid lowering drugs and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Atherosclerosis 220(1), 184–188 (2012).
  • Ay C, Tengler T, Vormittag R etal. Venous thromboembolism – a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Haematologica 92(3), 374–380 (2007).
  • Lippi G, Brocco G, Manzato F, Guidi G. Relationship between venous thromboembolism and lipid or lipoprotein disorders. Thromb.Res. 95(6), 353–354 (1999).
  • Gonzalez-Ordonez AJ, Fernandez-Carreira JM, Fernandez-Alvarez CR etal. The concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and lipids are independently associated with venous thromboembolism. Haematologica 88(9), 1035–1043 (2003).
  • Ageno W, Prandoni P, Romualdi E etal. The metabolic syndrome and the risk of venous thrombosis: a case–control study. J.Thromb.Haemost. 4(9), 1914–1918 (2006).
  • Steffen LM, Cushman M, Peacock JM etal. Metabolic syndrome and risk of venous thromboembolism: longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. J.Thromb. Haemost. 7(5), 746–751 (2009).
  • Doggen CJ, Lemaitre RN, Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of venous thrombosis among postmenopausal women. J.Thromb. Haemost. 2(5), 700–701 (2004).
  • Chamberlain AM, Folsom AR, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Cushman M. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and venous thromboembolism in the Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE). Blood 112(7), 2675–2680 (2008).
  • Rosenson RS, Lowe GD. Effects of lipids and lipoproteins on thrombosis and rheology. Atherosclerosis 140(2), 271–280 (1998). ▪▪ Review of the effects of lipid parameters on hemostasis.
  • Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD etal. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus conference report from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 51(15), 1512–1524 (2008).
  • Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA etal. Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 104(10), 1108–1113 (2001).
  • Sniderman AD, Furberg CD, Keech A etal. Apolipoproteins versus lipids as indices of coronary risk and as targets for statin treatment. Lancet 361(9359), 777–780 (2003).
  • Walldius G, Jungner I. The apoB/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a target for lipid-lowering therapy – a review of the evidence. J.Intern.Med. 259(5), 493–519 (2006).
  • Marcucci R, Liotta AA, Cellai AP etal. Increased plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) and the risk of idiopathic and recurrent venous thromboembolism. Am.J.Med. 115(8), 601–605 (2003).
  • von Depka M, Nowak-Göttl U, Eisert R etal. Increased lipoprotein (a) levels as an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Blood 96(10), 3364–3368 (2000).
  • Császár A, Karádi I, Juhász E, Romics L. High lipoprotein(a) levels with predominance of high molecular weight apo(a) isoforms in patients with pulmonary embolism. Eur.J. Clin.Invest. 25(5), 368–370 (1995).
  • Rodger MA, Le Gal G, Carrier M etal. Serum lipoprotein (a) levels in patients with first unprovoked venous thromboembolism is not associated with subsequent risk of recurrent VTE. Thromb.Res. 126(3), 222–226 (2010).
  • Sofi F, Marcucci R, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Prisco D. Lipoprotein (a) and venous thromboembolism in adults: a meta-analysis. Am.J.Med. 120(8), 728–733 (2007).
  • Eichinger S, Pecheniuk NM, Hron G etal. High-density lipoprotein and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Circulation 115(12), 1609–1614 (2007).
  • Allford S. Haemostasis. Medicine 32(5), 11–14 (2004). ▪▪ Current knowledge of the physiology of hemostasis.
  • Norris LA. Blood coagulation. BestPract.Res. Clin.Obstet.Gynaecol. 17(3), 369–383 (2003). ▪▪ Current knowledge of the physiology of hemostasis.
  • Drake TA, Hannani K, Fei HH, Lavi S, Berliner JA. Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces tissue factor expression in cultured human endothelial cells. Am.J. Pathol. 138(3), 601–607 (1991).
  • Colli S, Eligini S, Lalli M, Camera M, Paoletti R, Tremoli E. Vastatins inhibit tissue factor in cultured human macrophages. A novel mechanism of protection against atherothrombosis. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc. Biol. 17(2), 265–272 (1997).
  • Carson SD. Plasma high density lipoproteins inhibit the activation of coagulation factor X by factor VIIa and tissue factor. FEBSLett. 132(1), 37–40 (1981).
  • Lowe GD, Wood DA, Douglas JT etal. Relationships of plasma viscosity, coagulation and fibrinolysis to coronary risk factors and angina. Thromb.Haemost. 65(4), 339–343 (1991).
  • Hoffman CJ, Lawson WE, Miller RH, Hultin MB. Correlation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors with cholesterol and triglycerides in healthy young adults. Arterioscler.Thromb. 14(11), 1737–1740 (1994).
