The Inter-Talk Between Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and the Epigenetic Mechanisms

References

• Baquero F . Epigenetics, epistasis and epidemics. Evol. Med. Public Health2013(1), 86–88 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waddington CH . The epigenotype. Int. J. Epidemiol.41(1), 10–13 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Monerri NCS , KimK. Pathogens hijack the epigenome: a new twist on host-pathogen interactions. Am. J. Pathol.184(4), 897–911 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav V , DwivediV , BhattacharyaD , MittalA , MoodleyP. Understanding the Host Epigenetics in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis.2, 016 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Nicolia V , LucarelliM , FusoAJEG. Environment, epigenetics and neurodegeneration: focus on nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp. Gerontol.68, 8–12 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson VV , MelnikovAA. DNA methylation as clinically useful biomarkers-light at the end of the tunnel. Pharmaceuticals5(1), 94–113 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Kathirvel M , MahadevanS. The role of epigenetics in tuberculosis infection. Epigenomics8(4), 537–549 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T , OwenJL , LightfootYL , KladdeMP , MohamadzadehM. Microbiota impact on the epigenetic regulation of colorectal cancer. Trends Mol. Med.19(12), 714–725 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danjuma L , LingMP , HamatRAet al. Genomic plasticity between human and mycobacterial DNA: a review. Tuberculosis107, 38–47 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hullar MA , FuBC. Diet, the gut microbiome, and epigenetics. Cancer J.20(3), 170 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2018. (2018). www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y , LinM , WuC , LeungS , FangW , ChangH. Whole genome DNA methylation analysis of active pulmonary tuberculosis disease identifies novel epigenetic signatures. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.197, 4321 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarashi S , BadiSA , MoshiriAet al. The human microbiota in pulmonary tuberculosis: not so innocent bystanders. Tuberculosis113, 215–221 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennini ME , PaiRK , SchultzDC , BoomWH , HardingCV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibits IFN-γ-induced chromatin remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and MAPK signaling. J. Immunol.176(7), 4323–4330 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R , HalderP , SahuSKet al. Identification of a novel role of ESAT‐6‐dependent miR‐155 induction during infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell. Microbiol.14(10), 1620–1631 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y , CurryHM , ZwillingBS , LafuseWP. Mycobacteria inhibition of IFN-γ induced HLA-DR gene expression by up-regulating histone deacetylation at the promoter region in human THP-1 monocytic cells. J. Immunol.174(9), 5687–5694 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaseen I , KaurP , NandicooriVK , KhoslaS. Mycobacteria modulate host epigenetic machinery by Rv1988 methylation of a non-tail arginine of histone H3. Nat. Commun.6, 8922 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose L , RamachandranR , BhagavatRet al. Hypothetical protein Rv3423.1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a histone acetyltransferase. FEBS J.283(2), 265–281 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G , UpadhyayS , SrilalithaM , NandicooriVK , KhoslaS. The interaction of mycobacterial protein Rv2966c with host chromatin is mediated through non-CpG methylation and histone H3/H4 binding. Nucleic Acids Res.43(8), 3922–3937 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran A , AntonyC , JoseL , MundayoorS , NatarajanK , KumarRA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces HDAC1-mediated suppression of IL-12B gene expression in macrophages. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.5, 90 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan L , YiM , ChenJ , LiS , ChenW. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EIS gene inhibits macrophage autophagy through up-regulation of IL-10 by increasing the acetylation of histone H3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.473(4), 1229–1234 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouttier M , LaperriereD , MemariBet al. Alu repeats as transcriptional regulatory platforms in macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis infection. Nucleic Acids Res.44(22), 10571–10587 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta S , NazS , DasIet al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxL inhibits MHC-II expression by promoting hypermethylation in class-II transactivator loci in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem.292(17), 6855–6868 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moores RC , BrilhaS , SchutgensF , ElkingtonPT , FriedlandJS. Epigenetic regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and-3 expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front. Immunol.8, 602 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh V , PrakharP , RajmaniRS , MahadikK , BorboraSM , BalajiKN. Histone methyltransferase SET8 epigenetically reprograms host immune responses to assist mycobacterial survival. J. Infect. Dis.216(4), 477–488 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X , WuY , JiaoJ , HuangQ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces IL-10 gene expression by disturbing histone deacetylase 6 and histonedeacetylase 11 equilibrium in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb)108, 118–123 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S , PadmanabhanB , AnandC , NagarajaV. Lysine