Management of dyslipidemia in HIV infection

References

• Holtgrave DR. Causes of the decline in AIDS deaths, United States, 1995–2002: prevention, treatment or both? Int. J. STD AIDS 16, 777–781 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Hughes D, Hu X et al. HIV Surveillance Report, 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1993–2003 (2003). ▪▪ Large multinational prospective cohort study that provides evidence for increased myocardial infarction risk due to antiretroviral therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Shigenaga JK, Jensen P, Feingold KR. Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 1045–1052 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Rose H, Hoy J, Woolley I et al. HIV infection and high density lipoprotein metabolism. Atherosclerosis 199, 79–86 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Asztalos BF, Mujawar Z, Morrow MP et al. Circulating Nef induces dyslipidemia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques by suppressing cholesterol efflux. J. Infect. Dis 202, 614–623 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kotler DP. HIV and antiretroviral therapy: lipid abnormalities and associated cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 49(Suppl. 2), S79–S85 (2008). ▪▪ Comprehensive review of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk associated with HIV infection.
   Google Scholar
• Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 1723–1735 (2007). ▪ Large multinational prospective cohort study providing data on comorbidities related to HIV infection, including myocardial infarction risk.
   Google Scholar
• Lazzaretti RK, Kuhmmer R, Sprinz E, Polanczyk CA, Ribeiro JP. Dietary intervention prevents dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: a randomized trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59, 979–988 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Fillipas S, Cherry CL, Cicuttini F, Smirneos L, Holland AE. The effects of exercise training on metabolic and morphological outcomes for people living with HIV: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. HIV Clin. Trials 11, 270–282 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Birk TJ, MacArthur RD, Lipton LM, Levine SD. Aerobic exercise training fails to lower hypertriglyceridemia levels in persons with advanced HIV-1 infection. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care 13, 20–24 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Peters BS, Wierzbicki AS, Moyle G, Nair D, Brockmeyer N. The effect of a 12-week course of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid parameters in hypertriglyceridemic adult HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Clin. Ther. 34, 67–76 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramanyam A, Coraza I, Smith EO et al. Combination of niacin and fenofibrate with lifestyle changes improves dyslipidemia and hypoadiponectinemia in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: results of “heart positive,” a randomized, controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 2236–2247 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Murphy RL, Berzins B, Zala C et al. Change to atazanavir/ritonavir treatment improves lipids but not endothelial function in patients on stable antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 24, 885–890 (2010). ▪ Prospective randomized trial demonstrating improved lipid profiles in patients who switched to regimens containing atazanavir/ritonavir.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed MH, Al-Atta A, Hamad MA. The safety and effectiveness of statins as treatment for HIV–dyslipidemia: the evidence so far and the future challenges. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 13, 1901–1909 (2012). ▪▪ Details the benefits and risks associated with statin therapy in HIV infection.
   Google Scholar
• Wohl DA, Waters D, Simpson RJ Jr et al. Ezetimibe alone reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis 47, 1105–1108 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Samineni D, Fichtenbaum CJ. Fenofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with HIV infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab. Toxicol. 6, 995–1004 (2010). ▪ Discusses the safety and efficacy of fenofibrate in managing HIV-related dyslipidemia.
   Google Scholar
• Busse KH, Hadigan C, Chairez C et al. Gemfibrozil concentrations are significantly decreased in the presence of lopinavirritonavir. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 52, 235–239 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Gerber JG, Rosenkranz SL, Fichtenbaum CJ et al. Effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5108 Study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 39, 307–312 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Hurley L et al. Response to newly prescribed lipid-lowering therapy in patients with and without HIV infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 150, 301–313 (2009). ▪ Retrospective cohort study comparing the response of patients with and without HIV to treatment of dyslipidemia.
   Google Scholar