  • Mitropoulos KA, Miller GJ, Reeves BE, Wilkes HC, Cruickshank JK. Factor VII coagulant activity is strongly associated with the plasma concentration of large lipoprotein particles in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 76(2–3), 203–208 (1989).
  • Balleisen L, Assmann G, Bailey J, Epping PH, Schulte H, van de Loo J. Epidemiological study on factor VII, factor VIII and fibrinogen in an industrial population – II. Baseline data on the relation to blood pressure, blood glucose, uric acid, and lipid fractions. Thromb. Haemost. 54(3), 721–723 (1985).
  • Hoffman CJ, Miller RH, Lawson WE, Hultin MB. Elevation of factor VII activity and mass in young adults at risk of ischemic heart disease. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 14(4), 941–946 (1989).
  • Halle M, Berg A, Keul J, Baumstark MW. Association between serum fibrinogen concentrations and HDL and LDL subfraction phenotypes in healthy men. Arterioscler. Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 16(1), 144–148 (1996).
  • Miller GJ, Martin JC, Webster J etal. Association between dietary fat intake and plasma factor VII coagulant activity – a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis 60(3), 269–277 (1986).
  • Saenko EL, Shima M, Sarafanov AG. Role of activation of the coagulation factor VIII in interaction with vWf, phospholipid, and functioning within the factor Xase complex. TrendsCardiovasc.Med. 9(7), 185–192 (1999).
  • Kjalke M, Silveira A, Hamsten A, Hedner U, Ezban M. Plasma lipoproteins enhance tissue factor-independent factor VII activation. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 20(7), 1835–1841 (2000).
  • Sakata T, Kario K, Katayama Y, Matsuyama T, Kato H, Miyata T. Clinical significance of activated protein C resistance as a potential marker for hypercoagulable state. Thromb.Res. 82(3), 235–244 (1996).
  • Mariani G, Bernardi F, Bertina R etal. Serum phospholipids are the main environmental determinants of activated factor VII in the most common FVII genotype. European Union Concerted Action “Clotart”. Haematologica 84(7), 620–626 (1999).
  • Mariani G, Conard J, Bernardi F etal. Oral contraceptives highlight the genotype-specific association between serum phospholipids and activated factor VII. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc. Biol. 19(8), 2024–2028 (1999).
  • Griffin JH, Fernandez JA, Deguchi H. Plasma lipoproteins, hemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb.Haemost. 86(1), 386–394 (2001). ▪▪ Reviews the effects of lipid parameters on hemostasis.
  • Woodward M, Lowe GD, Rumley A etal. Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers: the third Glasgow MONICA survey. II. Relationships to cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Br.J.Haematol. 97(4), 785–797 (1997).
  • Bradley WA, Gianturco SH. Vitamin K-dependent proteins bind to very low-density lipoproteins. Semin.Thromb. Hemost. 14(3), 253–257 (1988).
  • de Sousa JC, Soria C, Ayrault-Jarrier M etal. Association between coagulation factors VII and X with triglyceride rich lipoproteins. J.Clin.Pathol. 41(9), 940–944 (1988).
  • Silveira A, Karpe F, Blombäck M, Steiner G, Walldius G, Hamsten A. Activation of coagulation factor VII during alimentary lipemia. Arterioscler.Thromb. 14(1), 60–69 (1994).
  • Moyer MP, Tracy RP, Tracy PB, van’t Veer C, Sparks CE, Mann KG. Plasma lipoproteins support prothrombinase and other procoagulant enzymatic complexes. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 18(3), 458–465 (1998).
  • Rota S, McWilliam NA, Baglin TP, Byrne CD. Atherogenic lipoproteins support assembly of the prothrombinase complex and thrombin generation: modulation by oxidation and vitamin E. Blood 91(2), 508–515 (1998).
  • Xu N, Dahlbäck B, Ohlin AK, Nilsson A. Association of vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins and C4b binding protein with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of human plasma. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 18(1), 33–39 (1998).
  • Xu N, Ohlin AK, Zhou L, Nilsson A. Binding of prothrombin to chyle chylomicrons: effects of temperature and calcium ions, and role of surface phospholipids. Thromb.Res. 80(1), 35–46 (1995).
  • Lowe GD, Drummond MM, Third JL etal. Increased plasma fibrinogen and plateletaggregates in type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Thromb.Haemost. 42(5), 1503–1507 (1980).
  • DiMinno G, Silver MJ, Cerbone AM, Rainone A, Postiglione A, Mancini M. Increased fibrinogen binding to platelets from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 6(2), 203–211 (1986).
