Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer: screening versus primary prevention

References

• Siegel R , WardE, BrawleyO, JemalA. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J. Clin.61, 212–236 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholefield JH , MossSM, ManghamCM, WhynesDK, HardcastleJD. Nottingham trial of faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer: a 20-year follow-up. Gut6, 1036–1040 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Atkin WS , EdwardsR, Kralj-HansIet al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet375, 1624–1633 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen RE , PinskyPF, WeissfeldJLet al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N. Engl. J. Med.366, 2345–2357 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segnan N , ArmaroliP, BonelliLet al. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: follow-up findings of the Italian randomized controlled trial – SCORE. J. Natl Cancer Inst.103, 1310–1322 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff G , GrotmolT, SkovlundE, BretthauerM. Risk of colorectal cancer seven years after flexible sigmoidoscopy screening: randomised controlled trial. Brit. Med. J.338, b1846 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holme O , BretthauerM, FretheimA, Odgaard-JensenJ, HoffG. Felxible sigmoidoscopy versus occult blood testing for colorectal cance screening in asymptomatic individuals. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.9, CD009259 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Nishihara R , WuK, LochheadPet al. Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N. Engl. J. Med.369, 1095–1105 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte S , ChilcottJ, CooperKet al. Re-appraisal of the options for colorectal cancer screening. Report for the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (2011). www.screening.nhs.uk/policydb_download.php?doc=130
   Google Scholar
• Sharp L , TilsonL, WhyteSet al. Cost–effectiveness of population-based screening for colorectal cancer: a comparison of guaiac-based faecal occult blood testing, faecal immunotesting and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Brit. J. Cancer106, 805–816 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaukat A , MonginSJ, GeisserMSet al. Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.369, 1106–1114 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stat fact sheets: colon and rectal cancer. Surveillance, epidemiology and end results programme (SEER) . National Cancer Institute USA. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html
   Google Scholar
• Marmot MG , AltmanDG, CameronDA, DewarJA, ThompsonSG, WilcoxM. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. A report jointly commissioned by Cancer Research UK and the Department of Health (England) October 2012. Br. J. Cancer108, 2205–2240 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum M . The Marmot report: accepting the poisoned chalice. Br. J. Cancer108, 2198–2199 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilic D , NeubergerNM, DjulbegovicM, DahmP. Screening for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1, CD004720 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Lung Screening Trial Research Team . Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N. Engl. J. Med.365, 395–409 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zauber AG , WinawerSJ, O’BrienMJet al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N. Engl. J. Med.366, 687–696 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal E . The $2.7 Trillion Medical Bill. Colonoscopies explain why US leads the world in health expenditure. NY Times, 2 June, 2013. www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/health/colonoscopies-explain-why-us-leads-the-world-in-health-expenditures.html?_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Doll R , PetoR. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Natl Cancer Inst.66, 1191–1308 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz EA , WillettWC, ColditzGA, RimmEB, SpiegelmanD, GiovannucciE. Proportion of colon cancer risk that might be preventable in a cohort of middle-aged US men. Cancer Causes Control11, 579–588 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas AJ , ThompsonPA. Diet and nutrient factors in colorectal cancer risk. Nutr. Clin. Pract.27, 613–623 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery ML , CaanBJ, PotterJDet al. Dietary energy sources and colon cancer risk. Am. J. Epidemiol.145, 199–210 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJL , LopezAD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: global burden of disease study. Lancet349, 1498–1504 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key TJ , ApplebyPN, SpencerEA, TravisRC, RoddamAW, AllenNE. Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am. J. Clin. Nutr.89, S1620–S1626 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryder SD , JacynaMR, LeviAJ, RizziPM, RhodesJM. Eating peanuts increases rectal proliferation in individuals with mucosal expression of peanut lectin receptor. Gastroenterology114, 44–49 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans RC , FearS, AshbyDet al. Diet and colorectal cancer: an investigation of the lectin/galactose hypothesis. Gastroenterology122, 1784–1792 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D , ChanDSM, LauRet al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Brit. Med. J.343, d6617 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan M-H , LaiC-S, WuJ-C, HoC-T. Molecular mechanisms for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by natural dietary compounds. Mol. Nutr. Food Res.55, 32–45 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin J , LiR, RaesJet al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature464, 59–65 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor LM . The human microbiome project in 2011 and beyond. Cell Host Microbe10, 287–291 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Microbiome Project Consortium . Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature486, 207–214 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears CL , GarrettWS. Microbes, microbiota, and colon cancer. Cell Host and Microbe15, 317–328 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greten FR , EckmannL, GretenTFet al. IKKbeta links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell118, 285–296 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakoff-Nahoum S , MedzhitovR. Regulation of spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis through the adaptor protein MyD88. Science317, 124–127 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Q , GaoR, WuW. Qin Huanlong. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Tumor Biol.34, 1285–1300 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell WR , GratzSW, DuncanSHet al. High-protein, reduced-carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to be detrimental to colonic health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.93, 1062–1072 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardou M , BarkunAN, MartelM. Obesity and colorectal cancer. Gut62, 933–947 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermund A , SchütteA, JohanssonME, GustafssonJK, HanssonGC. Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. I. Gastrointestinal mucus layers have different properties depending on location as well as over the Peyer's patches. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.305, G341–G347 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson ME , GustafssonJK, Holmén-LarssonJet al. Bacteria penetrate the normally impenetrable inner colon mucus layer in both murine colitis models and patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut63, 281–291 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swidsinski A , KhilkinM, KerjaschkiDet al. Association between intraepithelial Escherichia coli and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology115, 281–286 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin HM , CampbellBJ, HartCAet al. Enhanced Escherichia coli adherence and invasion in Crohn's disease and colon cancer. Gastroenterology127, 80–93 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuevas-Ramos G , PetitCR, MarcqI, BouryM, OswaldE, NougayrèdeJP. Escherichia coli induces DNA damage in vivo and triggers genomic instability in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA107, 11537–11542 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur JC , Perez-ChanonaE, MühlbauerMet al. Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota. Science338, 120–123 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buc E , DuboisD, SauvanetPet al. High prevalence of mucosa-associated E. coli producing cyclomodulin and genotoxin in colon cancer. PLoS  ONE8(2), e56964 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prorok-Hamon M , FriswellMK, AlswiedAet al. Colonic mucosa-associated diffusely adherent afaC+ Escherichia coli expressing lpfA and pks are increased in inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Gut63, 761–770 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet M , BucE, SauvanetPet al. Colonization of the human gut by E. coli and colorectal cancer risk. Clin. Cancer Res.20, 859–67 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts CL , KeitaAV, ParsonsBNet al. Soluble plantain fibre blocks adhesion and M-cell translocation of intestinal pathogens. J. Nutr. Biochem.24, 97–103 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons BN , WigleyP, SimpsonHLet al. Dietary supplementation with soluble plantain non-starch polysaccharides inhibits intestinal invasion of salmonella typhimurium in the chicken. PLoS ONE9(2), e87658 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHS Choices: five-a-day: what counts? www.nhs.uk/Livewell/5ADAY/Pages/Whatcounts.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Nichols M , TownsendN, Luengo-FernandezRet al. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2012. European Heart Network, Brussels, European Society of Cardiology, Sophia Antipolis (2012). www.escardio.org/about/documents/eu-cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nabel EG , BraunwaldE. A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. New. Engl. J. Med.366, 54–63 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte S , ChilcottJ, HalloranS. Reappraisal of the options for colorectal cancer screening in England. Colorectal Dis.14, e547–e561 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar