Reverse epidemiology in ischemic stroke: high cholesterol as a predictor of improved survival in stroke patients

References

• Markaki I, Nilsson U, Kostulas K, Sjöstrand C. High cholesterol levels are associated with improved long-term survival after acute ischemic stroke. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 23(1), e47–e53 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Morse SA, Gulati R, Reisin E. The obesity paradox and cardiovascular disease. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 12(2), 120–126 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Chmielewski M, Carrero JJ, Nordfors L, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. Lipid disorders in chronic kidney disease: reverse epidemiology and therapeutic approach. J. Nephrol. 21(5), 635–644 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Reverse epidemiology beyond dialysis patients: chronic heart failure, geriatrics, rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, and AIDS. Semin. Dial. 20(6), 549–553 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Koton S, Molshatzki N, Bornstein NM, Tanne D. Low cholesterol, statins and outcomes in patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 34(3), 213–220 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Olsen TS, Christensen RH, Kammersgaard LP, Andersen KK. Higher total serum cholesterol levels are associated with less severe strokes and lower all-cause mortality: ten-year follow-up of ischemic strokes in the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 38(10), 2646–2651 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Murphy RC, Johnson KM. Cholesterol, reactive oxygen species, and the formation of biologically active mediators. J. Biol. Chem. 283(23), 15521–15525 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Yang B, Oo TN, Rizzo V. Lipid rafts mediate H2O2 prosurvival effects in cultured endothelial cells. FASEB J. 20(9), 1501–1503 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kuehnle K, Crameri A, Kälin RE et al. Prosurvival effect of DHCR24/seladin-1 in acute and chronic responses to oxidative stress. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28(2), 539–550 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Peri A, Benvenuti S, Luciani P, Deledda C, Cellai I. Membrane cholesterol as a mediator of the neuroprotective effects of estrogens. Neuroscience 191, 107–117 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Sarajärvi T, Lipsanen A, Mäkinen P et al. Bepridil decreases Aβ and calcium levels in the thalamus after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 16(11), 2754–2767 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Matthan NR, Pencina M, LaRocque JM et al. Alterations in cholesterol absorption/synthesis markers characterize Framingham offspring study participants with CHD. J. Lipid Res. 50(9), 1927–1935 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Zerenturk EJ, Sharpe LJ, Ikonen E, Brown AJ. Desmosterol and DHCR24: unexpected new directions for a terminal step in cholesterol synthesis. Prog. Lipid Res. 52(4), 666–680 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Dong Y, Qi X, Huang C, Hou L. Cholesterol levels and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 44(7), 1833–1839 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Elbaz A et al. Blood lipids in brain infarction subtypes. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 22(2–3), 101–108 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Goel K, Lopez-Jimenez F, De Schutter A, Coutinho T, Lavie CJ. Obesity paradox in different populations: evidence and controversies. Future Cardiol. 10(1), 81–91 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Mancini GB, Baker S, Bergeron J et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: proceedings of a Canadian Working Group Consensus Conference. Can. J. Cardiol. 27(5), 635–662 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Bełtowski J, Wójcicka G, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A. Adverse effects of statins – mechanisms and consequences. Curr. Drug Saf. 4(3), 209–228 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Bonsu KO, Kadirvelu A, Reidpath DD. Statins in heart failure: do we need another trial? Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 9, 303–319 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Colbert JD, Stone JA. Statin use and the risk of incident diabetes mellitus: a review of the literature. Can. J. Cardiol. 28(5), 581–589 (2012).
   Google Scholar