Predicting response to treatment for colorectal cancer: a review of relevant mechanisms and potential biomarkers

References

• McWhirter D , KitteringhamN, JonesRPet al. Chemotherapy induced hepatotoxicity in metastatic colorectal cancer: a review of mechanisms and outcomes. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Haematol.88(2), 404–415 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikorski R , YaoB. Visualizing the landscape of selection biomarkers in current Phase III oncology clinical trials. Sci. Transl. Med.2(34), 34 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milano G , EtienneMC, PierrefiteVet al. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and fluorouracil related toxicity. Br. J. Cancer79(3–4), 627–630 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popat S , MatakidouA, HoulstonRS. Thymidylate synthase expression and prognosis in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Oncol.22(3), 529–536 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady WM , CarethersJM. Genomic and epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology135(4), 1079–1099 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaltonen LA , PeltomäkiP, LeachFSet al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science260(5109), 812–816 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent DJ . Advances in defective mismatch repair colon cancer. Clin. Adv. Haematol. Oncol.6(9), 639–641 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang JT , HuangKC, LaiHSet al. High-frequency microsatellite instability predicts better chemosensitivity to high-dose 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin chemotherapy for stage IV sporadic colorectal cancer after palliative bowel resection. Int. J. Cancer101(6), 519–525 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T , WuTT, CatalanoPJet al. Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.344(16), 1196–1206 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulay JL , MildG, LowryAet al. SMAD4 is a predictive marker for 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer87(6), 630–634 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo A , BazanV, LacopettaBet al. The TP53 colorectal cancer international collaborative study on the prognostic and predictive significance of p53 mutation: influence of tumour site, type of mutation, and adjuvant treatment. J. Clin. Oncol.23(30), 7518–7528 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JE , DreyfussA, el-MagharbelIet al. Selective expansion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate pools and modulation of 5-fluorouracil antitumor activity by leucovorin in vivo. Cancer Res.49(10), 2592–2566 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston PG , KayeS. Capecitabine: a novel agent for the treatment of solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs12(8), 639–646 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuller J , CassidyJ, DumontEet al. Preferential activation of capecitabine in tumor following oral administration to colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.45(4), 291–297 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham J , MushinM, KirkpatrickP. Oxaliplatin. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.3(1), 11–12 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma RA , DianovGL. Targeting base excision repair to improve cancer therapies. Mol. Aspects Med.28(3–4), 345–374 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J , ParsonsJ, NicolayNHet al. Cells deficient in the base excision repair protein, DNA polymerase beta, are hypersensitive to oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Oncogene29(3), 463–468 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathijssen RH , van AlphenRJ, VerweijJet al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11). Clin. Cancer Res.7(8), 2182–2194 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomaki GE , BradleyLA, DouglasMPet al. Can UGT1A1 genotyping reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan? An evidence-based review. Genet. Med.11(1), 21–34 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour MT , MaughanTS, LedermannJAet al. Different strategies of sequential and combination chemotherapy for patients with poor prognosis advanced colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet370(9582), 143–152 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias MM , McKinnonRA, SorichMJ. Impact of the UGT1A1 in situ 28 allele on response to irinotecan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics13(8), 889–899 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humerickhouse R , LohrbachK, LiLet al. Characterization of CPT-11 hydrolysis by human liver carboxylesterase isoforms hCE-1 and hCE-2. Cancer Res.60(5), 1189–1192 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanghani SP , QuinneySK, FredenburgTBet al. Carboxylesterases expressed in human colon tumor tissue and their role in CPT-11 hydrolysis. Clin. Cancer Res.9(13), 4983–4991 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RP , SuttonP, GreensmithRet al. Hepatic activation of irinotecan predicts tumour response in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with DEBIRI: exploratory findings from a Phase II study. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.72(2), 359–368 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh S , XiaoM, YuJet al. Pharmacogenomic assessment of carboxylesterases 1 and 2. Genomics84(4), 661–668 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guemei AA , CottrellJ, BandRet al. Human plasma carboxylesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme activity: correlations with SN-38 pharmacokinetics during a prolonged infusion of irinotecan. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.47(4), 283–290 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shingyoji M , TakiguchiY, Watanabe-UrumaRet al. In vitro conversion of irinotecan to SN-38 in human plasma. Cancer Sci.95(6), 537–540 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchin E , CoronaG, MasierSet al. Carboxylesterase isoform 2 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a predictive marker of the irinotecan to SN-38 activation step in colorectal cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res.11(19 Pt 1), 6901–6907 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun MS , RichmanSD, QuirkePet al. Predictive biomarkers of chemotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer: results from the UK MRC FOCUS trial. J. Clin. Oncol.26(16), 2690–2698 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y , ChengX, AleksunesLet al. Transcription factor-mediated regulation of carboxylesterase enzymes in livers of mice. Drug Metab. Dispos.40(6), 1191–1197 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon ER . Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Annu. Rev. Pathol.6(1), 479–507 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downward J . Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer3(1), 11–22 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artale S , Sartore-BianchiA, VeroneseMet al. Mutations in KRAS and BRAF in primary and matched metastatic site of colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.26(25), 4217–4219 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakiani E , JanakiramanM, ShenRet al. Comparative genomic analysis of primary versus metastatic colorectal carcinomas. J. Clin. Oncol.30(24), 2956–2962 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejpar S , BertagnolliM, BosmanFet al. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in resected colon cancer: current status and future perspectives for integrating genomics into biomarker discovery. Oncologist15(4), 390–404 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douillard JY , OlinerKS, SienaSet al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.369(11), 1023–1034 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siena S , Sartore-BianchiA, Di NicolantonioFet al. Biomarkers predicting clinical outcome of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.101(19), 1308–1324 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajagopalan H , BardelliA, LengauerCet al. Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status. Nature418(6901), 934 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogino S , KawasakiT, NoshoKet al. LINE-1 hypomethylation is inversely associated with microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer122(12), 2767–2773 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orta ML , MateosS, CortésF. DNA demethylation protects from cleavable complex stabilization and DNA strand breakage induced by the topoisomerase type I inhibitor camptothecin. Mutagenesis24(3), 237–244 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogino S , ShimaK, MeyerhardtJAet al. Predictive and prognostic roles of BRAF mutation in stage III colon cancer: results from intergroup trial CALGB 89803. Clin. Cancer Res.18(3), 890–900 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman SD , SeymourMT, ChambersPet al. KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan: results from the MRC FOCUS trial. J. Clin. Oncol.27(35), 5931–5937 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Los M , RoodhartJ, VoestE. Target practice: lessons from Phase III trials with bevacizumab and vatalanib in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Oncologist12(4), 443–450 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vens C , BeggAC. Targeting base excision repair as a sensitization strategy in radiotherapy. Semin. Radiat. Oncol.20(4), 241–249 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuremsky JG , TepperJE, McLeodHL. Biomarkers of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.74(3), 673–688 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard CC , GradyWM. Colorectal cancer molecular biology moves into clinical practice. Gut60(1), 116–129 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prognostic/Predictive Biomarker roadmap . www.cancerresearchuk.org/prod_consump/groups/…/cr_027486.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Longley DB , HarkinDP, JohnstonPG. 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat. Rev. Cancer3(5), 30–38 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar