Offspring from mothers versus fathers with familial hypercholesterolemia: is there a difference in cardiovascular risk?

References

• Barker DJ. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ 311(6998), 171–174 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Napoli C, Glass CK, Witztum JL, Deutsch R, D’Armiento FP, Palinski W. Influence of maternal hypercholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet 354(9186), 1234–1241 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Napoli C, D’Armiento FP, Mancini FP et al. Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions. J. Clin. Invest. 100(11), 2680–2690 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Napoli C, de Nigris F, Welch JS et al. Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy promotes early atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice and alters aortic gene expression determined by microarray. Circulation 105(11), 1360–1367 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Palinski W, D’Armiento FP, Witztum JL et al. Maternal hypercholesterolemia and treatment during pregnancy influence the long-term progression of atherosclerosis in offspring of rabbits. Circ. Res. 89(11), 991–996 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Elahi MM, Cagampang FR, Anthony FW, Curzen N, Ohri SK, Hanson MA. Statin treatment in hypercholesterolemic pregnant mice reduces cardiovascular risk factors in their offspring. Hypertension 51(4), 939–944 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Palinski W, Napoli C. The fetal origins of atherosclerosis: maternal hypercholesterolemia, and cholesterol-lowering or antioxidant treatment during pregnancy influence in utero programming and postnatal susceptibility to atherogenesis. FASEB J. 16(11), 1348–1360 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Alkemade FE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Schiel AE et al. Intrauterine exposure to maternal atherosclerotic risk factors increases the susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adult life. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27(10), 2228–2235 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Napoli C, Witztum JL, Calara F, de Nigris F, Palinski W. Maternal hypercholesterolemia enhances atherogenesis in normocholesterolemic rabbits, which is inhibited by antioxidant or lipid-lowering intervention during pregnancy: an experimental model of atherogenic mechanisms in human fetuses. Circ. Res. 87(10), 946–952 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Thorogood M, Seed M, De Mott K. Management of fertility in women with familial hypercholesterolaemia: summary of NICE guidance. BJOG 116(4), 478–479 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Berge LN, Arnesen E, Forsdahl A. Pregnancy related changes in some cardiovascular risk factors. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 75(5), 439–442 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Martin U, Davies C, Hayavi S, Hartland A, Dunne F. Is normal pregnancy atherogenic? Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 96(4), 421–425 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Amundsen AL, Khoury J, Iversen PO et al. Marked changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy in women with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 189(2), 451–457 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Woollett LA. Maternal cholesterol in fetal development: transport of cholesterol from the maternal to the fetal circulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82(6), 1155–1161 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida S, Wada Y. Transfer of maternal cholesterol to embryo and fetus in pregnant mice. J. Lipid Res. 46(10), 2168–2174 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• van der Graaf A, Vissers MN, Gaudet D et al. Dyslipidemia of mothers with familial hypercholesterolemia deteriorates lipids in adult offspring. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30(12), 2673–2677 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kusters DM, Avis HJ, Braamskamp MJ et al. Inheritance pattern of familal hypercholesterolemia and markers of cardiovascular risk. J. Lipid Res. 54(9), 2543–2549 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Tonstad S, Joakimsen O, Leren TP, Ose L. Does maternal or paternal heredity affect carotid atherosclerosis in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia? Acta Paediatr. 89(12), 1490–1492 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Versmissen J, Botden IP, Huijgen R et al. Maternal inheritance of familial hypercholesterolemia caused by the V408M low-density lipoprotein receptor mutation increases mortality. Atherosclerosis 219(2), 690–693 (2011).
   Google Scholar