Cardiovascular disease and hypertriglyceridemia: a report from the hypertriglyceridemia registry of the Spanish Atherosclerosis Society

References

• Johansen CT, Wang J, Lanktree MB et al. An increased burden of common and rare lipidassociated risk alleles contributes to the phenotypic spectrum of hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31(8), 1916–1926 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ariza MJ, Sanchez-Chaparro MA, Baron FJ et al. Additive effects of LPL, APOA5 and APOE variant combinations on triglyceride levels and hypertriglyceridemia: results of the ICARIA genetic sub-study. BMC Med. Genet. 11(1), 66 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G et al. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation 115(4), 450–458 (2007). ▪ Meta‑analysis demonstrating the predictive value of high triglyceride levels with vascular disease.
   Google Scholar
• Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P et al.; The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302(18), 1993–2000 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Sarwar N, Sandhu MS, Ricketts SL et al.; Triglyceride Coronary Disease Genetics Consortium and Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies. Lancet 375(9726), 1634–1639 (2010). ▪ Demonstrates that high triglycerides are an independent risk factor for vascular disease.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur. Heart J. 32(11), 1345–1361 (2011). ▪ Specific European guidelines for the management of hypertriglyceridemia.
   Google Scholar
• Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123(20), 2292–2333 (2011). ▪ Specific US guidelines for the management of hypertriglyceridemia.
   Google Scholar
• Valdivielso P, Sanchez-Chaparro MA, Calvo-Bonacho E et al. Association of moderate and severe hypertriglyceridemia with obesity, diabetes mellitus and vascular disease in the Spanish working population: results of the ICARIA study. Atherosclerosis 207(2), 573–578 (2009). ▪ Huge epidemiological study in the Spanish working population showing that higher triglyceride levels are associated with a higher prevalence of vascular disease.
   Google Scholar
• Neil HA, Cooper J, Betteridge DJ et al. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality in treated patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia: a long-term prospective registry study. Atherosclerosis 211(2), 618–623 (2010). ▪▪ Prospective study indicating that severe forms of hypertriglyceridemia increase vascular mortality.
   Google Scholar
• Berglund L, Sacks F, Brunzell JD. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: renewed interest in triglycerides. Clin. Lipidol. 8(1), 1–4 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Mostaza JM, Pintó X, Valdivielso P, Civeira F, Ascaso J. [Registration hypertriglyceridemias of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis]. Clín. Invest. Arterioscleros. 19(6), 303–307 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Valdivielso P, Pinto X, Mateo-Gallego R et al. [Clinical features of patients with hypertriglyceridemia referred to lipid units: registry of hypertriglyceridemia of the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society]. Med. Clin. (Barc.) 136(6), 231–238 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur. Heart J. 32(14), 1769–1818 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112(17), 2735–2752 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Austin MA, McKnight B, Edwards KL et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality in familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia: a 20-year prospective study. Circulation 101(24), 2777–2782 (2000). ▪▪ Prospective study showing that the risk of coronary heart disease differs among several primary forms of hypertriglyceridemia.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins PN, Heiss G, Ellison RC et al. Coronary artery disease risk in familial combined hyperlipidemia and familial hypertriglyceridemia: a case–control comparison from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Circulation 108(5), 519–523 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Medrano Alberto MJ, Boix Martinez R, Cerrato Crespan E, Ramirez Santa-Pau M. [Incidence and prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in Spain: a systematic review of the literature]. Rev. Esp. Salud. Publica. 80(1), 5–15 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Chaparro MA, Roman-Garcia J, Calvo-Bonacho E et al. [Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 59(5), 421–430 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Bescos L, Cosin J, Elosua R et al. [The prevalence of angina and cardiovascular risk factors in the different autonomous communities of Spain: the PANES Study. Prevalencia de Angina en Espana]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 52(12), 1045–1056 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Gafinen K, Hoerger A, Hauenschild A, Kantner H, Kloer H. Is severe hypertriglyceridemia (>1000 mg/dl) a risk factor for atherosclerosis? Circulation 116(Suppl. 16), Abstract 530 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• De Velasco JA, Cosin J, López-Sendon JL, De Teresa E, De Oya M, Sellers G. [New data on secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in Spain. Results of the PREVESE II study]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 55(8), 801–809 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira-González I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Marrugat J et al. MASCARA (Manejo del Sindrome Coronario Agudo. Registro Actualizado) study. General findings. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 61(8), 803–816 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Alter DA, Venkatesh V, Chong A. Evaluating the performance of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk-adjustment index across socioeconomic strata among patients discharged from the hospital after acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 151(2), 323–331 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Hunt SC, Brinton EA. Plasma triglycerides and type III hyperlipidemia are independently associated with premature familial coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(7), 1003–1012 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Genest JJ Jr, Martin-Munley SS, McNamara JR et al. Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease. Circulation 85(6), 2025–2033 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Brunzell JD, Schrott HG, Motulsky AG, Bierman EL. Myocardial infarction in the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 25(3), 313–320 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Assmann G, Schulte H. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). Prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. Am. J. Cardiol. 70(7), 733–737 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Brown WV, Brunzell JD, Eckel RH, Stone NJ. Severe hypertriglyceridemia. J. Clin. Lipidol. 6(5), 397–408 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Sivapalaratnam S, Boekholdt SM, Trip MD et al. Family history of premature coronary heart disease and risk prediction in the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Heart 96(24), 1985–1989 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D’Agostino RB et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middleaged adults. JAMA 291(18), 2204–2211 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Ascaso JF, Millan J, Mateo-Gallego R et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in a hypertriglyceridemic population. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 22(2), 177–181 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case–control study. Lancet 364(9438), 937–952 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 342, d671 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Brien SE, Ronksley PE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ 342, d636 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Bessembinders K, Wielders J, van de Wiel A. Severe Hypertriglyceridemia Influenced by Alcohol (SHIBA). Alcohol Alcohol. 46(2), 113–116 (2011).
   Google Scholar