  • Cremer P, Nagel D, Labrot B etal. Lipoprotein Lp(a) as predictor of myocardial infarction in comparison to fibrinogen, LDL cholesterol and other risk factors: results from the prospective Göttingen Risk Incidence and Prevalence Study (GRIPS). Eur.J.Clin. Invest. 24(7), 444–453 (1994).
  • Koenig W, Sund M, Ernst E, Mraz W, Hombach V, Keil U. Association between rheology and components of lipoproteins in human blood. Results from the MONICA project. Circulation 85(6), 2197–2204 (1992).
  • Welty FK, Mittleman MA, Wilson PW etal. Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population. Circulation 95(4), 825–830 (1997).
  • Møller L, Kristensen TS. Plasma fibrinogen and ischemic heart disease risk factors. Arterioscler. Thromb. 11(2), 344–350 (1991).
  • Griffin JH, Kojima K, Banka CL, Curtiss LK, Fernández JA. High-density lipoprotein enhancement of anticoagulant activities of plasma protein S and activated protein C. J.Clin.Invest. 103(2), 219–227 (1999).
  • Lesnik P, Vonica A, Guérin M, Moreau M, Chapman MJ. Anticoagulant activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in human plasma is preferentially associated with dense subspecies of LDL and HDL and with Lp(a). Arterioscler. Thromb. 13(7), 1066–1075 (1993).
  • Zitoun D, Bara L, Basdevant A, Samama MM. Levels of factor VIIc associated with decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in dyslipidemias. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 16(1), 77–81 (1996).
  • Sandset PM, Lund H, Norseth J, Abildgaard U, Ose L. Treatment with hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase inhibitors in hypercholesterolemia induces changes in the components of the extrinsic coagulation system. Arterioscler.Thromb. 11(1), 138–145 (1991).
  • Hansen JB, Huseby NE, Sandset PM, Svensson B, Lyngmo V, Nordøy A. Tissue-factor pathway inhibitor and lipoproteins. Evidence for association with and regulation by LDL in human plasma. Arterioscler.Thromb. 14(2), 223–229 (1994).
  • Moor E, Hamsten A, Karpe F, Båvenholm P, Blombäck M, Silveira A. Relationship of tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity to plasma lipoproteins and myocardial infarction at a young age. Thromb.Haemost. 71(6), 707–712 (1994).
  • Bertina RM, Koeleman BP, Koster T etal. Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature 369(6475), 64–67 (1994).
  • Greengard JS, Sun X, Xu X, Fernandez JA, Griffin JH, Evatt B. Activated protein C resistance caused by Arg506Gln mutation in factor Va. Lancet 343(8909), 1361–1362 (1994).
  • Voorberg J, Roelse J, Koopman R etal. Association of idiopathic venous thromboembolism with single point-mutation 85 at Arg506 of factor V. Lancet 343(8912), 1535–1536 (1994).
  • Woodward M, Lowe GD, Rumley A etal. Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers: the third Glasgow MONICA Survey. II. Relationships to cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Br.J.Haematol. 97(4), 785–797 (1997).
  • Hamsten A, Wiman B, de Faire U, Blombäck M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N.Engl. J.Med. 313(25), 1557–1563 (1985).
  • Levin EG, Miles LA, Fless GM etal. Lipoproteins inhibit the secretion of tissue plasminogen activator from human endothelial cells. Arterioscler.Thromb. 14(3), 438–442 (1994).
  • Juhan-Vague I, Pyke SD, Alessi MC, Jespersen J, Haverkate F, Thompson SG. Fibrinolytic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. ECAT Study Group. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities. Circulation 94(9), 2057–2063 (1996).
  • Mussoni L, Mannucci L, Sirtori M etal. Hypertriglyceridemia and regulation of fibrinolytic activity. Arterioscler.Thromb. 12(1), 19–27 (1992).
  • Stiko-Rahm A, Wiman B, Hamsten A, Nilsson J. Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells is induced by very low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 10(6), 1067–1073 (1990).
  • Sironi L, Mussoni L, Prati L etal. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 synthesis and mRNA expression in HepG2 cells are regulated by VLDL. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 16(1), 89–96 (1996).
  • Tremoli E, Camera M, Maderna P etal. Increased synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by cultured human endothelial cells exposed to native and modified LDLs. An LDL receptor-independent phenomenon. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13(3), 338–346 (1993).
  • Grady D, Wenger NK, Herrington D etal. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease. The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. Ann.Intern.Med. 132(9), 689–696 (2000).
  • Glynn RJ, Danielson E, Fonseca FA etal. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N.Engl.J.Med. 360(18), 1851–1861 (2009). ▪▪ The JUPTER trial: a randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism.