acetylation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis HU protein modulates its DNA binding and genome organization. Mol. Microbiol.100(4), 577–588 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand C , GargR , GhoshS , NagarajaV. A Sir2 family protein Rv1151c deacetylates HU to alter its DNA binding mode in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.493(3), 1204–1209 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaseen I , ChoudhuryM , SritharanM , KhoslaS. Histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 participates in host defense by methylating mycobacterial histone-like protein HupB. EMBO J.37(2), 183–200 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green KD , BiswasT , PangAHet al. Acetylation by Eis and deacetylation by Rv1151c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis HupB: biochemical and structural insight. Biochemistry57(5), 781–790 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacis A , TailleuxL , MorinAMet al. Bacterial infection remodels the DNA methylation landscape of human dendritic cells. Genome Res.25(12), 1801–1811 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng L , LeungET , WongHet al. Unraveling methylation changes of host macrophages in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis98, 139–148 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G , SowpatiDT , SinghPet al. Genome-wide non-CpG methylation of the host genome during M. tuberculosis infection. Sci. Rep.6, 25006 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei M , WangL , WuTet al. NLRP3 activation was regulated by DNA methylation modification during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Biomed. Res. Int.2016, 1–10 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh H-J , KimY-R , KimJ-Set al. CD82 hypomethylation is essential for tuberculosis pathogenesis via regulation of RUNX1-Rab5/22. Exp. Mol. Med.50(5), 62 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacis A , Mailhot-LeonardF , TailleuxLet al. Gene activation precedes DNA demethylation in response to infection in human dendritic cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA116(14), 6938–6943 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andraos C , KoorsenG , KnightJC , BornmanL. Vitamin D receptor gene methylation is associated with ethnicity, tuberculosis, and TaqI polymorphism. Hum. Immunol.72(3), 262–268 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y-C , HsiaoC-C , ChenC-Jet al. Aberrant Toll-like receptor 2 promoter methylation in blood cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Infect.69(6), 546–557 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L , GaoL , ShiZet al. Involvement of cytochrome P450 1A1 and glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphisms and promoter hypermethylation in the progression of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: a case–control study. PloS ONE10(3), e0119481 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterhuyse MM , WeinerJ , CaronEet al. Epigenetics and proteomics join transcriptomics in the quest for tuberculosis biomarkers. MBio6(5), e01187–e01115 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J , ZhuX , LiYet al. Correlation of CpG Island methylation of the cytochrome P450 2E1/2D6 genes with liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs: a nested case–control study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health13(8), 776 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang C , ZhuJ , LiuYet al. The methylation state of VDR gene in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. J. Thorac. Dis.9(11), 4353 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M , KongW , HeBet al. Vitamin D and the promoter methylation of its metabolic pathway genes in association with the risk and prognosis of tuberculosis. Clin. Epigenetics10(1), 118 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinardo AR , NishiguchiT , MaceEMet al. Schistosomiasis induces persistent DNA methylation and tuberculosis-specific immune changes. J. Immunol.201(1), 124–133 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruthai K , SubramanianM. Methylation status of alu repetitive elements in children with tuberculosis disease. Int. J. Mycobacteriol.7(3), 242 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maruthai K , KalaiarasanE , JosephNM , ParijaSC , MahadevanS. Assessment of global DNA methylation in children with tuberculosis disease. Int. J. Mycobacteriol.7(4), 338 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamon MA , CossartP. Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling during bacterial infections. Cell Host Microbe4(2), 100–109 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremethick DJ . Higher-order structures of chromatin: the elusive 30 nm fiber. Cell128(4), 651–654 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohrmann L , VerrijzerCP. Composition and functional specificity of SWI2/SNF2 class chromatin remodeling complexes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1681(2–3), 59–73 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kouzarides T . Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell128(4), 693–705 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rae W . Indications to epigenetic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.65(2), 101–110 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P , AgarwalR , SiddiquiI , VoraH , DasG , SharmaP. ESAT6 differentially inhibits IFN‐γ‐inducible class II transactivator isoforms in both a TLR2‐dependent and‐independent manner. Immunol. Cell Biol.90(4), 411–420 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne PJ , RichardG , KeaneJ. Commercially available, FDA-approved epigenetic modifiers as therapeutic agents in bacterial infection. Antiinflamm. Antiallergy. Drug2(1), 79–88 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y-C , ChaoT-Y , LeungS-Yet al. Histone H3K14 hypoacetylation and H3K27 hypermethylation along with HDAC1 up-regulation and KDM6B down-regulation are associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis disease. Am. J. Transl. Res.9(4), 1943 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shilatifard A . Chromatin modifications by methylation and ubiquitination: implications in the regulation of gene expression. Annu. Rev. Biochem.75, 243–269 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gringhuis SI , DenDunnen J , LitjensM , VanHet Hof B , Van KooykY , GeijtenbeekTB. C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Immunity26(5), 605–616 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez A , EspinosaP , GarcíaT , MancillaR. The 19kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein (LpqH) induces macrophage apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways: a role for the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Clin. Dev. Immunol.2012, 950503 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim KH , AnDR , SongJet al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Eis protein initiates suppression of host immune responses by acetylation of DUSP16/MKP-7. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA109(20), 7729–7734 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossman DK . Characterization of a novel acetyltransferase found only in pathogenic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA (2007). Google Scholar
   Google Scholar
• Moores R , RandL , ElkingtonP , FriedlandJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in tuberculosis is regulated by histone acetylation: p2151. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.18, 626–627 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deaton AM , BirdA. CpG islands and the regulation of transcription. Genes Dev.25(10), 1010–1022 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang G , PradhanS. Mammalian epigenetic mechanisms. IUBMB Life66(4), 240–256 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuso AJCC , MedicineL. The ‘golden age’of DNA methylation in neurodegenerative diseases. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.51(3), 523–534 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlecki P , ZielenkiewiczP. Mammalian DNA methyltransferases. Acta Biochim. Pol.53(2), 245 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klose RJ , BirdAP. Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem. Sci.31(2), 89–97 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illingworth RS , BirdAP. CpG islands–‘a rough guide’. FEBS Lett.583(11), 1713–1720 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponnaluri VC , EstèveP-O , RuseCI , PradhanS. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase participates in DNA methylation inheritance. J. Mol. Biol.430(14), 2051–2065 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandoval J et al. Validation of a DNA methylation microarray for 450,000 CpG sites in the human genome. Epigenetics6(6), 692–702 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuso A , FerragutiG , GrandoniFet al. Early demethylation of non-CpG, CpC-rich, elements in the myogenin 5’-flanking region: a priming effect on the spreading of active demethylation? Cell Cycle 9(19), 3965–3976 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuso A , ScarpaS , GrandoniF , StromR , LucarelliM. A reassessment of semiquantitative analytical procedures for DNA methylation: comparison of bisulfite-and HpaII polymerase-chain-reaction-based methods. Anal. Biochem.350(1), 24–31 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrier T , KapilashramiK , ArgyrouAet al. N-methylation of a bactericidal compound as a resistance mechanism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA113(31), E4523–E4530 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney SRM , PradhanS. Regulation of expression and activity of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in mammalian cells. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci.101, 311–333 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano M , BellDW , HaberDA , LiE. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell99(3), 247–257 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano M , XieS , LiEJNG. Cloning and characterization of a family of novel mammalian DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases. Nat. Genet.19(3), 219 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuso A , FerragutiG , ScarpaS , FerrerI , LucarelliM. Disclosing bias in bisulfite assay: methPrimers underestimate high DNA methylation. PLoS ONE10(2), e0118318 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata K , OkanoM , LeiH , LiE. Dnmt3L cooperates with the Dnmt3 family of de novo DNA methyltransferases to establish maternal imprints in mice. Development129(8), 1983–1993 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeltsch A , Ehrenhofer-MurrayA , JurkowskiTPet al. Mechanism and biological role of Dnmt2 in nucleic acid methylation. Trends Biochem. Sci.14(9), 1108–1123 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• Dev RR , GanjiR , SinghSP , MahalingamS , BanerjeeS , KhoslaS. Cytosine methylation by DNMT2 facilitates stability and survival of HIV-1 RNA in the host cell during infection. Biochem. J.474(12), 2009–2026 (2017).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shell SS , PrestwichEG , BaekS-Het al. DNA methylation impacts gene expression and ensures hypoxic survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS. Pathog.9(7), e1003419 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marimani M , AhmadA , DuseA. The role of epigenetics, bacterial and host factors in progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis113, 200–214 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auwerx J . The human leukemia cell line, THP-1: a multifacetted model for the study of monocyte–macrophage differentiation. Experientia47(1), 22–31 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pieters J . Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the macrophage: maintaining a balance. Cell Host Microbe3(6), 399–407 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihret A . The role of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Virulence3(7), 654–659 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C-W , LeeY-L , ChenB-S. Genetic-and-epigenetic interspecies networks for cross-talk mechanisms in human macrophages and dendritic cells during MTB infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.6, 124 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Heijden CD , NozMP , JoostenLA , NeteaMG , RiksenNP , KeatingST. Epigenetics and trained immunity. Antioxid. Redox Signal.29(11), 1023–1040 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira JM , HamonMA , CossartP. A lasting impression: epigenetic memory of bacterial infections?Cell Host Microbe19(5), 579–582 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Romero MA , CotaI , CasadesúsJ. DNA methylation in bacteria: from the methyl group to the methylome. Curr. Opin. Microbiol.25, 9–16 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone KM , GordonSV. Antibiotic methylation: a new mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. Trends Microbiol.24(10), 771–772 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y , LiH , XiaoT , LuQ. Epigenetics in immune-mediated pulmonary diseases. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.45(3), 314–330 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borchert GM , LanierW , DavidsonBL. RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.13(12), 1097 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X , HagedornCH , CullenBR. Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs. RNA10(12), 1957–1966 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentwich I , AvnielA , KarovYet al. Identification of hundreds of conserved and nonconserved human microRNAs. Nat. Genet.37(7), 766 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C , YangS , SunGet al. Comparative miRNA expression profiles in individuals with latent and active tuberculosis. PloS ONE6(10), e25832 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z , LuH , ShengJ , LiL. Inductive microRNA‐21 impairs anti‐mycobacterial responses by targeting IL‐12 and Bcl‐2. FEBS Lett.586(16), 2459–2467 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni B , RajaramMV , LafuseWP , LandesMB , SchlesingerLS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis decreases human macrophage IFN-γ responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. J. Immunol.193(9), 4537–4547 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma F , XuS , LiuXet al. The microRNA miR-29 controls innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular bacterial infection by targeting interferon-γ. Nat. Immunol.12(9), 861 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh Y , KaulV , MehraAet al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis controls microRNA-99b (miR-99b) expression in infected murine dendritic cells to modulate host immunity. J. Biol. Chem.288(7), 5056–5061 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaram MV , NiB , MorrisJDet al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipomannan blocks TNF biosynthesis by regulating macrophage MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and microRNA miR-125b. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108(42), 17408–17413 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y , WangX , JiangJ , CaoZ , YangB , ChengX. Modulation of T cell cytokine production by miR-144* with elevated expression in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol. Immunol.48(9–10), 1084–1090 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S , YueY , XuW , XiongS. MicroRNA-146a represses mycobacteria-induced inflammatory response and facilitates bacterial replication via targeting IRAK-1 and TRAF-6. PloS ONE8(12), e81438148 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi Z , FuY , JiR , LiR , GuanZ. Altered microRNA signatures in sputum of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. PloS ONE7(8), e43184 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thai T-H , CaladoDP , CasolaSet al. Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science316(5824), 604–608 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J , LuC , DiaoNet al. Analysis of microRNA expression profiling identifies miR-155 and miR-155* as potential diagnostic markers for active tuberculosis: a preliminary study. Hum. Immunol.73(1), 31–37 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J , HuangX , ZhangZet al. MyD88 as a target of microRNA-203 in regulation of lipopolysaccharide or Bacille Calmette-Guerin induced inflammatory response of macrophage RAW264. 7 cells. Cell. Mol. Immunol.55(3–4), 303–309 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Dorhoi A , IannacconeM , FarinacciMet al. MicroRNA-223 controls susceptibility to tuberculosis by regulating lung neutrophil recruitment. J. Clin. Investig.123(11), 4836–4848 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli SV , DiazA , D’attilioLet al. Altered microRNA expression levels in mononuclear cells of patients with pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis and their relation with components of the immune response. Cell. Mol. Immunol.53(3), 265–269 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Kumar M , SahuSK , KumarRet al. MicroRNA let-7 modulates the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via control of A20, an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway. Cell Host Microbe17(3), 345–356 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueberberg B , KohnsM , MayatepekE , JacobsenM. Are microRNAs suitable biomarkers of immunity to tuberculosis?Mol. Cell. Probes1(1), 8 (2014).
   Google Scholar