  • Squizzato A, Galli M, Romualdi E etal. Statins, fibrates, and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Eur. HeartJ.31(10), 1248–1256 (2010). ▪▪ Meta-analysis of lipid-lowering drugs use and the risk of venous thromboembolism.
  • Agarwal V, Phung OJ, Tongbram V, Bhardwaj A, Coleman CI. Statin use and the prevention of venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Int.J.Clin.Pract. 64(10), 1375–1383 (2010). ▪▪ Meta-analysis of statin use and the risk of venous thromboembolism.
  • Undas A, Brummel-Ziedins KE, Mann KG. Statins and blood coagulation. Arterioscler. Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 25(2), 287–294 (2005).
  • Tsai AW, Cushman M, Rosamond WD etal. Coagulation factors, inflammation markers, and venous thromboembolism: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology (LITE). Am.J. Med. 113(8), 636–642 (2002).
  • Eichinger S, Minar E, Bialonczyk C etal. D-dimer levels and risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. JAMA 290(8), 1071–1074 (2003).
  • Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B etal. Predictive value of D-dimer test for recurrent venous thromboembolism after anticoagulation withdrawal in subjects with a previous idiopathic event and in carriers of congenital thrombophilia. Circulation 108(3), 313–318 (2003).
  • Squizzato A, Romualdi E, Ageno W. Why should statins prevent venous thromboembolism? A systematic literature search and a call for action. J.Thromb. Haemost. 4(9), 1925–1927 (2006).
  • Wierzbicki AS. FIELDS of dreams, fields of tears: a perspective on the fibrate trials. Int. J.Clin.Pract. 60(4), 442–449 (2006).
  • Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P etal. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366(9500), 1849–1861 (2005).
  • The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 231(4), 360–381 (1975).
  • Den Heijer M, Lewington S, Clarke R. Homocysteine, MTHFR and risk of venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis of published epidemiological studies. J.Thromb.Haemost. 3(2), 292–299 (2005).
  • de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Paillard F, Lacan P, Richard G. Lipid-lowering drugs and homocysteine. Lancet 353(9148), 209–210 (1999).
  • Giral P, Bruckert E, Jacob N, Chapman MJ, Foglietti MJ, Turpin G. Homocysteine and lipid lowering agents. A comparison between atorvastatin and fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 154(2), 421–427 (2001).
  • Lacut K, Le Gal G, Abalain JH, Mottier D, Oger E. Differential associations between lipid-lowering drugs, statins and fibrates and venous thromboembolism: role of drug induced homocysteinemia? Thromb.Res. 122(3), 314–319 (2008).
  • Wilkes HC, Meade TW, Barzegar S etal. Gemfibrozil reduces plasma prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 concentration, a marker of coagulability, in patients with coronary heart disease. Thromb.Haemost. 67(5), 503–506 (1992).
  • Bröijersén A, Hamsten A, Silveira A etal. Gemfibrozil reduces thrombin generation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia, without influencing plasma fibrinogen, fibrin gel structure or coagulation factor VII. Thromb.Haemost. 76(2), 171–176 (1996).
  • Undas A, Celinska-Löwenhoff M, Domagala TB etal. Early antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin versus fenofibrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Thromb.Haemost. 94(1), 193–199 (2005).
  • Ray JG, Mamdani M, Tsuyuki RT, Anderson DR, Yeo EL, Laupacis A. Use of statins and the subsequent development of deep vein thrombosis. Arch.Intern.Med. 161(11), 1405–1410 (2001).
  • Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F etal. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation 105(25), 2962–2967 (2002).
  • Smeeth L, Douglas I, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Evans S. Effect of statins on a wide range of health outcomes: a cohort study validated by comparison with randomized trials. Br.J. Clin.Pharmacol. 67(1), 99–109 (2009).
  • Yang CC, Jick SS, Jick H. Statins and the risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Br.J. Clin.Pharmacol. 53(1), 101–105 (2002).
  • Freeman DJ, Robertson M, Brown EA etal. Incident venous thromboembolic events in the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). BMCGeriatr. 11, 8 (2011).
  • Yang CC, Kao CC. Cardiovascular diseases and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a hospital-based case–control study. J.Chin. Med.Assoc. 70(3), 103–109 (2007).
  • Huerta C, Johansson S, Wallander MA, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Risk factors and short-term mortality of venous thromboembolism diagnosed in the primary care setting in the United Kingdom. Arch. Intern.Med. 167(9), 935–943 (2007).
  • Ramcharan AS, Van Stralen KJ, Snoep JD, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, other lipid-lowering medication, antiplatelet therapy, and the risk of venous thrombosis. J.Thromb.Haemost. 7(4), 514–520 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.